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    Ang 2006

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    Ang 2006

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    Mahtab R
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    ang2006

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    Ang 2006

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    Cy te Ame he Effects of Parenting Style on Personal and Social Variables for Asian Adolescents [Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Impact of perceived parenting style on adolescents’ slf-cliance, interpersonal relations, sense of ‘inadequacy, and attitude to school after controlling fr elects of adolescents self-esteem, was examined ina sample of S48 Asian adolescents, Fathers’ perceived parenting ile was significantly associated with Adolescents sense of inadequacy forthe entre sample as well as for Chinese adolescents. Fathers’ petceived parenting sie was also significantly associated with Malay adolescents self-reliance, Moth fs perceived pareving style was sigificant only for Malay adolescents titi to school The meaning and consequences of parenting styles, in panicular. the authoritarian parenting syle, and the differential ‘impact of paternal parenting styl versus maternal parenting style on adolescent outcomes in an Asian context will be discussed. Impl ‘edotescents and thei families tions for educators and mental health practitioners working with so be explored, Keywords: parenting syle, father parenting, Asian adolescens Diana Baumnrind’s (1971) parenting style typology (ie. author- itative, authoritarian, and permissive) has been one of the most extensively researched within the area of parenting. Authoritative parenting style refers to child-rearing techniques in which parents ‘maintain a balance between love and affection forthe children and exercising firm discipline. They expect appropriate levels of dis cipline and behavior, but are willing 10 explain reasons behind rules and value the child's point of view. Authoritarian parenting style refers to child-tearing techniques in which parents tend to be strict, harsh, and have an absolute set of standards to which children must conform. These parents typically demand obedience, and there i litle verbal give-and-take within the family setting Permissive parenting style refers to child-rearing techniques in hich parents place very few rules or restrictions on their children Children of permissive parents have almost complete freedom or ‘control over their own decisions and activities. Baumrind’s (1971) early work suggested that authoritative pa fenting has beneficial effects for European American families in promoting adolescents’ psychological health and academic achievement. Subsequently, other researchers have also found differentially beneficial effects of the authoritative style compared to the authoritarian or permissive styles on a host of child and adolescent outcomes such as psychological competence, adaptive ‘The author would lke to thank Trina Tan of Tampines Family Service ‘Center and her tam for thee asitance with data colleton. The schol, ‘adolescents and principals who participated in this project are also grate fully acknowledged and thanked ‘This research is supported by the Volumary Welfare Organization Capability Fund, (VCF) Social Service Research Grant from Nationa ‘Council of Social Service Singapore. For reprints and conespondence: Rebecca P. Ang, PRD, Division of Psychology, Schoo of Humanities and Socal Sciences, Nanyang Techno- logical University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 630798. E-mail: rpang@ntueduse 508 functioning, self-esteem, self-reliance, and academic competence and adjustment (Carlson, Uppal. & Prosser, 2000; Furmham & Cheng, 2000; Lamborn, Mounts, Steinberg, & Dombusch, 1991; Steinberg, Elmen, & Mounts, 1989; Steinberg, Lamborn, Darling, Mounts, & Dombusch, 1994). Specifically, authoritative style has repeatedly been found 10 be correlated with positive self perceptions while authoritarian style has repeatedly been found to be correlated with negative self-perceptions (Buri, Louiselle, Misukanis, & Mueller, 1988; Klein, Bryant, & Hopkins, 1996; Lamborn etal, 1991; Pawlak & Klein, 1997). Authoritative par- enting style of the mother has also been found to be positively associated with connected knowing, which is defined as the ability for empathic concern, perspective-taking, and the tendency t0 be sensitive to the behavior of others (Knight etal, 2000), Children and adolescents from permissive or unengaged fami- lies report a higher frequency of substance abuse, school miscon. dduct, and are less engaged and less positively oriented to school ‘compared to their counterparts from authoritative or authoritarian families (Lamborn et al, 1991). Similarly, Adalbjamardouir and Hafsteinsson (2001) found that adolescents who perceived their parents as neglectful used more licit and illicit drugs compared to adolescents who perceived their parents as authoritative in a sam- ple of 347 Iceland adolescents. Permissive parenting has also been associated with low self-esteem, less persistence on learning tasks, low tolerance for frustration, and extrinsic motivational orientation, (Ginsburg & Bronstein, 1993; Maccoby & Martin, 1983). ‘Although the beneficial effects of the authoritative style have consistently been demonstrated for European Americans, these effects have not always been found for ethnic minorities, For example, Baurnrind (1972) found a positive relationship between authoritarian parenting style and preschoolers’ prosocial maturity for a sample of African-American families. More recently, Park and Bauer (2002) investigated the relationship between parenting practices and academic achievement of high school students. The authors found that among a sample of 873 Asian-Americans, 1,449, 504 ANG Hispanics. ‘Americans, 1,176 Afvican-Americans, and 8,292 European- 1 relationship between having an authoritative par- tenting style and student academic achievement was supported only for the European-Americans (Park & Bauer, 2002). Hence, there hhas been some debate about whether these parenting styles (au thoritative, authoritarian, permissive) have similar outcomes for children and adolescents who are not of European descent Previous Studies of Parenting Style Focusing on Asians ‘There is limited research on the effects of parenting style on child or adolescent outcomes among Asians. Findings for Asians land Asian Americans have been mixed. Steinberg et al. (1994) ‘noted that authoritative parenting was relatively more advan ‘2e0us for European American youth compared to Asian American youth. Authoritarian parenting appears to yield some positive benefits for Asian American youth. Leung, Lau, and Lam (1998) found that the authoritative style was unrelated to the academic achievement of Hong Kong Chinese students, but was positively related to the academic achievement of the European American ‘and Australian students. In addition, they found authoritarian par- enting to be positively associated with academic achievement of Hong Kong Chinese students (Leung etal, 1998). MeBride-Chang and Chang (1998) found authoritative parenting style to be nega tively associated with autonomy in a sample of Hong Kong Chi nese adolescents—this implies that parents who were more author: itative had a tendency to be less encouraging of their adolescent's aulonomy, which is not consistent with what has typically been found for samples consisting of European Americans In contrast, Chen, Dong, and Zhou (1997) studied Chinese families in Beijing and found that the authoritative style was positively related to children’s school achievement, while the authoritarian style was negatively related to school achievement Shek (2002) found that Chinese adolescents who perceived par- tenting characteristics to be negative (as defined by harshness and

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