TYPES OF DC

GENERATOR
CHAPTER 12
CLASSIFICATION CHART
SELF EXCITED DC GENERATOR
DC SERIES GENERATOR
 DC SERIES GENERATOR
CHARACTERISTIC
In a DC series generator, terminal voltage increases with the increase in load
current. This is because, as the load current increases, field current also
increases. However, beyond a certain limit, terminal voltage starts decreasing
with increase in load. This is due to excessive demagnetizing effects of the
armature reaction. The applications of DC Series generators are given below
1.They are used for supplying field excitation current in DC locomotives for
regenerative breaking.
2.This types of generators are used as boosters to compensate the voltage
drop in the feeder in various types of distribution systems such as railway
service.
3.In arc welding this type of generators are mainly used.
DC SHUNT GENERATOR
 SHUNT GENERATOR CHARACTERISTIC
To build up voltage of a shunt generator, the generator is driven at the
rated speed by a prime mover. Initial voltage is induced due to residual
magnetism in the field poles. The generator builds up its voltage as
explained. When the generator has built up the voltage, it is gradually
loaded with resistive load and readings are taken at suitable intervals
and the characteristic of shunt generator is plotted as graph.
1. They are used for general lighting.
2. They are used to charge battery because they can be made to give
constant output voltage.
3. They are used for giving the excitation to the alternators.
4. They are also used for small power supply (such as a portable
generator).
LONG SHUNT AND SHORT SHUNT COMPOUND
GENERATOR
 CUMULATIVE AND DIFFERENTIAL
COMPOUND
 CHARACTERISTIC DC COMPOUND
GENERATOR
• The above figure shows the external characteristics of DC compound
generators. If series winding amp-turns are adjusted so that, increase in load
current causes increase in terminal voltage then the generator is called to be
over compounded. The external characteristic for over compounded
generator is shown by the curve AB in above figure.
• If series winding amp-turns are adjusted so that, the terminal voltage
remains constant even the load current is increased, then the generator is
called to be flat compounded. The external characteristic for a flat
compounded generator is shown by the curve AC.
• If the series winding has lesser number of turns than that would be required
to be flat compounded, then the generator is called to be under compounded.
The external characteristics for an under compounded generator are shown
by the curve AD.
CHARACTERISTIC DC COMPOUND
GENERATOR
 APPLICATION OF DC COMPOUND
GENERATOR
1.Cumulative compound wound generators are generally used for lighting,
power supply purpose and for heavy power services because of their
constant voltage property. They are mainly made over compounded.
2.Cumulative compound wound generators are also used for driving a
motor.
3.For small distance operation, such as power supply for hotels, offices,
homes and lodges, the flat compounded generators are generally used.
4.The differential compound wound generators, because of their large
demagnetization armature reaction, are used for arc welding where huge
voltage drop and constant current is required.
 DEGREE OF COMPOUNDING
IF THE AMPERE – TURNS OF THE SERIES FIELD ACT IN THE SAME
DIRECTION OF SHUNT FIELD, WHEN LOAD ON GENERATOR INCREASES IT
WILL INCREASE TERMINAL VOLTAGE ALSO. THIS INFLUENCE OF FLUX IS
CALLED COMPOUNDING.
OVER COMPOUNDING – FULL LOAD VOLTAGE HIGHER THAN NO LOAD
VOLTAGE

UNDER COMPOUNDING – FULL LOAD VOLTAGE LESS THAN NO LOAD

VOLTAGE.

FLAT COMPOUNDING – FULL LOAD VOLTAGE AND NO LOAD VOLTAGE

EQUAL.
ARMATURE REACTION
 ARMATURE REACTION
• WHEN A DC GENERATOR IS LOADED, LOAD CURRENT FLOWS
THROUGH ARMATURE WINDING, IT CREATES A MAGNETIC FLUX
LINES. THIS MAGNETIC FLUX LINES FORMS IN SUCH DIRECTION
IT DISTORT THE MAIN FIELD FLUX CREATED BY FIELD POLES.
THIS DISTORTION IS CALLED ARMATURE REACTION.
• THE EFFECT OF ARMATURE REACTION CAN BE REDUCED BY
FOLLOWING METHOD
1. INTRODUCTION OF INTERPOLES.
2. MOVING THE BRUSHES FORWARD IN THE DIRECTION OF
ROTATION.
3. BY CONNECTING THE COMPENSATING WINDING IN SERIES
WITH INTERPOLES.
INTERPOLE
 INTERPOLES
THE INTERPOLES ARE CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH LOAD OF THE
GENERATOR. SO MAGNETIC FIELD OF THE INTERPOLES VARY WITH
THE LOAD CURRENT OF GENERATOR. ARMATURE REACTION IS
CAUSES DISTORTION OF MAIN FIELD FLUX WHICH IS VARYING AS
PER LOAD CURRENT. HENCE THE DISTORTION CAUSED BY
ARMATURE REACTION IS NULLIFIED BY THE FLUX PRODUCED BY
THE INTERPOLES.
THE SPARK LESS COMMUTATION IS ACHIEVED BY INTRODUCTION
OF INTERPOLES AND REDUCES RADIO INTERFERENCE IN AIRCRAFT.
THE EFFICIENCY OF DC GENERATOR ALSO IMPROVED.
COMPENSATING WINDING
 COMPENSATING WINDING
• THIS WINDING CONSIST OF CONDUCTORS EMBEDDED IN
FIELD POLES WITH ONE COIL SURROUNDED BY TWO FIELD
POLES OF OPPOSITE POLARITY.
• THE COMPENSATING WINDING IS IN SERIES WITH INTERPOLE
WINDING. HENCE IT INCREASES THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
INTERPOLES.
• THE SPARK LESS COMMUTATION IS ACHIEVED BY
INTRODUCTION OF COMPENSATING WINDING AND REDUCES
RADIO INTERFERENCE IN AIRCRAFT.
• THE EFFICIENCY OF DC GENERATOR ALSO IMPROVED
 STARTER GENERATOR
STARTER GENERATOR IS THE SINGLE ASSEMBLY HOUSING DC
STARTER MOTOR AND DC GENERATOR. MANY GAS TURBINE
AIRCRAFTS ARE EQUIPPED WITH STARTER GENERATOR SYSTEM.
STARTER GENERATOR DRIVES THE AIRCRAFT ENGINE DURING
STARTING AND AFTER THE ENGINE HAS REACHED SELF SUSTAINING
SPEED IT ACT AS A GENERATOR TO SUPPLY THE REQUIRED
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM POWER FOR AIRCRAFT.
STARTER GENERATOR UNIT IS BASICALLY HAVING SHUNT
GENERATOR AND A ADDITIONAL HEAVY SERIES FIELD WINDING.
THIS SERIES FIELD WINDING IS ELECTRICALLY CONNECTED TO
PRODUCE A STRONG FIELD RESULTING A HIGH TORQUE DURING
ENGINE STARTING.
IMAGE OF STARTER GENERATOR
STARTER GENERATOR CIRCUIT
 SALIENT FEATURES
AN INTEGRAL FAN IS USED TO DRAW AIR TO COOL THE UNIT WHILE
WORKING. THE COOLING AIR IS REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN TEMPERATURE
LIMITS DURING HIGH POWER GENERATION.
A CLUTCH DAMPER MAY BE USED IN SOME UNITS TO CONNECT THE
ARMATURE TO THE STARTER GENERATORS DRIVE SHAFT. THE CLUTCH
PROVIDES FRICTION DAMPING OF ANY TORSIONAL LOADS THAT MAY BE
APPLIED DURING OPERATION.
IF THE ARMATURE IS DIRECTLY CONNECTED TO THE ENGINE WITH OUT
CLUTCH, THE TORSIONAL LOAD MAY OVERSTRESS THE DRIVE SHAFT
AND CAUSE GENERATOR FAILURE.
SOME STARTER MAY HAVE SHEAR SECTION, WHICH IS USED TO
SAFEGUARD ENGINE GEAR BOX IN CASE OF GENERATORS MECHANICAL
FAILURE AND CAN NOT ROTATE. IN THIS CASE SHEAR SECTION MAY
BREAK AND DISCONNECTS THE GENERATOR FROM THE DRIVE GEAR.
THANKYOU