Week 10

Immunology

Development and function of

immune system

Summary by: Noor Alsheikh


lymphoid
progenitor cell
T cell
-Develops in thymus (thymulin, thymopoiten and a1 & B4 thymosin)
-Attracted by integrins and chemotactic factors like B2 microglobulin
-Innervated by ANS, so affected by stress
Development in stages:
-Stage I: IL-1 and TNF removes CD34 and double negative
-Stage II: IL-7 gives T cell receptor, CD3 and double positive (4
and 8)
-Stage III:
Positive selection, if cell binds to:
MHC 1 -> CD8
MHC2 -> CD4
negative selection:
if high interaction with self peptide -> apoptosis
T cells either:
T helper (CD4): reacts by binding to MHC 2 on APC
Activated by IL-2
Types:
Th1: cell mediated immunity, secrtes: IL-2, IFN gamma, TNF
Th2: humoral immunity (AB), secretes: IL-4,5,6,10
Th9,17, 22…
T killer (CD8): reacts by binding to MHC 1 on all cells
Activated by IL-2, IL-6 from Th cells
Actions: perforin & granzymes, fas and fas ligand, TNF & TNF-R,
lso secretes INF gamma as antiviral agent
Therapeutic application:
-Transplantation: anti-CD3, anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 monoclonal antibodies
-Hypersensitivity: Monoclonal antibody therapy for allergy.
- Autoimmunity: The use of anti-TNF antibodies (Humira) in the management of rheumatoid arthritis.
-Immunity to tumour: Blocking inhibition by CTLA-4 (using antagonistic antibodies against CTLA-4: FDA approved
for melanoma in 2011 (ipilimumab)
-Stem cell therapy: current and future
Hemopoitic stem
cell
B cell
-Cytokines for development:
IL-7, BCGF, IL-1,2,4,6
-Stages of development:
Pro B cell: heavy chain
Pre B cell: light chain, IgM, Iga, IgB
Immature: IgM/ IgD
Mature: expressing both apoptosis to self reactive
5-15%, Act as APC and express IgM and IgG
Cells markers: CD19,20,79
Stimulated by following cytokines:
clonal proliferation: IL-2,4,13
IgE plasma cell: IL-4,13
IgG plasma cell: IL-4,10,IFN gamma
IgA plasma cell: TGFB and IL-5
-Maturation happens in secondary follicles
-Primary antibody response: early IgM then IgG
-Secondary antibody response: memory cells secrete IgG that
response longer, better affinity
Innate lymphoid cells
Function: defence, wound healing and maintenance of
epithelial integrity
The differentiation is under the influence of:
1-growth factors:
Stem cell factor, IL-1, 3, 4, 6, 7, GM-CSF
2-cell-cell interactions.
myeloid
progenitor cell
No receptors for specific antigens, They include:
Phagocytes
- By the process of Phagocytosis
- The major phagocytic cells are the monocytes, macrophages
and neutrophils.
-Mac-1 (CD11b-CD18) is an important CD marker for
mononuclear phagocytes
Antigen presenting cells (APC)
-They process and present antigen to TH cells and Tc cells.
-Examples: are dendritic cells,monocytes, macrophages, B-cells.
-Follicular dendritic cells are APC, which stores antigens and
present them to B-cells (Important for memory).
Eosinophils
-They are Granular WBC ( 2-5% of leukocytes in healthy
individual)
-They increase in number in allergic and parasitic diseases.
-They have receptors for IgG and IgE antibodies (Fc receptors)
and receptors for complement.
-When stimulated, they release granules and toxins such as
major basic protein and Eosinophil cationic proteins by
exocytosis.
Basophils and Mast Cells
-Basophils and mast cells are similar in function and
morphology.
-Basophils are found in the circulation, whereas mast cells are
found in the mucosa and connective tissue and live longer.
-Release of mast cell granules lead to vasodilatation, increased
vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction and WBC
chemotaxis.
-the symptoms of allergy and are important for immunity against
parasite.
-have receptors for IgE antibody and for complement .