vRepublic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION V (BICOL)
DIVISION OF ALBAY
POLANGUI GENERAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Due Date: February 28, 2022

General Chemistry 2
Worksheet 1

ACTIVITY 1: Spot the Difference!

Objectives:
At the end of this activity, you should be able to:
1. Compare the given samples in terms of chemical structure and property; and
2. Relate the chemical structure to the properties of a substance

Things needed
50ml glycerin (glycerol) 2 pcs 100ml graduated cylinder
50ml isopropyl alcohol 2pcs paper clip
I tbsp table salt 2 pcs 250ml beaker
1 tbsp chalk powder 2 pcs spatula
10ml baby oil 2pcs dropper
1pc candle 2 pcs watch glass
10ml vinegar (acetic acid) blue litmus paper
10ml ethyl alcohol (ethanol)

Data & Observations:

Part A. Similarities & Differences in the Pairs of Compounds
Compare the chemical structure of compound A with that of Compound B for all the four pairs of
compounds in table 1. Encircle the difference in the chemical structure of compounds A and B in the
Table 1 below:
Pair # Compound A Compound B
1

Glycerol (C3H8O3) Isopropyl alcohol (C3H8O)

2

Sodium chloride (NaCl) Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

3

Octadecane (C18H38) Paraffin (C31H64)

 4

Acetic acid (CH3COOH) Ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH)

Q. 1. Table 1. Similarities & differences of the pairs of compounds

Similarities in Elements present Type of Other
Pair #
structure in the compound bond similarities
1. Glycerol & Hydrigen, Hydrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen Both have three
isopropyl alcohol Oxygen, and and Oxygen Bond (3) Carbon and
Carbon are eight (8)
present to the Hydrogen
pair and it is present
bonded by a
hydrogen bond.
2. Sodium chloride The pair is Sodium Chloride Ionic Bond Both has non-
& Calcium bonded by an (Sodium, Chlorine) metal and metal
carbonate ionic bond Calcium Carbonate in each
(Calcium, Oxygen, compound.
Carbon) Composed of
ions.
3. Octadecane and The pair is Carbon and Covalent Structures are
paraffin composed of Hydrogen Bond single bond.
Hydrogen and They are
carbon, and it is hydrocarbons.
bonded by a
covalent bond
4. Acetic acid and The pair is Carbon, Hydrogen, Acetic Acid Both have two
ethyl alcohol composed of and Oxygen (Hydrogen (2) Carbon
Hydrogen, Bond) atoms.
Oxygen, and Ethyl
Carbon Alcohol
(Covalent
Bond)

Q.1. Table 2. Differences in the pairs of compounds

Pair #
1. Glycerol & isopropyl alcohol
2. Sodium chloride & Calcium
carbonate
3. Octadecane and paraffin
4. Acetic acid and ethyl alcohol
Difference/s
Glycerol has three (3) Oxygen while Isopropyl Alcohol
has only one (1) Oxygen.
Sodium chloride is monoatomic ion while Calcium
carbonate is polyatomin ion.
There is a difference at the number of charges.
Octadecane has 18 Carbon and 38 Hydrogen while
Paraffin has 31 Carbin and 64 Hydrogen.
Acetic Acid is bonded by a hydrogen bond while Ethyl
Alcohol is bonded by a Covalent bond

Part B.
1. Comparing the viscosity of glycerol and isopropyl alcohol
Q3. In which graduated cylinder does the paper clip fall faster? Based on this observation, which
between glycerol and isopropyl is less viscous?
- The paper clip fell faster in a bottle with isopropyl alcohol. Based on the observation,
isopropyl alcohol is less viscous than glycerol.
Q4. Based on the given chemical structure in table 1, explain the difference in the viscosity of glycerol
and isopropyl alcohol.
 - Glycerol contains 3 –OH hydroxyl groups while isopropyl alcohol have only 1- OH
hydroxul group. This hydrogen bond increase the viscosity because it has greater
intermolecular force. Isopropyl alcohol bacame less viscous because it has less number of OH
group.

2. Comparing the solubility of sodium chloride and calcium carbonate in water

Q5. Which of the two compounds is soluble in water?
- Sodium chloride (NaCl) is soluble in water.
Q6. Based on the given chemical structures in table 1, explain the difference in the solubility of sodium
chloride and calcium carbonate in water.
-
3. Comparing the physical state of octadecane and paraffin
Q7. What are the physical states of octadecane and paraffin?
- Solid and liquid are the physical states of octadecane and paraffin.
Q8. Based on the given chemical structures in table 1, explain the difference in the physical state of
octadecane and paraffin.
- The chemical structures shows that the physical state of octadecane is liquid while the
physical state of paraffin is solid.
4. Comparing the acidity of acetic acid and ethyl alcohol
Q9. Which of the two compounds is acidic?
- Acetic acid is acidic between the two compounds.

Q10. Based on the given chemical structures, explain the difference in the acidity of acetic acid and
ethyl alcohol.
- Based on the given chemical structures, it shows that the acetic acid have a double
bond of C and O atoms than the ethyl alcohol that makes the acetic acid more acidic.

ACTIVITY 2: How Molecular Polarity is Determined Using a Charged Ruler

Objectives:
At the end of this activity, you should be able to:
1. Determine polarity of the bond in a molecule based on the electronegativity difference of
atoms
2. Classify sample liquids as polar or non-polar

Things needed:
50ml tap water 4pcs pet bottle
50ml 70% ethanol (rubbing alcohol) 1 pc plastic ruler
50ml cooking oil 4 pcs wide mouthed jar
50ml baby oil

PART A. Determining bond polarity based on the difference in electronegativity values (ΔEN)
1. Fill in columns 2-3 in the table below.
2. Use ΔEN to determine the type of intramolecular bond present.
3. Determine the polarity of the intramolecular bond based their electronegativity differences.

Table 3. Bond polarity in sample compounds

Liquid Lewis Structure Bonds ΔEN Polarity Observed Polarity

Sample Present of Bond behavior of
(based towards Molecule
on the (Polar or
ΔEN) charged non-
 ruler polar)
Water O-H

Ethanol C-O-H

Cooking
oil

Baby oil

PART B. Determining molecular polarity based on the observed behavior of the liquid
towards a charged ruler
Q1. Which of the liquids moved towards the charged ruler and which did not? Fill in column 6 of table 3
for your answer.
Q2. Based on the observations in Q1, which of the liquids are polar and which are non-polar (write your
answer in column 7 of table 3)? Explain your answer.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Q3. Describe the polarity of bonds of the liquids based on the ΔEN (Refer to Column 5 of Table 3).
Based on your data from Table 3, is there a relationship between the polarity of a molecule and the
polarity of its bonds? Explain your answer.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
ACTIVITY 3: Strength of Intermolecular Force of Attraction in Liquids
Objectives:
At the end of the activity, you should be able to:
1. Arrange the liquid samples in the order of increasing IMFA strength, and
2. Relate surface tension and evaporation rate to the IMFA strength.

What to use:
10ml tap water in a small container 1pc 25 centavo coin
10ml ethyl alcohol in a small container 3pcs dropper
10ml acetone in a small container 3pcs cotton buds
1pc 8cm x 12cm illustration board tissue paper

Data Table for Part A. Number of Drops per Liquid Sample

Liquid Number of Drops
Sample
Acetone 6
Ethyl alcohol 8
Water 26
Guide Questions:
1. Answer the following questions.
a. Which of the liquids showed the highest number of drops? _____________ Which showed
the lowest? ____________
- Water showed the highest number of drops.
- Acetone showed the lowest number of drops.

b. Which among the three liquids spilled out first?

- Among the three liquids, acetone spilled out first.
c. Think about acetone as consisting of molecules attracted to each other. The same can be
thought about ethyl alcohol and water. In which liquid are the molecules strongly attracted?
______________ In which liquid are the molecules weakly attracted to each other
______________?
- The molecules in water are strongly attracted to each other.
- The molecules in acetone are weakly attracted to each other.

Give your reason(s) for your answer.

- The hydrogen atoms in a water molecule has a slight positive charge which attracts
the slight negative charge on the oxygen atoms present by hydrogen bonding. Having
different or opposite charges makes the molecules strongly attracted to each other. On the
other hand, the molecules in acetone are weakly attracted to each other because it does not
have an H bonded to F, Cl, O, N so there is no slightly positive hydrogen atoms. The
molecules only attracts each other because they have permanent dipoles which is called
dipole-dipole interactions which is weaker than hydrogen bonds.

You may draw illustrations to explain further your reason(s).

d. Based on your answer in c, which do you think has the strongest IMFA among the three
liquid samples? __________________Which has the weakest? ___________________
- WATER has the strongest IMFA among the three liquid samples.
- ACETONE has the weakest IMFA among the three liquid samples.

Explain your answer.

- Water has the strongest IMFA among the three liquids because it’s molecules
are bonded by hydrogen bonds which are known as the strongest intermolecular
attraction while the acetone has the weakest IMFA because it does not participate in
hydrogen bonding which makes its intermolecular forces weaker and fewer compared to
water, also making it evaporate faster among the three liquid samples.

Part B. Which liquid will evaporate faster?

1. Answer the following questions:
a. Which of the liquids evaporates the fastest? ______________ Which evaporates the
slowest? ________________
- Acetone evaporates the fastest.
- Water evaporates the slowest.

b. Explain your answer in question a.

- Acetone does not participate in hydrogen bonding so it’s intermolecular forces are
fewer and weaker than water which makes it the fastest to evaporate. On the other
hand, water evaporates the slowest because it’s molecules are attracted to one another
by hydrogen bonding.

You may draw illustrations to explain further your reason(s).

 c. Based on your observation in a, which do you think has the strongest IMFA among the three
liquid samples? ___________________ Which has the weakest? _____________________
- WATER has the strongest IMFA among the three liquid samples.
- ACETONE has the weakest IMFA among the three liquid samples.

Explain your answer.

- Water has the strongest IMFA among the three liquids because it’s molecules
are bonded by hydrogen bonds which are known as the strongest intermolecular
attraction while the acetone has the weakest IMFA because it does not participate in
hydrogen bonding which makes its intermolecular forces weaker and fewer compared to
water, also making it evaporate faster among the three liquid samples.

LET US DISCUSS FURTHER!

1. What are the different types of IMFA? To what type of molecules do they exist?
A. Dipole-dipole forces – it occurs between polar molecules.
B. Hydrogen Bonding – a special kind of dipole-dipole interaction that occurs between
a hydrogen atom bonded to either an oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom,
C. Ion-dipole – it attract an ion and a polar molecule to each other.
D. London dispersion forces – it exist between all types of molecules.
E. Dipole-Induced Dipole Interaction – non-polar molecule may be polarized by the
presense of a polar molecule.
F. Ion-Induced Dipole Interaction – non-polar may be polarized of an ion.

2. Given the compounds, methane, and pentane, what type of bonding exist between the atoms in
methane, and atoms in pentane? Which of them would be the most polar and the least polar?
(Tip: Recall bond polarities in lesson 2)
- Polar covlent bond exist between the atoms in methane and pentane. Pentane
would be the most polar and methane would be the least polar.

3. Given the molecular structure of CH4 and C5H12 below, which would have a higher London
Forces? Explain your answer.

Answer: Given the molecular structure,

pentane has the higher London Forces since the its molecular weight is heavier than the
methane.

4. In lesson 1, activity 1-part 3, paraffin (candle wax) and octadecane (baby oil) were used to
compare their physical states. What type of bonding exist between the atoms in octadecane and
atoms in paraffin wax?
- Covalent bond is present in the atoms of octadecane and non-polar covalent
bond is present in paraffin wax.
5. What kind of IMFA is present in octadecane and paraffin wax? What accounts for their
differences in physical states?

- Since octadecane and paraffin wax are both non-polar, London Dispersion
Forces is present. The amount of hydrogen present in each substance accounts for their
difference in physical state.
6. Does London Forces occur only in nonpolar molecules? Explain your answer.
 - London forces occurs in both non-polar and polar molecules. The Larger an d
heavier molecules, the stronger London Dispersion Forces.

7. What is dipole-dipole interaction? To what kind of molecule do they exist?

- Dipole-dipole Interactionis the strongest intermolecular force of attraction that
occurs between the partially positively charged part of a molecule interact with
the partially negatively charged part of the molecule. This kind of molecule only
occurs between the polar molecules.

8. Given the molecules of HCl and HF and their structure below, which of them would form a
dipole-dipole interaction? Which of them would form hydrogen bonding between its molecules?

____________________________________________________________________________

9. Describe and illustrate how HCl molecules would form dipole-dipole interaction.

10. Describe and illustrate the hydrogen bonding in HF.

11. Recall the materials used in lesson 3-activity 3. What type of bonding exist between the atoms
in water, atoms in ethyl alcohol and atoms in acetone? Which of them would be the most polar
and the least polar?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

12. Given the following structures, what type of IMFA exist between the molecules of water,
molecules of acetone, and molecules of ethyl alcohol?

Water – Dipole-dipole
Acetone – Dipole-dipole
Ethanol – Dipole-dipole

13. Based on your answer in c of Part B, which has the highest IMFA among the three samples
(water, ethanol, acetone)? Water Which liquid has the lowest IMFA? Acetone

14. Which IMFA is stronger, hydrogen bonding or dipole-dipole? Explain your answer in terms of
electronegativity differences.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

15. Which evaporated faster between water and ethanol? ___________ If they are made up of the
same IMFA, why would there be a difference in their strength?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

16. In part A of this activity, how will you explain the difference in the number of drops of each liquid
(water, acetone, ethanol) that the 25-centavo coin can hold before spilling?
 ____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

17. What attraction was holding the molecules of the liquid together before it spilled out?
- Intermolecular forces

18. What property was exhibited by water, acetone, and ethanol in part A?
- Surface Tension

19. Based on the results of this activity how will you rank the IMFA (hydrogen bonding, dipole-
dipole, and London Forces) from strongest to weakest?
____________________________________________________________________________

20. What is the effect of IMFA on the surface tension of liquids?

____________________________________________________________________________
How about in the rate of evaporation?
____________________________________________________________________________

21. How will you explain the viscosity of glycerol and isopropyl alcohol in terms of its IMFA?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

22. Is the solubility in water of table salt (NaCl) and powdered chalk (CaCO3) due to its IMFA?
______ Explain your answer.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

23. In general, how does IMFA affect some properties of matter?

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

RUBRIC FOR SCORING OF THE VIDEO TAKEN FROM THE PERFORMANCE OF THE ACTIVITIES
BELOW EXPECTATION ACCEPTABLE STANDARD EXCEED EXPECTATION
(5-6) (7-8) (9-10)
Followed procedures for the Procedures for the activities Procedures for the activities
activity with minor were followed properly. were followed meticulously.
inaccuracies.
Incorrect manipulation of the Correct manipulation of the Efficient manipulation of the
apparatus and materials. apparatus and materials. apparatus and materials.
Followed minimum Followed laboratory safety Strictly followed laboratory
laboratory safety measures. measures. safety measures.
No observance of minimum Observed minimum health Observed maximum health
health protocols. protocols. protocols.

Team Leader: ____________________

Members: _______________________ ____________________ _____________________
____________________ ____________________ _____________________

Note: Please indicate the section of your group members.

Prepared by:

SUSAN L. PEÑAFIEL
Subject Teacher