‫ﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﺭﺩﻳﻒ ﺍﺯﺁﺟﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮﺑﮕﺮﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻳﺸﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ ﻭﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻱ‬

‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺁﺟﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪﺭﻱ ﻛﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﮔﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯﺁ ﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﻔﺘﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﺟﺮﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﻫﻢ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻭ‪...‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺯﺁﺟﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﺭﺍ ‪ -‬ﻛﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﮔﺴﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺳـﺖ ‪-‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﮏ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﺯﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻨﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪،‬‬

‫‪p (1) , p ( 2 ) ,... p ( n ) , p ( n + 1) ,...‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﺎ ﻣﻴﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻱ ﺁ ﻥ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ )ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ( ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﻭﺍﻗـﻊ ﺟﻤـﻼﺕ ﻫﻤـﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺁﺟﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﺩﺭﺳﺘﻲ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻥ ﺁﺟﺮﻫﺎﻣﺖ ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻲ ﻫﺮﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻱ‬

‫)‪ P(n‬ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻱ )‪ P(n+ 1‬ﺭﺍ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ)ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺁﺟﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪﺭﻱ ﻛﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻥ ﻳﮏ ﺁﺟﺮ‪،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻥ ﺁﺟﺮ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﮔﺮﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫـﻴﻢ ﻛـﻪ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﻱ‬

‫)‪ P(1‬ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ - ،‬ﺁﺟﺮﺍﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺍﻓﺘﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺁﻥ ﮔﺎﻩ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻱ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫)ﻫﻤﻪ ﻱ ﺁﺟﺮﻫﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩ‪(.‬‬

‫ﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯﻗﺪﺭﺗﻤﻨﺪﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺗﻜﻴﮏ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺍﺻـﻞ ﺑـﻪ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺯﻳﺮﻛﺎﺭﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ‪ T‬ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﺽ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ‪ T‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﮏ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮ‬

‫‪ n‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ‪ n‬ﻳﮏ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎ ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻲ ‪ T‬ﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ﺗﻤـﺎﻡ ﻣﻘـﺎﺩﻳﺮ ‪،n‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ؛ ﻣﺎ ﺩﻭ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪ T‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ‪ n = 1‬ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ‪ ، n > 1‬ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪ T‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ‪ ، n − 1‬ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪ T‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ‪ ،n‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻳﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺷﺮﻁ ‪ 1‬ﻭ ‪ ،2‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﻱ ‪ T‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ‪ T‬ﮐﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﺮﻁ ‪ 1‬ﻭ ‪ ،2‬ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪ T‬ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ‪ n = 2‬ﺭﺍ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪ T‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ‪ n = 2‬ﻭ ﺷـﺮﻁ ‪ ،2‬ﺑﺮﻗـﺮﺍﻱ ‪ T‬ﺑـﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ‪ n = 3‬ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ‪ ....‬ﺩﺭﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ) ‪ P (k‬ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣـﻲ ﮐﻨـﻴﻢ‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ )‪ P (1‬ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ )‪ P (1‬ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ )‪ P (2‬ﺭﺍ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣـﻲ ﮔﻴـﺮﻳﻢ ﻭ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ )‪ p (2‬ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ )‪ P (3‬ﺭﺍ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻳﻢ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ )‪P (k − 1‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ) ‪ P (k‬ﺭﺍ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ‪ ، k ≥ 1‬ﻣﻲ ﺗـﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺛﺎﺑـﺖ ﮐﻨـﻴﻢ ﮐـﻪ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ) ‪ P (k‬ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻲ ﺷﺮﻁ ‪ ،1‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻫـﺮ ﺣـﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺩﺭﺳـﺘﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﭼـﮏ ﮐـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭ‬

‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻲ ﺷﺮﻁ ‪ ،2‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ‬

‫ﺷﺮﻁ ﺭﺍ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﺮﺩﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻳﻢ‪.‬‬