Professional Documents
Culture Documents
EGE 2204-Tacheometry 2023
EGE 2204-Tacheometry 2023
EGE 2204-Tacheometry 2023
TACHEOMETRY
This is a technique of surveying which involves the use of angle measurements and
distances to define the location of possible details with reference to some specific
point. In this method of surveying, distances and heights are determined from
instrumental readings alone. The readings are taken by aid of a conventional
theodolite or specially adopted one depending on the technique adopted, to a levelling
staff.
The theodolite gives the horizontal and vertical angular measurements. The
combination of theodolite and levelling staff gives the distances. The requirement is
that the assistant who carries the staff should be able to reach the points to be
surveyed and levelled and that a clear line of sight exists between the instrument
and the staff.
In recent years due to the drop in price and improving capabilities of Electronic
Distance Measurement (EDM) equipment, optical distance measurement equipment is
tending to be replaced by EDM equipment and total stations.
1) STADIA TACHEOMETRY
Stadia tacheometry may be used to undertake a rapid survey of a small area with an
acceptable accuracy for most general purposes and even in difficult terrain. The cost
of surveying is considerable low.
In stadia tacheometry, a levelling staff is held vertically at one end of the line being
measured and a level or theodolite is set up correctly above the other.
The field of view through the telescope of a typical theodolite shows the two
additional horizontal lines (hairs) engraved on diaphragm called stadia hairs, that
intersect the image of a staff. The staff is read using the stadia lines as shown
below.
March 23
Page 1 of 8
Surveying Techniques II Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology
EGE 2204 Tacheometry Lecturer: C.O. Gaya
The angle of inclination of the line of sight is also recorded. If a level is used, the
line of sight will be horizontal, assuming that the level has no collimation error.
If a theodolite is used, the line of sight can be either horizontal or inclined. The
altitude bubble or the vertical compensating system must be in correct adjustment,
since vertical angles are read on one face only.
This is a method which involves the use of optics based on the external focussing
systems where the distance is derived from intercept measured on a vertical staff
(S) and the angle observed by the tacheometer.
c f
d B
D
i = stadia interval ab
S = staff intercept.
c = distance from the objective lens to the instrument axis
d = the distance from the staff to the focal point of the objective lens
D = the desired horizontal distance
d f
=
S i
but d = D – (f + c)
f D − ( f + c)
therefore =
i S
Sf
thus D = + ( f + c)
i
A telescope with this property is usually called annallactic telescope and the constant
K (e.g. 100) is known as the multiplying constant. C is known as the additive constant.
To determine K and C several distances from the instrument are measured and staff
intercept measured for each pair of observation one solution for K and C can be
determined. If more than two are taken mean values may be determined or
observation equations may be solved by the method of least squares.
The above formula only applies to the external focusing telescope. Modern
theodolites utilise the internal focusing telescope whose focal length varies with the
separation between the two lenses. This distance is affected by the distance of the
object from the telescope. Thus the multiplication constant K becomes a variable. It
is however possible for a telescope to be constructed such that the angle subtended
by the staff at the mechanical centre of the instrument to be very nearly constant.
In effect, the anallactic point is made to coincide with the mechanical axis. The
internal focussing telescope is rarely perfectly annallactic but it is constructed so
that the additive constant C can be ignored and any variations in the multiplying
constant K are less significant than the error in the field methods used.
March 23
Page 3 of 8
Surveying Techniques II Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology
EGE 2204 Tacheometry Lecturer: C.O. Gaya
Within the ranges of about 6 to 300 m the internal focussing telescope of modern
design has a multiplying constant correct to 1 part per 1000. For all practical
purposes thus, C is usually assumed to be 0 and K to be 100 or (any other convenient
value).
Thus, D = 100 S
Inclined Sights
For an annallactic telescope it is usual to find that K is 100 and that when the sight
is horizontal the distance is 100 x S.
When the sight is inclined tacheometric sights may be taken. The following cases are
considered.
(i) Staff held vertical (ii) staff normal to the line of sight.
S is staff intercept at staff (AB). If this staff was normal to the line of sight
readings A´CB´ would be read and the staff intercept A´B´ would be AB cosΘ = S
cosΘ
A’ A
S
C
L B’
M
B
V
X
HI Δh
Y
H
Thus L = K S cosΘ
H = L cosΘ = KS cos2Θ
V = L sin Θ = KS cosΘ sinΘ
= ½KS Sin2Θ
Note: elevations (uphill sights) are booked with +ve Θ while depression (downhill
sights) are booked with -ve Θ
March 23
Page 4 of 8
Surveying Techniques II Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology
EGE 2204 Tacheometry Lecturer: C.O. Gaya
Elevation
∆h = height of instrument + V – reading CX
= HI + V- M
Depression
∆h = height of instrument – V- reading CX
= HI – V- M
In this method the staff is held perpendicular to the line of sight .This may be done
using a special sighting tube (diopter sight) attached at right angles to the staff or
the staff maybe swung back and forth to obtain a minimum reading.
Staff intercept S = AB
Mid-hair reading CX = M
E
C
L
B
V
X
HI
Δh
Y
H
CE = M sinΘ
EX = M cosΘ
V =KS sinΘ
H = L cosΘ + CE
= L cosΘ + M sinΘ
For a depression: the staff would incline away from the instrument. Thus for a
downhill sight H = L cosΘ - M sinΘ.
Elevation:
∆h = height of instrument + V – EX
= HI + V- M cos Θ
Depression:
∆h = Height of instrument - V – EX
= HI - V – M cos Θ
The equations above are used in detail surveying and contouring to obtain spot
heights of points. Since many of these may be taken when locating detail, special
booking forms are normally used.
March 23
Page 6 of 8
Surveying Techniques II Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology
EGE 2204 Tacheometry Lecturer: C.O. Gaya
b/2
T1 α /2
T2
α/2
b/2
Length H (T1 T2 is required and the subtense bar has been set normal to this line T1
T2 using the directing telescope mounted on the bar near the hinge. A theodolite,
preferably reading to 1” of arc, has been set up at T2 and the horizontal bar
subtended there by the target on the bar at T1 is then measured.
Since the bar is mounted horizontally, refraction has an equal effect on both
readings. Since the angle α is measured in the horizontal plane, the horizontal
distance H is obtained directly from:
𝑏/2 𝑏
𝐻= α = α
tan (2) 2tan(2)
there are several patterns for subtense bar measurements including the one bar
(single base) method, double bar method and auxiliary base methods.
The method uses special theodolite with a measuring device in front of the telescope
and a special staff.
If the line of sight of the theodolite is directed to the zero of a horizontal staff
and then a wedge placed in front of the objective lens, the vertical line of the
graticule will be shifted to give a different staff reading. The amount of the shift
depending upon the deflection angle between the incident and refracted (emergent)
ray of 34’ 22.6”.
Better accuracy is obtained by use of a parallel plate micrometer which ensures that
a vernier division is brought into coincidence with a main division.
March 23
Page 8 of 8