Filipino Psychology Concepts and Methods

Filipino Psychology
Concepts and Methods
Robert E. Javier Jr., PhD

Associate Professor
Department of Psychology
De La Salle University - Manila
What is Filipino Psychology?
■ It is an Indigenous Psychology
The scientific study of the ethnicity, society

and culture of a people and the application
to psychological practice of indigenous
knowledge rooted in the people’s ethnic
heritage and consciousness.
Virgilio G. Enriquez (1994). Pagbabangong-Dangal: Indigenous

Psychology & Cultural Empowerment. Akademya ng Kultura at
Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Lungsod ng Quezon.
Distinctions among the forms of
Psychology in the Philippines
■ Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas
Psychology in the Philippines
■ Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino
Psychology of Filipinos
■ Sikolohiyang Pilipino
Filipino Psychology
Virgilio G. Enriquez (1976) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo
at gamit. Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) University of the Philippines
Press: Quezon City.
Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas
■ Psychology in the Philippines
refers to a series of events related to the

field of psychology in the Philippines.
(e.g. number of degree programs and
journals, the amount of research conducted)
ang pinakamalaki o kabuuang anyo ng

sikolohiya sa kontekstong Pilipino.
Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino
■ Psychology of Filipinos
refers to any theories or knowledge of

Filipino nature regardless of source,
Western or local
palasak na anyo sapagkat pinakakaraniwan

o madaling makita.
Sikolohiyang Pilipino
■ Filipino Psychology
refers to a psychology based on the

Filipino’s true thoughts, feelings, behaviors
and must derive from indigenous Filipino
sources, language, and methods.
nilalayong anyo, sikolohiyang bunga ng

karanasan, kaisipan at oryentasyong Pilipino
Limits of Western Concepts & Methods
■ Issue
Applicability of the Western theories and

principles taught as well as the research
concepts and methods used in the
Philippine setting.
Timothy Church (1985) in Indigenous Psychology: A Book of

Readings. V.G. Enriquez (Ed.) Akademya ng Sikolohiyang
Pilipino: Quezon City.
■ The limits of Western social research

methods in rural Philippines: The need for
innovation
Gloria D. Feliciano (1965) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, Metodo at

Gamit. Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) University of the Philippines Press:
Quezon City.
■ The limits of applicability of Western

concepts, values and methods in the social
sciences to the concrete realities of Asian
societies.
Augusto C. Espiritu (1968) in Indigenous Psychology: A Book of

Readings. V.G. Enriquez (Ed.) (1990) Akademya ng Sikolohiyang
Pilipino: Quezon City.
from a movement to an academic discipline
■ Principal emphasis in psychology
Identity and national consciousness

Social awareness and involvement
Psychology of language and culture
Applications & bases of Filipino psychology
(health practices, agriculture, art, religion)
Virgilio G. Enriquez (1992). From colonial to liberation psychology:

The Philippine experience. University of the Philippines Press. QC
Primary areas of protests of
■ It is against
a psychology that perpetuates the colonial

status of the Filipino mind
a psychology used for the exploitation of

the masses
the imposition of psychologies developed in

foreign countries
Positions of Sikolohiyang Pilipino
■ On psychological practice
conceptualization of psychological practice

in a Philippine context (industriya vs.
kabuhayan; klinika vs. kalusugan)
concerned with folk practices, indigenous

techniques of healing, popular
religio-political movements
■ On Science – Humanism issue
utilizes scientific methodology in the study

of psychological phenomena
concerned not only with the universal

validity of psychological science but also in
utilizing such for the purpose of serving the
interest of all mankind, affording protection
to the disadvantaged
■ On Mentalism - Behaviorism issue
uses both phenomenological & behavioristic

concepts, but lesser emphasis on individual
experience and greater emphasis on the
collective experience
attaches greater importance to kamalayan,

subsidiary importance to ulirat
■ On Analysis – Wholeness Issue
methodologically leans on the side of

analysis but interprets the result of analysis
with a bias for wholeness
(social context, political implications,
cultural meaning of the study)
Sikolohiyang Pilipino is a ‘taong-bahay’
■ Metaphor
Sikolohiyang Pilipino can be explained

through a metaphor: (a characteristic way of
clarifying concepts) – difference between tao
sa bahay (person in the house) and
taong-bahay (house person).
Sikolohiyang Pilipino is a call
■ for the exercise of care in the adoption of

foreign theories… “uncritical rejection is just
as dangerous as uncritical acceptance of
Western theories”
■ for example: psychological problems are the

same anywhere however, the sources of
such problems differ greatly
Lines of filiations in
Philippine psychological thought
■ Academic-scientific psychology: Western

■ Academic-philosophical psychology: Clergy
■ Ethnic psychology: Indigenous psychology
■ Psycho-medical system: Religion - cohesive
element and explanation.
Zeus A. Salazar (1981) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at

kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National
Bookstore, Inc.: Manila.
Psychology: the Western tradition
■ Academic-scientific psychology:
Wilhelm Wundt, the German tradition
University of the Philippines (1908)
and other American traditional schools
■ Academic-philosophical psychology:
Thomistic philosophy and psychology
University of Santo Tomas (1611)
Ethnic psychology
Native psychological thought
■ Indigenous psychology: kinagisnan and
katutubong sikolohiya.
■ Psychology of Filipinos - perceived ethnic

traits, as observed by foreigners or as felt
and expressed by Filipinos.
■ The practice of psychology by Filipinos –

techniques of enculturation, socialization.
Psychology: the Filipino tradition
Ethnic psychology
■ Kinagisnang sikolohiya
the subconscious psychology imbedded in
the native language, art, music, culture and
religion (one has been born into; unaware).
e.g. kaluluwa at ginhawa
Zeus A. Salazar (1977) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at

gamit. Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989). University of the Philippines Press:
Quezon City.
Ethnic psychology
■ Katutubong sikolohiya
psychology worked out by Filipinos with
indigenous elements as basis (innate to the
Filipino) e.g. Kartilya of the Katipunan, Jose
Rizal, Hermano Pule, Isabelo de los Reyes.
Katutubong sikolohiya and Kinagisnang

sikolohiya constitute Katutubong sikolohiya
Ethnic psychology
■ Psychology of Filipinos- based on mainly

Western system of thought e.g. Spanish:
Pigafetta’s quite objective observation of the
Filipinos in the Visayas (impressed by them);
American: Worcester’s view of the Filipinos
as distinct ethnic groups different from one
another as Christian and non-Christian
(pagans and Moros).
Ethnic psychology
■ Practice of psychology by Filipinos:

a. indigenous techniques of enculturation/
socialization, e.g. myths for social control,
or as affected by Christianity or Islam.
b. proto-clinical practice, e.g. tagapayo,
manghuhula, ancient techniques of group
therapy that are still present (alternating
chants during wakes, poetry, consensus).
■ Ethnic psychology
Psycho-medical system: religion as cohesive

element and explanation.
(1565) Babaylan or Catalonan techniques of
healing; disease theory, causation, therapy.
(1650) Messianic movements
(1730) Herbolaryo
(1900) Espiritista
Filipino psychological knowledge
■ Filipino Language
use as a tool for identifying/rediscovering

indigenous concepts
e.g. study of diwa (psyche), refers to the

wealth of ideas implied by the philosophical
concept of “essence”
Filipino Language
“Enriquez does his theorizing in Filipino and

does his writing in Pilipino; merely as a
heuristic device, a discovery procedure…
returning to the ‘deep structure’ of the
language… Enriquez worked in an area
where Filipinos are most adept, where the
language has a rich vocabulary of feeling
and sentiment.”
Andrew B. Gonzales (1982) in Indigenous Psychology: A book of
readings. V.G. Enriquez (Ed.) Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino:
Quezon City.
Language, a Heuristic Tool
■ Methods: Ethnography, Language Analysis,

Semantics, Introspection
Language provided the instrument to refine

the tools of research so as to discover
categories and subcategories which would
be lost to a Western English-speaking
researcher…
Filipino, the Philippine lingua franca
The issue of national language has long

been resolved by the Filipino masses
through their use and propagation of a
language based on the Manila lingua franca,
Manila being the seat of government, the
business hub, melting pot, center of history.
Virgilio G. Enriquez & Elizabeth P. Marcelino (1984). Neo-colonial

politics and language struggle in the Philippines. Akademya ng
Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Quezon City.
Language & Knowledge
■ System of communication
summing-up our lived experiences
■ Social interaction
expressing our thoughts and feelings
■ Spoken language
from bodily gestures to linguistic acts
specialized speech apparatus
primary medium of communication
Thinking & Language
■ Interdependence of knowledge & language,

i.e. the thinking process cannot work
independently of language
■ Language is not a neutral system of signs

nor is it value-free, i.e. it is partisan to the
values, perspectives, and rules of cognition
of a particular class or society
Language, history, and
socio-economic-cultural life
■ Specific historical features and
socio-economic-cultural conditions shape
the thinking and language of a people,
giving distinctive meanings and value
judgments to their words.
■ Indigenous language, genuine vehicle of the

innermost thoughts and intimate feelings of
a people bound by a common historical
heritage and a specific
socio-economic-cultural environment.
Psychological concepts and
human behavior
■ The formation of psychological concepts is
the more important stage in the entire
process of understanding human behavior.
■ These concepts lay the foundation for the

formation of indigenous psychological
theories and models of analysis that
correspond more fully to the realities of the
life and culture of a society.
Development of technical terminology in
Filipino Psychology
■ System of affixation in the Filipino language
a resource for terminology development
■ The meaning changes because of the use of

affixes (suffixes, prefixes, infixes, postfixes)
paki, mang, mapa, ika, ipang, ma, ka, maka
Zeus A. Salazar (1981) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at

Bookstore, Inc.: Manila
Filipino Psychology
■ Direct borrowing (saling-angkat)
perception (L) persepsyon
psicologia (S) sikolohiya
■ Surface assimilation (saling-paimbabaw)
reinforcement - reimporsment
■ Grammatical translation
(saling-panggramatika)
social interaction – interaksyong sosyal
Filipino Psychology
■ Loan translation (saling-hiram)
defense mechanism
mekanismong pananggalang
■ Word invention (salitang likha)
masturbation – mag-isang pagpaparaos
■ Abbreviated words (salitang daglat)
STM short term memory
PUP Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao
Filipino Psychology
■ Parallel translation (salitang-tapat)
relationship = pakikisalamuha
■ Indigenous-concept oriented translation
(salitang taal)
kapwa: hindi ibang-tao, ibang-tao
■ Amalgamated translation (salitang sanib)
mahay (Cebuano), nagmamahay
Filipino Psychology
Categorization of words and concepts
■ Foreign concepts (konseptong banyaga)
home for the aged
■ Superficial assimilation
(paimbabaw na asimilasyon)
reinforcement – gantimpala, ‘may napala’
■ Labeling (pagbibinyag)
utang-na-loob - reciprocity
hiya - shame
pakikisama - comradeship
Filipino Psychology
Categorization of words and concepts
■ Semantic indigenization (pag-aandukha)
paniniyansing, tambayan (stand by)
■ Semantic delimitation (pagtatakda)
gunita – recall, alaala – memory
personality is personalidad not pagkatao
■ Indigenous concepts (katutubong konsepto)
saling-pusa (informal member)
pagka-pikon (to be peeved)
Kapwa, a core concept in
Filipino Psychology
■ The Filipino language provides a conceptual
distinction in several levels and modes of
social interaction (antas ng pagtutunguhan).
■ Eight behaviorally recognizable levels under

two general categories in Filipino were
identified (ibang-tao; hindi ibang-tao).
Carmen E. Santiago and Virgilio G. Enriquez (1976) in Sikolohiyang

Pilipino: Teorya, metodo at gamit. Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989)
University of the Philippines Press: Quezon City.
Filipino Psychology
■ Ibang-tao (outsider)
pakikitungo (amenities, civility)
pakikisalimuha (‘mixing’)
pakikilahok (joining, participating)
pakikibagay (conforming)
pakikisama (adjusting)
■ Hindi ibang-tao (one-of-us)
pakikipagpalagayang-loob (mutual trust)
pakikisangkot (getting involved)
pakikiisa (full trust, oneness, fusion)
Kapwa, the shared inner self
■ Kapwa (English: both, fellow being, others)

others is used in opposition to the ‘self’
implies the recognition of the ‘self’
‘self’ as a separate identity
■ Kapwa in Filipino
a recognition of shared identity
an inner self shared with others
the ‘ako’ (ego) and the ‘iba sa akin’ (others)
are one and the same in kapwa psychology
Filipino Psychology
■ Pakikitungo, pakikipagkapwa are mutually
replaceable in taxonomic analysis, either
covers the entire lexical domain.
■ Pakikipagkapwa, more theoretically fertile

concept when analyzed semantically;
much deeper and profound in its
implications as it means accepting and
dealing with the other person as an equal.
Pakikiramdam:
the pivotal aspect of kapwa
■ refers to heightened awareness, sensitivity
■ ‘feeling for another’
■ a kind of emotional a priori
■ an active process involving great care and
deliberation manifested in ‘hesitation to
react, inattention to subtle cues, and
non-verbal behavior in mental role-playing
Rita H. Mataragnon (1987) in From colonial to liberation psychology:

The Philippine Experience. Virgilio G. Enriquez (Ed) (1992) UP Press.
Pakikiramdam:
the pivotal aspect of kapwa
■ Pakiramdam is necessarily tied to the
operation of all Filipino surface values:
pakikisama, hiya, utang na loob
■ The improvisatory character of
pakikiramdam is operative in bahala na
lakas ng loob, pakikibaka
■ The centrality of pakiramdam in behavioral
and interpersonal domains:
biro-lambing-tampo.
The Development of
Sikolohiyang Pilipino Knowledge
Major goals of Sikolohiyang Pilipino
■ pagsasakatutubo (indigenization)
■ pagka-agham (science)
■ pagka-Pilipino (Filipino identity)
Mario San Buenaventura (1983) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu,

pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985).
National Bookstore, Inc.: Manila
The Development of
Sikolohiyang Pilipino Knowledge
The project of Sikolohiyang Pilipino
■ development of indigenous psychological

concepts
■ utilization of indigenous research methods
■ creation of authentic and appropriate social
scientific psychology
Steven Rood (1985) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at
Research Approaches
■ Experimental - adherence to predetermined

set of procedures
■ Survey – conform to an informal agreement
with respondents
■ Participatory – negotiate issues jointly as
they arise
■ Indigenous – seek to enhance awareness as
one-with-the-other
Indigenous Research
■ Cross-Indigenous Psychology fuses the

modern and the traditional i.e. using
scientific methods and ensuring that they
are culturally appropriate.
■ Sikolohiyang Pilipino utilizes and borrows

concepts from both the modern and
traditional cultural systems.
Approaches in the development &
utilization of indigenous viewpoints
■ Indigenization from within
basis: the indigenous
direction: outwards
culture-as-source
■ Indigenization from without

basis: the exogenous
direction: inwards
culture-as-target
Indigenization from without
■ Content indigenization
translation of imported materials
■ Theoretic indigenization
■ Indigenization as strategy
■ Culture assimilation
indigenous versions of imported systems
Indigenization from within
■ Identification of indigenous concepts,

methods, theories
■ Semantic elaboration
■ Indigenous codification re-codification
■ Systematization/explication of implied
theoretical frameworks
■ Application/use
Using the culture as source
■ Indigenization from within
necessarily implies the need for cultural

revalidation
a demand for concepts and methods which

are culturally appropriate, scientifically valid
Traditional Filipino indigenous
psychology and culture
■ Language
ethnolingguistic groups, multilingual people
■ Leisure
laro, laruan, palaro (patintero, sipa, piko)
■ Cuisine
adobo, bistik, dinuguan at puto, halo-halo
■ Law
■ Religion
belief in a supreme being (Batlaya)
respect for nature (spirits dwell in nature)
reverence for ancestry (bulol, anito, ninuno)

■ Religion
underscores the importance of establishing

close interpersonal relations with one’s
family, relatives and fellowmen (kapwa)
highly-developed sense of values: courage,

cleanliness, courtesy, control and the family
■ Religion
indigenous morality: profound concept of

pagkamakatao
babaylan (priestess), dambana (shrine)
rituals and symbols for good (benevolent

diwata) and evil (malevolent aswang)
■ Manuscripts, memories, mummies lost
bell of Balangica, baybayin (alibata),

burial grounds in Sagada
■ Misa, mesa, mamimista, mamimis kita
Foreign words subsumed in the structure

of the Filipino language
■ Names: Sinag Liwayway (T), Dawani Paros
(B), Janatyan Ahaddas (Y), Hamili Ayo (C),
Sudi Amor (I)
■ Literature: Francisco Balagtas, Ka Amado
■ Theater and Film: Fernando Poe Jr.

Tagalog movies shown in theaters from
Batanes to Jolo
■ Medicine
lason vs. gamot, synthetic pesticides have
gone semantic transformation- result of
massive promotion during the Marcos’
Green Revolution project
herbal medicine, medicinal plants, hilot,

concepts attributing illness to displaced
organs that have to be massaged back into
its correct position
■ Music and Arts: Sarong Banggi (B), Ati Cu
Pung Singsing (P), Pamulinawen (I), Pobreng
Alindahaw (C), Dandansoy (H), Salidumay
(S); Kulilal Ensemble of Palawan, Kutyapi
Artists of Maguindanao
■ Rituals and Ceremonies: agimat (talisman),

mutya (charm), gayuma (spell),
anting-anting (amulet); bulong (whisper);
sapi (spirit possession)
■ Methods: doing diagnosis
psychodiagnostician determine
culturally-defined cause of affliction through
patawas, pagbatbat/pag-usisa, pagpakot,
pamulso.
beliefs in sapi, matanda, nuno, dwende.

■ Meanings:
Hiyang – (compatible, suited) in indigenous

medical practice, it means compatibility of
the treatment and medicine with the
individual.
Lagnat laki (‘growing-up’ fever); Lugaw is

perceived as ‘food for the sick’
■ Genetic diversity of indigenous plants
e.g. varieties of rice grains nurtured through
centuries by indigenous people
■ Herbal knowledge
e.g. pito-pito, herbal tea from seven leaves:
bayabas, banaba, alagao, kulantro, mango,
pandan – use to detoxify the body.
Philippine cultural studies
■ Perspectival and Interpretive Models
absolutist position - assumes the basic

congruence of psychological phenomena
across humankind
relativist position – assumes differences

across cultures, if not the uniqueness of
each one
pangkami (reactive relativist), assumes the

utility of an alien frame of reference
pantayong pananaw (ethnocentric), assumes

the absolutist indigenous perspective
universalist position implied by the kapwa

and cross indigenous orientation of
■ Universalist position
assumes that basic psychological processes

are likely to be common features of human
life everywhere, yet their manifestations are
likely to be influenced by culture
■ Emic approach (phonemic)

the need to understand a culture from its
own perspective (using natural taxonomies)
■ Etic approach (phonetic)

the discovery of psychological universal
Filipino intellectual tradition
■ Philosophical traditions and paradigms of

science as neither Eastern nor Western
■ The West does not have a monopoly of

scientific standards, in fact science evolved
from Eastern intellectual traditions
■ Filipino intellectual traditions: the Ma’aram,

si Pilosopong Tasyo
Filipino intellectual tradition
■ Filipino philosophy of science incorporates

the demands of empirical validation from
reliability and validity to affirmability and
authenticity.
■ Levels of validity & scientific standards
katatagan (replicability, reliability)
katapatan (multiple operationism, validity)
patibay (certification)
patotoo (affirmability, attestability)
patunay (authenticity)
Filipino indigenous theories
■ Filipino concepts and models of personality
The five elements of the Ma’aram concept of

pagkatawo (personhood):
ginhawa (vital principle)
buot (perception)
isip (mind)
dungan (sleep spirit)
kalag (life spirit)
Three elements in Baltazar’s model:

bait (sanity)
muni (reflection)
hatol (judgment)
The four elements in Covar’s concept of

Filipino personhood:
kaluluwa (spirit)
budhi (conscience)
katauhang panlabas, external appearance
katauhang panloob (innermost being)
■ Filipino social interaction theory

Levels and modes of social interaction
rooted in Filipino collectivist culture which
have been identified using ethnoscientific
field methods.
■ Kapwa, a core concept in Filipino social

psychology. Pakikipagkapwa is accepting,
dealing with the other person as an equal.
Filipino indigenous concepts
■ Filipino concept of justice

Tagalog, Ilongos, Cebuanos, Pampangos
use a common word for justice, katarungan,
derived from the Visayan root tarong means
straight, upright, appropriate, correct, and
for right, we use karapatan, whose root is
dapat signifying fitting, appropriate, correct
i.e. justice is related to right
Jose W. Diokno (1983) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at
Research Models
■ Models of data collection

Self-orientation
Experimenter-orientation
Reactive-orientation
Mutual-orientation
Linda L. Viney (1988) in Pagbabangong-dangal: Indigenous
psychology and cultural empowerment. Virgilo G. Enriquez (Ed.)
1994. Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino. Quezon City.
Research Models
Self-orientation Model:
the data collector and contributors relate to
the other only to the extent of waiting until
the other stops responding, e.g.
laboratory-based studies of memory.
Communication is not taking place between
them through socially shared interpretations
or common constructs.
Research Models
Experimenter-orientation Model:
the data collectors appear to influence while
only the data contributors appear to be
influenced, e.g. Asch’s person perception
study; an imbalance of power in favor of
data collectors who appear to define the
experimental situation.
Research Models
Reactive-orientation Model:
the participants in the data collection are
reacting to what is currently taking place
between them, e.g. verbal conditioning
research; yet the capacities of both data
contributors and collectors to construe are
assumed to be unimportant and are
ignored.
Research Models
Mutual-orientation Model:
the data collector and contributor give
something to, and gain something from the
data collection, e.g. Piaget’s early research
on conservation. Indigenous psychology
research uses this model as the cultural
researcher is a culture bearer himself.
Research Models
Researcher-Researchee Relationship Model

■ Scale of the Researcher
Iskala ng Mananaliksik
■ Scale of the Relationship or Interaction
between the Researcher and the Researchee
Iskala ng Pagtutunguhan ng Mananaliksik at
Kalahok
Carmen E. Santiago & Virgilio G. Enriquez (1975) in Sikolohiyang
Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at gamit. Rogelia E. Pe-Pua (Ed.). UP Press.
Santiago-Enriquez Research Model

■ Scale of the Researcher
Iskala ng Mananaliksik
These are methods used by the researcher

in generating data that are tried and tested
and are culturally sensitive and appropriate
in doing research with Filipinos.

■ Scale of the Relationship or Interaction
between the Researcher and the Researchee
Iskala ng Pagtutunguhan ng Mananaliksik at
Kalahok
The level of interaction between the

researcher and the researchee significantly
determines the quality of data obtained.

■ Levels of Relationship
There are eight levels of interaction which

range from the relatively uninvolved civility
of pakikitungo to the total sense of
identification in pakikiisa. These eight
levels of interaction can be divided into two
categories: the ibang-tao (outsider) and the
hindi ibang-tao (one-of-us).
Ibang-tao category (outsider)
pakikitungo (amenities, civility)
pakikisalimuha (interaction)
pakikilahok (participation, joining)
pakikibagay (conforming)
pakikisama (adjusting, being along with)
Hindi ibang-tao category (one-of-us)
pakikipagpalagayang-loob (mutual trust)
pakikisangkot (active involvement)
pakikiisa (full trust)
Filipino indigenous research methods
Collective indigenous method

■ partakes of the characteristics of:
a community dialogue
focused group discussion
natural cluster interview
group attestation
■ puts premium on:
cultural appropriateness
an ordinary get-together
Filipino indigenous research methods
Approaches & Techniques
■ Pakapa-kapa (‘groping,’ a field method)

■ Pagtatanong-tanong (asking questions)
■ Pakikiramdam (shared sensitivities)
■ Pakikialam (concerned interference)
■ Pakikilahok (participation)
■ Pakikisangkot (integral involvement)
■ Pagdalaw-dalaw (casual but repeated visits)
Sikolohiyang Pilipino research
approaches and techniques
■ Pakapa-kapa
an approach characterized by groping,
searching, probing into an unsystematized
mass of social and cultural data to be able
to obtain order, meaning, and directions for
research.
Carmen E. Santiago (1975) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo,
at gamit. Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) UP Press
Amaryllis T. Torres in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at

gamit. Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) UP Press
Pakapa-kapa
■ implies an exploration into cultural, social
or psychological data without the chains of
overriding theoretical framework borrowed
from observations outside the focus of
investigation.
■ can be related to unobtrusive techniques
because the actual procedures for collecting
information may range from observation,
documentation, intervention, participation.
Panunuluyan approach
■ interaction techniques, levels of relationship

mula paninimbang hanggang malalimang
pakikipagpalagayang-loob.
Erlinda Nicdao-Henson (1977) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya,
metodo, at gamit. Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989). UP Press: QC.
Josefina B. San Juan & Resurrecion Soriaga (1985) in Sikolohiyang

Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen Aganon & Ma. Assumpta
David (Ed.) (1985) National Bookstore Inc.: Manila.
■ Panunuluyan: ang kontekstong pisikal at

teknolohikal.
■ Pakikipagkapwa: ang batayang panlipunan

ng pakikipanuluyan.
■ Makataong pakikipag-ugnayan: pagdalaw,

paninirahan, pananahanan, pakikisuno.
■ Pakikibagay: pakikitulog at pakikikain.
■ Pakikiramdam at paninimbang: paraan at

batayan ng pakikipagpalagayang-loob.
■ Pakikiramdam, paggamit ng damdamin,

mata at pandinig upang maintindihan o
mabasa ang ibig ipahiwatig ng kausap na
ipinahahayag sa pamamagitan ng kilos,
parinig at matalinhagang salita (talas ng
pakiramdam).
■ Pakikiramdam could serve as a personality

disposition, as a situational behavior, as a
coping mechanism; closely related to many
general psychological concepts such as
empathy and sensitivity.
Rita Mataragnon (1982) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at
kaalaman. Allen Aganon and Ma. Assumpta David (Ed.) (1985).
National Bookstore Inc.: Manila
■ Paninimbang: damdamin at isipan (sentido

komon) ang pinaiiral dito at anuman ang
namasid, nadama, o napakiramdaman ay
aangkupan ng tugong-kilos, subalit iniisip
ang kahalagahan at kabutihang maidudulot
ng katugunang ito (pagtutumbas).
■ Pamamaraan
panimulang pagsasanay
paglalakbay at pakikisuno
paghimpil sa pook
pagtingin-tingin sa maaaring panuluyan
paghanap ng tulay
pagdalaw sa pakikipanuluyan
■ Pagsasakatuparan
pagbati at pagpapakilala
pag-aayos ng mga dala-dalahan
pakikipagpalagayan
pagtulong-tulong
pagpalit-palitang paggamit ng mga metodo
paggawa ng pananaliksik
pamamaalam at pasasalamat
■ Suliraning etikal
pagsasabi ng layunin ng pananaliksik
pagkasangkapan sa pagkakaibigan
pagsasabi sa kinalabasan ng pananaliksik
paghingi ng pahintulot
pagtanaw ng utang na loob/pamemerwisyo
pagbubunyag ng natuklasang katiwalian
Pagtatanong-tanong Method
■ Pagtatanong-tanong, Filipino word for

“asking questions,” the repetition of
‘tanong’ to ‘tanong-tanong’ indicates
seriousness of purpose, one is truly
determined to get answers to ones
questions.
■ Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (1989). International Journal of Intercultural
Relations, Vol. 13, pp 147-163. Pergamon Press: USA
Major Characteristics
– Participatory in nature
– Equality of status
– Appropriate and adaptive
– Integrated with other indigenous methods
■ Preparation: pagtatanong-tanong is part of

everyday casual interaction, researcher must
plan very well for certain conditions,
consider convenience and comfort of
informants, their language, norms, values,
and background (history, within/between
group differences, activities, policies).
Procedure of pagtatanong-tanong
Get to know the people, place, lifestyle

Greet informants, give credentials (name the
go-between)
Go tell them the purpose of the study
Give an estimate of the expected length of the
session
Guide questions are used when necessary
Goodbye and thank you is not abrupt
Principles of pagtatanong-tanong
The level of the relationship that exists

between the researcher and the informant
significantly influences the quality of data
obtained (Santiago-Enriquez Model).
The language of the respondent is used in

the conduct of pagtatanong-tanong.
The use of pakikiramdam as ‘feeling for

another’ (cultural sensitivity), through this
the researcher knows when to ask or avoid
questions, interprets a ‘yes’ for a ‘no’.
The equality of status is maintained, as it is

a dialogue (informant is a kausap or person
spoken with) not an interview.
The issue of reliability: consistency of

response can be checked by repeating the
question in a different way.
The problem of investigator bias and data

contamination can be solved by having
more than one person do the
pagtatanong-tanong.
Repeated sampling from as many

informants as possible can produce
commonalities of lexical domain which can
then constitute a ‘construct.’
Familiarity with the language, values,

cultural norms, will optimize accuracy and
relevance of interpretations.
Pakikipagkwentuhan Method
Kuwentuhan is an occasion for exchange of

information, ideas, insights, and opinions
also it is a sharing of beliefs, thoughts, and
experiences.
Roberto E. Javier Jr. (2004). Methodological Properties of

Pakikipagkwentuhan. DLSU-URCO Research Project Report.
Oral (pasalita)
Written (pasulat)
Transmitted (pasalin-salin) through time
Request (paki – paghingi ng pahintulot)

Pakikipagkwentuhan is an informal, free, as

well as a social process of exchanging
information, thoughts, and knowledge that
is part of human daily activities.
Grace O. Oteza (1997). Pakikipagkwentuhan: Isang pamamaraan ng

sama-samang pananaliksik, pagpapatotoo, at pagtulong sa
Sikolohiyang Pilipino. PPRTH Occasional Papers Series 1997, No. 1.
Procedure of pakikipagkwentuhan
■ initially make visits (padalaw-dalaw) before

living-in the community (panunuluyan)
■ introduce yourself to the community
■ invite yourself to community gatherings
■ initiate a conversation when in a natural
cluster
■ invest time in story sharing sessions
■ Principles of pakikipagkwentuhan
may pakikipagkapwa sa kwentuhan

may ‘paki’ ang kalahok sa kwento
may pakinabang sa kwentuhan
libangan
linangan ng kaalaman
lunas sa karamdaman
collective orientation
(pananaliksik na sama-sama)
contains the process of validation
(pagpapatotoo)
construction of social reality (pagbubuo)
cluster as unit of analysis
(pagsali sa likas na umpukan)
with a topic to talk about but without a

theme (may pakay pero walang paksa)
worth or value of story produced from the

kwentuhan session (kwenta ng kwento)
Validity: trustworthiness not truth

(mapagkakatiwalaan kaysa makatotohanan)
Reliability: certification not consistency

(process of pakikipagkwentuhan-indicator)
(pagpapatotoo, pagpapatibay)
■ Ginabayang Talakayan Method
collective discussion technique

‘sama-sama’ orientation
Roberto Galvez

Filipino Psychology Concepts and Methods

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Filipino Psychology Concepts and Methods

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Filipino Psychology

Concepts and Methods

Robert E. Javier Jr., PhD

The scientific study of the ethnicity, society

Virgilio G. Enriquez (1994). Pagbabangong-Dangal: Indigenous

■ Psychology in the Philippines

refers to a series of events related to the

ang pinakamalaki o kabuuang anyo ng

refers to any theories or knowledge of

palasak na anyo sapagkat pinakakaraniwan

refers to a psychology based on the

nilalayong anyo, sikolohiyang bunga ng

Applicability of the Western theories and

Timothy Church (1985) in Indigenous Psychology: A Book of

■ The limits of Western social research

Gloria D. Feliciano (1965) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, Metodo at

■ The limits of applicability of Western

Augusto C. Espiritu (1968) in Indigenous Psychology: A Book of

■ Principal emphasis in psychology

Identity and national consciousness

Virgilio G. Enriquez (1992). From colonial to liberation psychology:

a psychology that perpetuates the colonial

a psychology used for the exploitation of

the imposition of psychologies developed in

conceptualization of psychological practice

concerned with folk practices, indigenous

■ On Science – Humanism issue

utilizes scientific methodology in the study

concerned not only with the universal

■ On Mentalism - Behaviorism issue

uses both phenomenological & behavioristic

attaches greater importance to kamalayan,

■ On Analysis – Wholeness Issue

methodologically leans on the side of

Sikolohiyang Pilipino can be explained

■ for the exercise of care in the adoption of

■ for example: psychological problems are the

■ Academic-scientific psychology: Western

Zeus A. Salazar (1981) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at

■ Psychology of Filipinos - perceived ethnic

■ The practice of psychology by Filipinos –

Zeus A. Salazar (1977) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at

Katutubong sikolohiya and Kinagisnang

■ Psychology of Filipinos- based on mainly

■ Practice of psychology by Filipinos:

Psycho-medical system: religion as cohesive

use as a tool for identifying/rediscovering

e.g. study of diwa (psyche), refers to the

“Enriquez does his theorizing in Filipino and

■ Methods: Ethnography, Language Analysis,

Language provided the instrument to refine

The issue of national language has long

Virgilio G. Enriquez & Elizabeth P. Marcelino (1984). Neo-colonial

■ Interdependence of knowledge & language,

■ Language is not a neutral system of signs

■ Indigenous language, genuine vehicle of the

■ These concepts lay the foundation for the

■ The meaning changes because of the use of

Zeus A. Salazar (1981) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at

■ Eight behaviorally recognizable levels under

Carmen E. Santiago and Virgilio G. Enriquez (1976) in Sikolohiyang

■ Kapwa (English: both, fellow being, others)

■ Pakikipagkapwa, more theoretically fertile