Derivatives

HIGHER ORDER
EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT FORMS
Objectives:
Apply the rules on differentiation to find the
derivative of algebraic functions
Apply the product and quotient rules in
differentiating functions
Higher Order Derivatives
The Second Derivative
The second derivative of a function is the derivative of its
derivative. If the original function is 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the 2𝑛𝑑 derivative is
denoted by

𝑑2 𝑦 ′′
or 𝑓 𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥 2

* The second derivative gives the rate of change of the rate of

change of the original function.
Find the second derivative.
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 5𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 7
f ’(x) = 5(4)x3 – 3(2)x – 3(1) + 0
= 20x3 – 6x – 3
f ’’(x) = 20(3x2 ) – 6(1) – 0
= 60x2 – 6

2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 (3𝑥 + 1) = 3x3 + x2
f ’(x) = 3(3x2 ) + 2x = 9x2 + 2x
f ’’(x) = 9(2)x + 2(1)

= 18x + 2
3. 𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 3 )(2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 5) = – 6x5 – 10x4 + 19x3 – 5x2
f ’(x) = – 6(5x4) – 10(4x3) + 19(3x2) – 5(2x)
= – 30x4 – 40x3 + 57x2 – 10x
f ’’(x) = – 30(4x3 ) – 40(3x2 ) + 57(2x) – 10(1)

= – 120x3 – 120x2 + 114x – 10

2𝑥
4. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥+1
𝑥 + 1 [2 1 ] − 2𝑥 1 + 0 2𝑥 + 2 −2𝑥
f ’(x) = =
𝑥 + 1 2 𝑥+1 2
2
= = 2(𝑥 + 1)−2
𝑥+1 2
−3 ] 𝟒
f ’’(x) = 2[−2 𝑥 + 1 1+0 = − 𝟑
𝒙 + 𝟏
Higher Order Derivatives
The nth Derivative
For any positive integer 𝑛, the nth
derivative of a function is obtained from the
function by differentiating successively 𝑛 times. If
the original function is 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the
𝑛𝑡ℎ derivative is denoted by

𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑛
or 𝑓 𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥 𝑛
Exercise:
4
1. Find 𝑓 (𝑥):
𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 6 + 3𝑥 5 + 7𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1

𝑓′ 𝑥 = 2(6𝑥 5 ) + 3(5𝑥 4 ) + 7(2𝑥) + 2(1) − 0

𝑓′ 𝑥 = 12𝑥 5 + 15𝑥 4 + 14𝑥 + 2
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 12(5𝑥 4 ) + 15(4𝑥 3 ) + 14(1) + 0
𝑓′′ 𝑥 = 60𝑥 4 + 60𝑥 3 + 14
𝑓′′′ 𝑥 = 60(4𝑥 3 ) + 60(3𝑥 2 ) + 0
𝑓′′′ 𝑥 = 240𝑥 3 + 180𝑥 2
𝑓 (4) 𝑥 = 240(3𝑥 2 ) + 180(2𝑥)
𝒇(𝟒) 𝒙 = 𝟕𝟐𝟎𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝒙
Exercise:

2. Find the fifth derivative. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥

1
3. Find the 9th derivative. 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥

4. Find the 3rd derivative. 𝑓 𝑥 = (2𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 1)

Implicit Differentiation
Explicit Form
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)
✓𝑦 is given explicitly by an expression involving
the independent variable 𝑥.

Implicit Form
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟑 − 𝟔 = 𝟓𝒚𝟑 + 𝒙
✓The equation define 𝑦 implicitly as a function
of 𝑥.
Notation of Differentiation

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦′
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∶ 𝐿𝑒𝑖𝑏𝑛𝑖𝑧 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑑𝑥

𝑦 ′ ∶ 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Implicit Differentiation
▪Remember that 𝑦 is a function of 𝑥
(use chain rule when differentiating terms
containing 𝑦).
▪Solve the differentiated equation
𝑑𝑦
algebraically for 𝑑𝑥 .

Example: Solve the derivative of y3 :Use chain rule

𝑑 3 𝑑
= 𝑦 (y) = (3𝑦 2 )(𝑦′) = 𝟑𝒚𝟐 𝒚′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝒅𝒚
= (3𝑦 2 ) = 𝟑𝒚𝟐 = 𝟑𝒚𝟐
𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒙
 𝑑𝑦
Find 𝑑𝑥 in two ways:
(a) implicit differentiation
(b) explicit formula for y
1. 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 7
a) 𝐷𝑥 (2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 7) b) 3𝑦 = 7 − 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 7 − 2𝑥 7 2𝑥
2 1 +3 =0 𝑦= = −
𝑑𝑥 3 3 3

𝑑𝑦 7 2𝑥
3 = −2 𝐷𝑥 𝑦 = −
𝑑𝑥 3 3

𝒅𝒚 𝟐 𝑑𝑦 2 𝟐
=− = 0 − 1 =−
𝒅𝒙 𝟑 𝑑𝑥 3 𝟑
2. 2𝑦 − 3 = 𝑥𝑦 Product Rule

a) Dx (2𝑦 − 3 = 𝑥𝑦) b) 2𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 = 3

2(𝑦 ′ ) − 0 = 1 𝑦 + 𝑥 ( 𝑦 ′ ) 2−𝑥 𝑦=3

3
2𝑦 ′ − 𝑥𝑦′ = 𝑦 𝑦=
2−𝑥
−1
(2 − 𝑥)𝑦′ = 𝑦 𝑦 =3 2 −𝑥

𝒚 𝐷𝑥 [𝑦 = 3 2 − 𝑥 −1
]
𝒚′ =
𝟐−𝒙
𝑦’ = 3 [−1 2 − 𝑥 −2 ]
′
1 1 3 (−1)
𝑦 = 𝑦 =
2−𝑥 2−𝑥 2−𝑥
𝟑 𝟑
𝒚′ = 𝒚′ = 𝟐
𝟐−𝒙 𝟐 𝟐−𝒙
3. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4
a) 𝐷𝑥 (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 = 4) b) 𝑦 2 = 4 − 𝑥 2

2𝑥 + (2𝑦)(𝑦 ′ ) = 0 𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥2 1/2

2𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦′ = 0 𝐷𝑥 [𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥 2 1/2 ]

1
𝑦𝑦 ′ = −𝑥 𝑦′ = [
1
4 − 𝑥 2 −2 ] (−2𝑥)
2
′
𝒙
𝒚 =− ′
𝒙
𝒚 𝒚 =−
𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟏/𝟐

′
𝒙
𝒚 =−
𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟏/𝟐
4. 𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 3 = 36

a) 𝐷𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 3 = 36) b) 8𝑦 3 = 𝑥 2 − 36

2𝑥 − 8(3𝑦 2 )(𝑦′) = 0 (8𝑦 3 )1/3 = (𝑥 2 − 36)1/3

2𝑥 − 24𝑦 2 𝑦′ = 0 2𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 36)1/3
12𝑦 2 𝑦′ = 𝑥 1 2
𝑦 = (𝑥 − 36)1/3
𝒙 2
𝒚′ =
𝟏𝟐𝒚𝟐 1 2 1
𝐷𝑥 [𝑦 = (𝑥 − 36)3 ]
2
′
1 1 2 2
−3
𝑦 = [ (𝑥 − 36) ](2𝑥)
2 3
𝒙
𝒚′ =
𝟑 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟔 𝟐/𝟑
 𝑑𝑦
Find , (a) implicitly,
(b) explicitly
𝑑𝑥
( c ) prove they are equal
1. 3𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2

2. 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 − 5

3. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 2

4. 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 3
5. 5𝑥 6 + 4𝑥𝑦 = 2𝑦 6 − 2𝑦 5