PINGOL, BRYAN C.

MEMTO
BSME A

WHAT IS THE MAIN DIFFERENCE

BETWEEN PERFECT CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
AND CRYSTAL DEFECT?
CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS ARE MADE UP OF
SOLID REGIONS OF ORDERED MATTER. THESE
REGIONS ARE KNOWN AS CRYSTALS. A
PERFECT CRYSTAL IS A CRYSTAL THAT
CONTAINS NO POINT, LINE, OR PLANAR
DEFECTS WHILE, CRYSTAL DEFECT IS THE
IMPERFECTION IN THE REGULAR
GEOMETRICAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE ATOMS
IN A CRYSTALLINE SOLID. THESE
IMPERFECTIONS RESULT FROM DEFORMATION
OF THE SOLID, RAPID COOLING FROM HIGH
TEMPERATURE, OR HIGH ENERGY RADIATION
STRIKING THE SOLID.
DIFFERENTIATE THE TYPES OF CRYSTAL
DEFECTS ACCORDING TO THEIR GEOMETRY
OR DIMENSIONALITY.
.POINT DEFECT OR ZERO DIMENSIONAL
 THEY ARE NOT EXTENDED IN SPACE IN
ANY DIMENSION
VACANCY IT IS THE SIMPLEST POINT
DEFECT WHERE ONE OR MORE ATOMS ARE
MISSING FROM THEIR RESPECTIVE LOCATIONS
WITHIN THE CRYSTAL LATTICE.
INTERSTITIAL IMPURITY AN
INTERSTITIAL ATOMS OCCUPIES A DEFINITE
POSITION IN A NON LATTICE SITE WITHIN THE
CYSTAL
SUSBSTITUTIONAL IMPURITY
WHEN A FOREIGN ATOMS SUBSTITURES THE
PARENT ATOMS AND OCCUPIES ITS POSITION IN
THE LATTICE SITE.
. LINEAR DEFECT OR ONE DIMENSIONAL
LINES ALONG WHICH WHOLE ROWS OF
ATOMS IN A SOLID ARE ARRANGED
ANOMALOUSLY. THE RESULTING
IRREGULARITY IN SPACING IS MOST SEVERE
ALONG A LINE CALLED THE LINE OF
DISLOCATION. LINE DEFECTS CAN WEAKEN OR
STRENGTHEN SOLIDS.
 . SURFACE DEFECTS
IT MAY ARISE AT THE BOUNDARY
BETWEEN TWO GRAINS, OR SMALL CRYSTALS,
WITHIN A LARGER CRYSTAL. THE ROWS OF
ATOMS IN TWO DIFFERENT GRAINS MAY RUN
IN SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS, LEADING
TO A MISMATCH ACROSS THE GRAIN
BOUNDARY. THE ACTUAL EXTERNAL SURFACE
OF A CRYSTAL IS ALSO A SURFACE DEFECT
BECAUSE THE ATOMS ON THE SURFACE ADJUST
THEIR POSITIONS TO ACCOMMODATE FOR THE
ABSENCE OF NEIGHBOURING ATOMS OUTSIDE
THE SURFACE.
. VOLUME DEFECT OR THREE
DIMENSIONAL
THESE ARE THE THREE DIMENSIONAL
IMPERFECTIONS THAT ARE FORMED INSIDE
THE SOLID MATERIAL. THESE INCLUDE VOIDS,
CRACKS, FOREIGN INCLUSIONS, AND OTHER
PLANED WHICH NORMALLY INTRODUCED
DURING POCESSING AND FABRCATION.

CALCULATE THE FRACTION OF ATOM

SITES THAT ARE VACANT FOR LEAD AT ITS
MELTING TEMPERATURE OF .
ASSUME AN ENERGY FOR VACANCY
FORMATION OF

CALCULATE THE NUMBER OF VACANCIES

PER CUBIC METER IN IRON AT C. THE
ENERGY FOR VACANCY FORMATION IS
FURTHERMORE, THE DENSITY AND ATOMIC
WEIGHT FOR FE ARE
AND , RESPECTIVELY.

CALCULATE THE ACTIVATION ENERGY FOR

VACANCY FORMATION IN ALUMINUM, GIVEN
THAT THE EQUILIBRIUM NUMBER OF
VACANCIES AT . . .
THE ATOMIC WEIGHT AND DENSITY AT
FOR ALUMINUM ARE, RESPECTIVELY,
AND

GIVE AT LEAST ONE EXAMPLE ASIDE

FROM MGO THAT EXPLAINS THE FRENKEL
AND SCHOTTKY DEFECTS
FRENKEL DEFECT IS SHOWN BY IONIC
SUBSTANCE IN WHICH THERE IS A LARGE
DIFFERENCE IN THE SIZE OF IONS, FOR
EXAMPLE, IN N C THERE ARE APPROXIMATELY
SCHOTTKY PAIRS PER AT ROOM
TEMPERATURE.

DIFFERENTIATE THE EDGE DISLOCATION

AND SCREW DISLOCATION, LOCATE EACH
BURGERS VECTOR, AND IDENTIFY THE
STRESS FIELDS ASSOCIATED WITH THEM.
EDGE DISLOCATION;
A FORM OF LINE DEFECT IN CRYSTAL
LATTICES IN WHICH THE DEFECT OCCURS
EITHER DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF AN EXTRA
HALF PLANE OF ATOMS IN THE MIDDLE OF THE
LATTICE .
MOVES IN THE DIRECTION OF THE
BURGERS VECTOR
STRESS IS COMPARATIVELY LESS
COMPLEX.
WHEN WE APPLY STRESS ON A CRYSTAL
HAVING EDGE , THE DISLOCATION AREA MOVES
PARALLEL TO THE DIRECTION OF STRESS

SCREW DISLOCATION:
A FORM OF LINE DEFECT IN THE WHICH
THE DEFECT OCCURS WHEN PLANE OF THE
ATOMS IN THE CRYSTAL LATTICE TRACE A
HELICAL PATH AROUND THE DISLOCATION
LINE IS CALLED AS SCREW DISLOCATION.
MOVES IN A DIRECTION PERPENDICULAR
TO THE BURGERS VECTOR
 STRESS IS COMPETITIVELY COMPLEX.
WHEN WE APPLY STRESS ON A CRYSTAL
HAVING SCREW DISLOCATION,THE
DISLOCATION AREA MOVES PERPENDICULAR
TO THE DIRECTION OF STRESS.

CITE THE RELATIVE BURGERS VECTOR

DISLOCATION LINE ORIENTATIONS FOR
EDGE AND SCREW.
FOR AN EDGE DISLOCATION, THE BURGERS
VECTOR AND THE LINE ARE PERPENDICULAR
AND IN THE SLIP PLANE. FOR THE SCREW
DISLOCATION THEY ARE PARALLEL, AND FOR
THE MIXED DISLOCATION EACH SECTION OF THE
LINE MAKES A DIFFERENT ANGLE WITH THE
BURGERS VECTOR WHICH HAS A CONSTANT
MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION.