Mechanical Properties of Materials 𝐴 𝐴

Is 𝑘 a good measure of the

material property of the rod?
Tensile Test 𝑘 =?

𝐶 45° 𝐵 𝐶
𝑎 𝜃
𝑘 =? 𝐵

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Rod as a Linear Spring 𝑘 vs Dimension

𝑃 𝑃 

𝐿 𝐿
𝑘 
1
𝛿 𝛿  
𝛿 𝛿

𝑃 Is 𝑘 a good measure of the 𝑃
material property of the rod?

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 Stress-Strain Diagram Normal Strain and Normal Stress

𝑃/𝐴 Normal Strain (Average Strain):

𝑃

𝐿 𝛿 𝜀 = 𝛿/𝐿
   𝑃
 Strain is dimensionless.

𝑃 𝑃
  Normal Stress (Average Stress):
𝛿 𝛿/𝐿 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃
 𝜎 = 𝑃/𝐴
𝑃
has the unit of pressure. (Pa: N/m2)
𝜎
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Stress-Strain Diagram for Material Properties Test Machine

http://www.czhtest.com/pddetaildate/image/20131206_19052720.html

O 𝜀

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 Extensometer https://knowledge.ulprospector.com/1420/pe-extensometer/
Test Specimen

https://knowledge.ulprospector.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sudipto_Mondol/publication/305806934/figure
com/1420/pe-extensometer/
/fig2/AS:391294028402690@1470303174382/Figure-2-UTM-Test-Specimen-
Nomenclature-Tensile-testing-by-Joseph-R-Davis-p-50.ppm

http://hill-engineering.com/general-interest/tensile-test/

Combination of fully automatic feeler arm extensometers, with dual 試片的形狀、尺寸請參考各種標準，例如

averaging axial and transverse strain extensometer.
https://www.epsilontech.com/wp-
content/uploads/2016/04/3442_min
ASTM International, originally known as the American Society for Testing and
iature_extensometer-
side_view_overview.jpg
Materials (ASTM)
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Experiment Ductile Material

𝜎 >𝜎 ?

\s
B&J

necking much less than 1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D8U4G5kcpcM
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/D8U4G5kcpcM/maxresdefault.jpg

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 True Stress and Strain True Stress-True Strain Diagram
𝐴
𝐿
𝐿0
A
𝐴0
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/D8U4G5kcpcM/maxresdefault.jpg

Nominal (engineering) strain: Δ𝐿/𝐿0 For most engineering purposes

Nominal (engineering) stress: 𝐹/𝐴0 (small deformations), nominal

True strain: ∑ =∫ = ln( ) strain and stress are adequate.

True stress: 𝐹/𝐴 By Nicoguaro - Own work, CC BY 4.0,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=89891679

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Brittle Material Concrete

All from Hibbeler

From B&J

• Very small tensile strain

Brittle materials do not have a well-defined tensile fracture stress, since appearance of initial
• Much stronger in compression
cracks in a specimen is quite random.
than in tension
Instead, the average fracture stress from a set of observed tests is generally reported.
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 https://www.pinterest.com/pin/522206519277323595/
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https://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Dam#/media/File:Hoover_Dam,_Colorado_River.JPG
17 2023/2/21 台大機械系材料力學 一盧中仁 18

Ductile vs Brittle Ductile and Brittle – C1

http://www.laserextensometer.de/en/matkwmetall.html

注意不同材料伸長量和斷裂面的形狀不同
http://wiki.dtonline.org/images/1/1b/StressStrainGraph2.png
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 Ductile and Brittle – C2 Elastic vs Plastic Behavior

All from Gere

• If the strain disappears when the stress is removed, the material is said to behave elastically.
web.vtc.edu/mt/114SUM01/TTsum01/Spec19/CupandCone.jpg “The structure and properties of materials” Vol. 3, by Hayden, • The largest stress for which this occurs is called the elastic limit.
Moffatt and Wulff
• When the strain does not return to zero after the stress is removed, the material is said to
behave plastically.
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Hooke’s Law
• Below the yield stress
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀 : Hooke′s Law
𝐸 = Young′s Modulus or
Modulus of Elasticity

• Strength is affected by alloying, heat

treating, and manufacturing process but
stiffness (modulus of elasticity) is not.

• 鋼的楊氏係數約為 200 GPa from Hibbeler

Effect of Temperature on Strength and Elastic Modulus of High-Strength Steel

From B&J 174 / JOURNAL OF MATERIALS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING © ASCE / FEBRUARY 2013

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