Pre - Colonial (300 yrs) longest colonial
Narrative - poetic describing important events in
Literature? -Is stories of human
-ideas, thoughts and emotions of man
-“belles-letter” which means beautiful writing.
Enumeration ata
Lines of
type of poem
Types of Poetry
Kinds of Figurative Speech
Types of Literature
Kinds of Poem
1. Non fiction - It tells the story of real people and
events.
2. Fiction - It is an imaginative recreation and
re-creation of life
3. Essay - It is a prose composition of moderate
length usually expository in nature, which aims to
explain or clear up an idea, a theory, an
expression, or point of view.
4. Poetry - It is expressed in metrical, rhythmical and
figurative language
5. Dran - it means to act or to do (Greek for drama)
6. Drama - It is a story created specifically for a
stage performance
7. Poesis - to make (Greek for Poem)
8. Poem -
9.
life either real or imaginary
10. Theme - The central or dominating idea in a
literary
11. Lyric Poetry - poems accompanied with any
instrument
12. Sonnet - This is a lyric poem of 14 lines dealing
with an emotion, a feeling, or an idea
13. We use SENSE to reveal meaning of words or
images
14. Elegy - reflects death or lost
15. Elegy - it is keme poem which express the
meaning of death kineme
16. Point of View - It identifies the narrator of the
story
17. Epics - About heroic exploits and supernatural
controls
18. Comedy - Form of literature in form of music and
has happy ending
19. Awit/Song - Lyric Poem that have 12 syllabus and
accompanied by musical instrument number 16
daw
20. Difference between free verse and blank verse -
free verse does not have metrics or measures,
blank verse has a precise meter but does not
ryhme
21. Difference between Simile and Metaphor - Simile
uses words like as to compare things,
metaphor does not
 22. Duplo - usual in wakes
23. Tanaga - monorhyming haptic 7 syllables 4 lines
expressing lessons of life
24. Pasyon - commemoration (something passion),
octo syllabic about resurrection of christ
25. RHYME imposes specific length and emphasis on
a given line of poetry
26. THEME - The central or dominating idea in a
literary
27. PLOT - A causally related sequence of events
28. SETTING - The place or time in which the action
of a short story takes place -
29. CHARACTERS Persons involved in a conflict-
30. This is usually used in musical plays with the
opera.
True or False
1. Haiku has 17 syllabus True 5-7-5
2. Corido is hexasyllabic False 8
3. Legend are stories that are true False?
4. The main bulb of colonial phil literature are about
religion good manners Di kasama ang
revolutionary, changes kineme
5. Lyric poetry are lyrics that accompanied with
musical instrument - True
6. Proverbs are stories of origin - False
7. Couplet are has more than 3 lines False 2 (di ko
sure kung sa t or f)
8. Before the Philippines was colonized, it was
already brimming with a rich tradition or oral
literature. True
9. Riddles are also called salawikain - False
BUGTONG
10. Proverbs are stories of origin for certain places,
their names, and their creation. False
(myth/legend to)
11. Epics are long- winded poems about a hero and
his adventures and misadventures. True
12. Proverbs- sayings w/lessons and not the story of
origin - True
13. Lyric poetry is accompanied by instrument - True
14. Corrido is a hexasyllabic - False
15. Church no longer hold monopoly -True
16. Printing press - True
BIAG NI LAM-ANG
Translator/Author - Pedro Bukaneg
Lam-ang learned to TALK the moment he was born.
NAMONGAN is the mother of Lam-Ang.
On his journey, Lamg-ang took with him his chicken and
DOG
Lam-ang got angry because the IGOROT killed his
father.
Lam-Ang’s heart was captured by INES.
AWIYAO reached for the upper horizontal log which
served as the edge of the head high threshold.
The sound of the GANGSAS beat through the walls of
Main Genres of Literature
the dark house like muffled ROARS of falling water.
1. Fiction - imaginative recreation and re-creation of
The stove fire played with strange moving SHADOWS
life
and lights upon her face.
2. Non - Fiction - interplay of words and rhythm
Pliant is the BAMBOO; I am man of EARTH;
3. Essay
RHYME imposes specific length and emphasis on a
4. Drama
given line of poetry
5. Poetry -
Faith, Love, and Time
Elements of Fiction
Author -
1. Characters - represensentation of human being,
Dr. Lazaro had a view of stars, the country darkness, and
persons involved in conflict
the lights on the distant highway at the edge of town from
a. Round Character - dynamic character, fully
his UPSTAIRS VERANDA/VERANDA. ( roofed platform
developed
along the outside of a house, level with the ground floor)
b. Flat Character - does not grow and
Dr. Lazaro remembered nothing, his mind lay untouched
develop
by any conscious thought, he was scarcely aware of the
c. Others - Others
APRIL? heat. (month)
1. Protagonist – hero/ heroine
They could not take the baby to the POBLACION
2. Antagonist – a foil to the protagonist
because its body turned rigid at the slightest touch.
3. Deuteroganist – second in importance
(town)
4. Fringe – one who is destroyed by his
He added a vial of penstrep, an ampule of CAFFEINE to
inner conflict
the satchel’s contents. (a crystalline compound that is
5. Typical or minor characters
found especially in tea and coffee plants and is a
stimulant of the central nervous system.)
2. Setting - locale (place) or period (time)
Dr. Lazaro asked Ben, “What must I do to gain
3. Conflict - struggles or complication
ETERNAL life?” (lasting or existing forever)
 a. Internal Conflict - protagonist in struggles
within himself
b. Interpersonal Conflict - against someone
else
c. External Conflict - in conflict with values of
his or her society
4. Plot - sequence of event
a. Exposition (beginning) introduces the time,
place, setting and the main characters.
b. Complication (rising action) unfolds the
problems and struggles that would be
encountered by the main characters leading
to the crisis.
c. Climax (result of the crisis) part where the
problem or the conflict is the highest peak
of interest; the highest point of the story for
the reader, frequently, is the highest
moment of interest and greatest emotion;
also known as the crisis or the point of no
return.
d. Denouement is the untying of the
entangled knots, or the part that shows a
conflict or a problem is solved, leading to its
downwards movement or end.
e. Resolution (end) contains the last
statements about the story.
Qualities of the Plot
a. Exciting – it should be more exciting
than the everyday reality that surrounds us.
b. Good Structure – the episodes must be
arranged effectively, but the most important
element of plot structure is tying all the
incidents together, so that one leads
naturally to another.
Plot Devices
a. Flashback- something out of
chronological order; to reveal information,
to understand a character’s nature.
b. Foreshadowing- a device to give a sign
of something to come, its purpose is to
create suspense, to keep the readers
guessing what will happen when.
c. Suspense – this is the feeling of
excitement or tension in the reader’s
experiences as the action of the plot
unfolds.
d. Suspense Ending – this is an ending
that catches the reader off guard with an
unexpected turn of events.
 e. In Media Res- the technique of
beginning a story in the middle of the
action, with background information given
later in the flashbacks.
5. Point of View - writer’s feeling and attitude toward
his subject
Classification of POV
First Person - I, me, mine, we, us, our (s)
Third Person - He, Him, His, she, her (s), they,
them, theirs
Omniscient - He, him, his, she, her (s), they,
them, theirs
6. Mood - atmosphere or emotion
7. Tone - attitude or approach
8. Symbolisms - to paint colorful scenes
9. Images - any vivid or picturesque phrase
10. Theme - central or dominating idea
Types of Poetry
Elements of Poetry
1. Sense
a. Diction
b. Images
c. Figure of Speech - simile, metaphor,
personification, apostrophe, metonymy,
synecdoche, hyperbole, irony, allusion,
paradox, litotes, oxymoron, onomatopoeia
etc.
2. Sound - result of combination of elements
a. Tone color- alliteration, assonance,
consonance, rhyme, repetition, anaphora
b. Rhythm- ordered recurrent alteration of
strong and weak elements in the flow of the
sound and silence: duple, triple, running or
common rhyme.
c. Meter- stress. Duration, or number of
syllables per line, fixed metrical pattern, or
a verse form: quantitative, syllabic, and
accentual syllabic.
d. Rhyme scheme- formal arrangement of
rhymes in stanza or the whole poem.
3. Structure- refers to (1) arrangement of words, and
lines to fit together, and (2) the organization of the
parts to form a whole.
1. Narrative Poetry - important events in life either
real or imaginary
a. Epic - extended narrative about heroic
exploits often under supernatural control
b. Metrical Tale - written in verse and can be
classified either as ballad or metrical
romance
 c. Ballads - song accompanying a dance
2. Lyric Poem - expresses emotions and feelings of
the poet. expresses emotions and feelings of the
poet.
a. Folksongs - intended to be sung, love,
despair, grief, doubt, joy, hope and sorrow
b. Sonnets - 14 lines dealing with an emotion,
a feeling, or an idea
c. Elegy - feelings of grief and melancholy,
and whose theme is death
d. Ode - Noble feeling
e. Psalms (Dalit) - praising God
f. Song (Awit) - 12 syllabics slowly sung
g. Corridos (Kuridos) - 8 syllabics martial
beat
3. Dramatic Poetry
1. Comedy- The word comedy comes from the Greek
term “komos” meaning festivity or revelry. This form
usually is light and written with the purpose of amusing,
and usually has a happy ending.
2. Melodrama- This is usually used in musical plays with
the opera. Today, this is related to tragedy just as the
farce to comedy. It arouses immediate and intense
emotion and is usually sad but there is a happy ending
for the principal character.
3. Tragedy- This involves the hero struggling mightily
against dynamic forces; he meets death or ruin without
success and satisfaction obtained by the protagonist in a
comedy.
4. Farce- This is an exaggerated comedy. It seeks to
arouse mirth by laughable lines; situations are too
ridiculous to be true; the characters seem to be
caricatures and the motives undignified and absurd.
5. Social Poems- This form is either purely comic or
tragic and it pictures the life of today. It may aim to bring
about changes in the social conditions.
● Verse – line of metrical writing and used in
poetry.
a. Couplet – 2 lines verse
b. Tercet – 3 lines of verse
c. Haiku – form of Japanese poetry w/ 17 syllables 5-7-5
d. Quatrain – 4 lines
e. Limerick – five-line humorous poem
f. Sestet – consists of six lines,
g. Sonnet – short poem with 14 lines, usually ten-syllable
rhyming lines, divided into two, three or four sections.
Pre colonial Pasyon – it is an octosyllabic quintillas that became
300 yrs entrenched in the Filipino’s commemoration of
The most significant and the longest form of pre-colonial Christ’s agony and resurrection at Calvary.
poetry was the folk epic
Riddles – gives an enigma or puzzle
Proverbs- wise saying or “salawikain” Categories of Philippine folk literature
Folk songs are beautiful songs that are
Folk narratives can either be in prose - the alamat
informal expressions of our ancestors’
(myth), the legend, and the kuwentong bayan (folktale) -
experiences in life. These range from
or in verse, as in the case of the folk narrative.
courtship (which they sing in a harana or
a serenade for a girl), to lullabies, Folk speech includes the bugtong (riddle) and the
harvests, funerals, and others. salawikain (proverbs).
Mimetic dances often accompanied these
songs and rituals and were the Folk songs can be sub-classified into those that tell a
precursor of the drama form. story (folk ballads), which are rare in Philippine folk
Tanaga - a mono-rhyming heptasyllabic literature, and those that do not, which form the bulk of
quatrain expressing insights and the Philippines' rich heritage of folk songs.
lessons on life
Epics – They revolves around supernatural
Six Elements Of The Epic:
events or heroic deeds
1. Plot. It enters around a hero of unbelievable
In prose, pre- colonial literature had
stature. The epic hero completes what everyone
myths, tales, fables, legends, and
only attempts. In ancient epics, the hero often is
fantastic stories.
either partially divine or at least protected by a god
Spanish Colonial
or God.
Dalit – It is a meditative verses appended to novenas
and catechisms. It has no fixed meter no rhyme 2. Superhuman strength and valor. It involves deeds
scheme although a number are written in octosyllabic that no real human could.
quatrains and have a solemn tone and spiritual
subject matter.
3. Vast Setting. The action spans not only geographical
but also often cosmological space: across land, sea, into
the underworld, or thru space or time etc.
4. Supernatural and-or otherworldly forces. Gods,
demons, angels, time/space travel, cheating death etc.
5. Sustained elevation of style. Overwritten. Overly
formal, highly stylized (poetry, lyricism (singing),
exaggeration)
6. Poet remains objective and omniscient. The
narrator sees and knows all and presents all
perspectives.
LEGEND
A legend is a genre of folklore that consists of a
narrative featuring human actions perceived or believed
both by teller and listeners to have taken place within
human history. Narratives in this genre may demonstrate
human values, and possess certain qualities that give the
tale verisimilitude.
Elements of a Legend
A. Characters and Setting
Characters in a legend are limited to a small cast. They
may be inanimate objects, gods, or humans with super
traits. The gods are superheroes who may appear in
human form, but maintain immortality and supernatural
abilities. Legends typically take place in the past, and the
setting is somehow relevant to the culture from which it
derives.
B. Plot and Theme
A legend's plot will include a lot of action, suspense and
conflict. The characters of a legend are often faced with
difficult obstacles to overcome, and struggle with their
fate or destiny. Legends often explain natural
phenomena, religious practices and human nature. They
usually offer a straightforward moral, or a lesson for life.
C. Point of View and Style
Legends are written from the third person point of view. A
legend will reflect upon a society's culture, values and
beliefs and the frail nature, or weakness, of human
beings. Readers of the legend will believe that the main
character is capable of overcoming any obstacles in his
path, and root for him to succeed.
D. Generations
Legends are usually passed down through generations.
Prior to printing, legends were passed orally to teach the
younger generation a certain set of values.
Short Story
A short story is a condensed prose fiction, usually only
focusing on a single incident that can be read in one
sitting and a few characters at most. A short story is
self-contained, not part of a series and is much shorter
than a novel.
When a number of stories are written as a series it's
called a story sequence. They are commonly published in
magazines and anthologies, or as collections by an
individual author.
Elements of a short story
1. Setting - A short story is often simplified one time
and place
2. Characters - One or two main characters may be
introduced without full backstories.
3. Plot - Short stories typically focus on a single plot
instead of multiple subplots. Some stories follow a
traditional narrative arc, with exposition
(description) at the beginning, rising action, a
climax (peak moment of conflict or action), and a
resolution at the end. However, contemporary
short fiction is more likely to begin in the middle of
the action (in medias res), drawing readers right
into a dramatic scene.
4. Theme - While short stories of the past often
revolved around a central theme or moral lesson,
today it is common to find stories with ambiguous
endings. This type of unresolved story invites
open-ended readings and suggests a more
complex understanding of reality and human
behavior.
5. Literary devices - The short story genre is well
suited to experimentation in prose writing style and
form, but most short story authors still work to
create a distinct mood using classic literary
devices (point of view, imagery, foreshadowing,
metaphor, diction/word choice, tone, and sentence
structure).
Popular types of short stories:
A. Fable: A tale that provides a moral lesson, often
using animals, mythical creatures, forces of nature, or
inanimate objects come to life
B. Flash fiction: A story between 5 to 2,000 words that
lacks traditional plot structure or character
development, and is often characterized by a surprise
or twist of fate
C. Mini saga: A type of micro-fiction using exactly 50
words to tell a story
D. Vignette: A descriptive scene or defining moment
that does not contain a complete plot or narrative, but
reveals an important detail about a character or idea
E. Modernism: Experimenting with narrative form, style, as the meter. Some poems incorporate rhyme schemes,
and chronology (inner monologues, stream of with two or more lines that end in like-sounding words.
consciousness) to capture the experience of an
individual

F. Postmodernism: Using fragmentation, paradox, or Meter in Poetry

unreliable narrators to explore the relationship
A poem can contain many elements to give it structure.
between the author, reader, and text
Rhyme is perhaps the most common of these elements:
G. Magical realism: Combining realistic narrative or
Stanza
setting with elements of surrealism, dreams, or
fantasy In poetry, a stanza is used to describe the main building
block of a poem.
H. Minimalism: Writing characterized by brevity,
straightforward language, and a lack of plot Rhyme Scheme
resolutions
One of the most common ways to write a rhyming poem
is to use a rhyme scheme composed of shared vowel
Poem sounds or consonants.
It is a composition written in verse, that is characterized
by a highly developed artistic form and by the use of
intensified language and rhythm to convey an extremely 15 Types of Poetic Forms
imaginative interpretation of the subject.

1. Blank verse. Blank verse is poetry written with a

precise meter—almost always iambic
Poetry is written to share ideas, express emotions, and pentameter—that does not rhyme.
create imagery. Poets choose words for their meaning 2. Rhymed poetry. In contrast to blank verse,
and acoustics, arranging them to create a tempo known rhymed poems rhyme by definition, although their
scheme varies.
3. Free verse. Free verse poetry is poetry that lacks 14. Soliloquy. monologue in which a character
a consistent rhyme scheme, metrical pattern, or speaks to him or herself, expressing inner
musical form. thoughts that an audience might not otherwise
4. Epics. An epic poem is a lengthy, narrative work know.
of poetry. 15. Villanelle. A nineteen-line poem consisting of five
5. Narrative poetry. Similar to an epic, a narrative tercets and a quatrain, with a highly specified
poem tells a story. internal rhyme scheme.
6. Haiku. A haiku is a three-line poetic form
originating in Japan. 575
7. Pastoral poetry. A pastoral poem is one that
concerns the natural world, rural life, and Enumeration ata
landscapes. Lines of
8. Sonnet. A sonnet is a 14 line poem, typically (but type of poem
not exclusively) concerning the topic of love. Types of Poetry
9. Elegies. An elegy is a poem that reflects upon Kinds of Figurative Speech
death or loss. Types of Literature
10. Ode. Much like an elegy, an ode is a tribute to its
subject, although the subject need not be Kinds of Poem
dead—or even sentient, Types of Literature during pre? colonial times
11. Limerick. A limerick is a five-line poem that 1. Tanaga
consists of a single stanza, an AABBA rhyme 2. Pasyon
scheme, and whose subject is a short, pithy tale or 3. Fable
description. 4. Bugtong
12. Lyric poetry. Lyric poetry refers to the broad 5. Salawikain
category of poetry that concerns feelings and
emotion.
13. Ballad. A ballad (or ballade) is a form of narrative
verse that can be either poetic or musical.