CHAPTER 2

DATA COLLECTION

AND BASIC CONCEPT

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
Determine the sources of data (primary and secondary

data).
Distinguish the different methods under primary and

secondary data.
Determine the appropriate sampling size.
Differentiate various sampling techniques.
Know the sources of errors in sampling.
 INTRODUCTION

Everybody collects, interprets and uses information, much of it in

numerical or statistical forms in day-today life. It is a common
practice that people receive large quantities of information
everyday through conversations, televisions, computers, the
radios, newspapers, posters, notices and instructions.
In everyday life, in business and industry, certain statistical
information is necessary and it is independent to know where to
find it how to collect it.
WHAT IS DATA COLLECTION?
Data collection is the process of gathering and
measuring information on variables of interest, in an
established systematic fashion that enables one to
answer stated research questions, test hypotheses,
and evaluate outcomes.
 SOURCES OF DATA
Primary Source - provides a first-hand account of an event
or time period and are considered to be authoritative.
Secondary Sources - offer an analysis, interpretation or a
restatement of primary sources and are considered to be
persuasive.
THE PRIMARY DATA CAN BE COLLECTED

BY THE FOLLOWING FIVE METHODS

Direct personal interviews

Indirect/Questionnaire Method
Focus group
Experiment
Observation
KEY DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF A

GOOD QUESTIONNAIRE
1. Keep the questionnaire as short as possible.
2. Decide on the type of questionnaire (Open Ended or Closed
Ended).
3. Write the questions properly.
4. Order the questions appropriately.
5. Avoid questions that prompt or motivate the respondent to say
what you would like to hear.
6. Write an introductory letter or an introduction.
7. Write special instructions for interviewers or respondents.
8. Translate the questions if necessary.
9. Always test your questions before taking the survey. (Pre-test)
 SAMPLING AND

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

When gathering data, a census is attractive to use

if the population is small because It eliminates
sampling error and it provides data on all the
members or elements of the population.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
NON- PROBABILITY SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES TECHNIQUES

1. Simple Random Sampling 1. Convenience Sampling

2. Stratified Random Sampling 2. Quota Sampling
3. Systematic Sampling with a 3. Purposive Sampling
Random Start
4. Cluster Sampling
DATA COLLECTION &

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

The Direct or Interview Method

1. The Indirect or Questionnaire Method
2. The Registration Method
3. The Experimental Method
END OF CHAPTER