UNIT 1

INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION
 OBJECTIVES
1st 2nd 3rd
LEARNING OBJECTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Identify the underlying Agree on a working

Differentiate the competing
philosophies of the varying definition of globalization for
conceptions of globalization. definitions of globalization. the course.
2
 Defining
Content Globalization
Various What is
Globalization?
Interpretations
Defining Globalization as
Broad and Inclusive &
Origins and History
Defining Globalization as of Globalization
Narrow and Exclusive
the five perspectives on
the origin of globalization
Metaphors of
Globalization
Solid, Liquid Theories, Impact and
and Flows. Dynamic of
Globalization
 What is
Globalization?
GLOBALIZATION
n. glob·al·i·za·tion | \ ˌglō-bə-lə-ˈzā-shən

A process (set of processes) that embodies a

transformation in the spatial organization of
relations and transactions, generating
transcontinental or interregional flows and
networks of activity, interaction, and
power.
GLOBALIZATION
n. glob·al·i·za·tion | \ ˌglō-bə-lə-ˈzā-shən

According to Al-Rodhan (2006), Globalization is not a

single concept that can be defined and encompassed
within a set time frame, nor is it a process that can
be defined clearly with a beginning and an end.
 GLOBALIZATION
n. glob·al·i·za·tion | \ ˌglō-bə-lə-ˈzā-shən

Globalization is the process of world shrinkage, distances getting

shorter, and things moving closer. It pertains to the increasing ease with
which somebody on one side of the world can interact, to mutual benefit,
with somebody on the other side of the world. However, others believe
that Globalization brought regression, colonialism, and destabilization. -
Larsson (2001).
In general there are broad and inclusive views of globalization as well as narrow and exclusive
views
 Defining
GLOBALIZATION as
BROAD AND INCLUSIVE
Ohmae,1992

Globalization means the onset of the

borderless world. This definition proposes
that barriers are no longer considered a
hindrance because there are so many ways by
which we can access information and goods
from other countries as if we are living in one
place without any boarders
Ray Kiely and P hil M arfleet (1998)

Globalization is a situation wherein

societies, cultures, politics, and
economics have, in some sense,
come closer together.
Jan Aart Scholte (1999)

Globalization refers to processes

whereby social relations acquire
relatively distance less and borderless
qualities so that human lives are
increasingly played out in the world as
a single place.
 Defining
GLOBALIZATION as
NARROW AND
Robert Cox (1999)

According to Robert Cox (1999), Globalization is

characterized by the internationalizing of
production, the new international division of
labor, migration from south and north, and a
competitive environment, which increases
processes such as manufacturing of goods and
commodities.
Bairoch & Kozul-Wright (1996)

Globalization is a process in which the

production and financial structures of countries
are becoming interlinked by an increasing
number of cross-border transactions to create
an international division of labor in which
national wealth creation comes, increasingly, to
depend on economic agents in other countries.
Langhone (2001)

Explains that Globalization is the latest stage in

a long accumulation of technological advance,
which has given human beings the ability to
conduct their affairs across the world without
reference to nationality, government authority,
time of day or physical environment
METAPHORS
OF
GLOBALIZATI
1.SOLIDITY
it refers to the barriers that
may prevent free movement
and it can be natural or
man-made. It may also refer
to people, things,
information, and places
“harden
“over time and therefore
have limited mobility.
CREDIT: FRONTLEARNERS
CREDIT: FRONTLEARNERS
2.LIQUIDITY

It refers to
increasing ease of
movement of
people, things,
information, and
places in the global
age.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUIDITY:

a. It changes quickly and continuously fluctuates

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUIDITY:

b. Their movement is difficult to stop.

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUIDITY:
c. The forces of liquid made political boundaries more permeable to the
flow of people and things
3.FLOWING
It refers to the movement of
people, things, ideas, and
culture across the globe due
to the advances in technology,
economic and political
integration, and
establishment of global
policies that lessens and
eliminates the existing
borders.
CREDIT: FRONTLEARNERS
 WHEN DID
GLOBALIZATION
START
Perspectives on the Origin of Globalization
1. Hardwired
Hardwired proposes that globalization originated
from the basic motivation of human beings to
seek a better life (Chanda, 2007). History shows
that our ancestors travel from Africa to other
places in search of food and security.
Perspectives on the Origin of Globalization
2. Cycles
It explains that there is no single point of origin in
globalization but it is a long-term cyclical process wherein
the current global age today is only a modification of the
global age in the past.
Thus, it should be noted that the global age today will be
replaced by a new cycle of globalization in the future.
Perspectives on the Origin of Globalization
3. Epochs
If cycles explain a continuous long-term cyclical process,
the epochs explain that there are waves of globalization
that took place in the past and each of them has its own
origin. Epoch is different from the perspective of the cycle
as it argues that the previous epochs are not returning in
the future.
 The following are the great epoch according to Therborn (2000).

I. The 4th to 7th centuries which witnessed the globalization

of religions (e.g. Christianity, Islam).
II. The late 15th century highlighted by European colonial conquests.
III. The late 18th and early 19th centuries during which various Intra -
European wars led to globalization.
IV. The mid 19th century to 1918; the heyday of European
imperialism.
V. The post - World War II period.
VI. The post - Cold War period.
Perspectives on the Origin of Globalization
4. Events
This perspective is different from cycles and epochs as it
specifies the event that is somehow responsible for the
origin of globalization.
 Some are examples of the point of origin from the perspective of
Events:
I. The spread of Christianity after the fall of the Roman Empire.

II. The Other important Voyages such as the discovery of America by

Christopher Columbus in 1942, Vasco Da Gama rounding the Cape of Good
Hope in 1498, and the circumnavigation of the globe completed in 1522 by
one of Ferdinand Magellan’ s ships (Rosenthal, 2007)

III. European Colonialism

IV. The founding of the modern Internet-based on Arpanet (which

was created in 1969).
Some are examples of the point of origin from the perspective of
Events:

I. First transatlantic telephone cable in 1956

II. First transatlantic television broadcasts in

1962

III.Founding of the modern internet in 1988

IV.Terrorist attacks on the Twin Towers in

New York in 2001
Perspectives on the Origin of Globalization
5. Broader
This perspective views that the origin of globalization has
taken place during the recent changes that happened in
the 2nd half of the 20th century.
 Scholars have identified three significant changes that shape the
course of humanity towards globalization.

I. The emergence of the United States as the

global power in the years following World War II.

II. The emergence of multinational corporations

(MNCs).

III. The demise of the Soviet Union and the end of

the Cold War
GLOBALIZATION AS
“GLOBALONEY”
 1st
REJECTIONISTS
People who are against the
utility of globalization as an
incorrect analytical concept.
2nd
SCEPTICS
It emphasizes the limited nature
of the globalizing process and
that the world is not as
integrated as it is.
3rd
MODIFIERS
It disputes the novelty of the
process, implying that the label
‘globalization’ has often been
applied in a historically imprecise
manner.
 THEORIES OF
GLOBALIZATION
World System Theory

World Polity Theory

World Culture Theory

 World-Systems Theory
This theory believes that capitalism has spread
around the world for the last five centuries from
1500s to the present. In world Capitalism, the
key structure is the three major division of labor
of each country that has created hierarchy.
 a. Core: POWERFUL, WEALTHY, AND INDUSTRIALIZED
COUNTRIES that usually control and benefit from the global
market.

b. Periphery: COUNTRIES THAT ARE DEPENDENT ON

CORE COUNTRIES for capital and have an underdeveloped
industry. They generally provide labor and materials to core
countries.

c. Semi-Periphery: COUNTRIES THAT SHARE

CHARACTERISTICS OF BOTH CORE AND PERIPHERY
COUNTRIES. However, they also exploit peripheral countries just
as core exploits the natural resources of peripheral countries.
 World Polity Theory
It was developed as an analytical frame for
interpreting global relations, structures, and
practices. Invoking an image of the world as a
system of interrelated interdependent units.
 World Culture Theory
It is a label for a particular interpretation of
globalization that focuses on the way in which
participants in the process become conscious of
and give meaning to living in the world as a
single place.
 IMPACT OF
GLOBALIZATION
HOMOGENEITY HETEROGENEITY
 1.Homogeneity
It means an increasing SAMENESS
as information and ideas flow
across boundaries.
 a. Cultural Imperialism
b. Media Imperialism
c. McDonaldization

d. Globalization
 A. Cultural Imperialism
It is the growing international influence of a particular culture

• CULTURAL- the role played by the American culture or the

Americanization, the spread of Christianity
• ECONOMIC- Spread of the market economy throughout the world.
• POLITICAL- Worldwide spread of models of the nation-state or the
single model of governance around the world. Often times, this is
called as Mcworld.
 B. Media Imperialism
It is a subcategory under the broader umbrella of cultural imperialism.
From the traditional point of view, the western media and its
technologies dominate countries belonging to less developed nations.
 C. McDonaldization
It is the process wherein the principle of one of the dominant fast-food
restaurants in the United States of America is employed and used in
almost different societies across the world.
 d. Globalization
It is the desires and ambitions of different entities such as
organizations, corporations, and other nations to influence others and
impose their power throughout the world.
 2.Heterogeneity
It is associated with the creation of
local inputs leading to a variety of
cultural hybrids. In other words,
the predominance of locals would
make a difference on a global scale.
 a. Glocalization
it is the integration of global and local cultural inputs to create a blend
resulting in a variety of cultural hybrids. It emphasizes diversity,
hybridity, and independence

Global Glocal Local

Dynamics of Global
and Local Culture
Cultural Differentialism
It states that cultural
differences are immutable
and there is a likelihood
that other culture which is
significantly different from
one culture may clash if
they get to interact.
Cultural Hybridization

It refers to a politics of
integration without the
need to give up cultural
identity. (Pieterse, 2003,
p. 56)
Cultural Convergence

It supports the idea of

global cultural homogeneity.
It is the process of
increasing sameness by
adopting global culture,
ideas, and practices.
 References
● Al-Rodhan, N. R. (2006). Program on the geopolitical implications of globalization and transnational
security. Definitions of Globalization: A Comprehensive Overview and a Proposed Definition .
● Bairoch, P., & Kozul-Wright, R. (1998). Globalization myths: some historical reflections on integration,
industrialization and growth in the world economy. In Transnational corporations and the global
economy (pp. 37-68). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
● Baylis, J. (1999). The globalization of world politics: An introduction to international relations . Oxford
university press, USA.
● Chanda , Nayan. (2007) . Bound Together: How Traders, Preachers, Adventurers, and Warriors Shaped
Globalization. New Haven : Yale University Press
● Cox, R. (1994, May). Multilateralism and the democratization of world order. In paper for International
Symposium on Sources of Innovation in Multilateralism, Lausanne, May (pp. 26-28)
● Harvey, D. (1989). The condition of postmodernity. Oxford: Blackwell.
● Kiely, R., & Marfleet, P. (Eds.). (2004). Globalisation and the third world. Routledge.
● Langhorne, R. (2001). The coming of globalization: Its evolution and contemporary consequences . Springer
● Larsson, T. (2001). The race to the top: The real story of globalization . Cato Institute.
● Lechner, F. (2001). Globalization theories: world-system theory. Department of Sociology, Emory University .
● McNeely, C. L. (2012). World polity theory. The Wiley‐Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization .
● Ohmae, K. (1992). The borderless world: Power and strategy in the global marketplace. HarperCollins.
● Pieterse, J. N. (2003). Globalization and culture: Three paradigms. In: J. N. Pieters (Ed.), Globalization and
Culture: Global Mélange. (pp.41-58). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc..
● Ritzer, G. (2011) Globalization: The Essentials. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons Ltd
● Ritzer, G. (2007). The globalization of nothing 2 . Sage.
● Steger, M., Battersby, P., & Siracusa, J. (Eds.). (2014). The Sage handbook of globalization . Sage.
● Therborn, G. (2000). Globalizations: dimensions, historical waves, regional effects, normative
governance. International sociology, 15(2), 151-179.