Blasting Competency Program

B.2 Surface Initiating Systems

May 2010

Surface Initiation Systems

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1
Requirements of the Initiating System

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Product
Catalogu

2
Choice Of System

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Product & Application Matrix

3
 DigiShot System Components

Product
Catalogu

Detonator Technical Information

- DigiShot

Programmability Booster Compatibility Matrix

Auto-programmable Standard Size Ø 7.2 mm
Manual

Firing Method
Lead - in
Wireless Remote

Timing
Delay Range 0-20 seconds
Programmability 1 ms increments
Delay Assignment Tag every hole

Downline wire
2-Wire Steel
Detonator strength 8D
Connection Method
Parallel

4
Step 1 –Tag detonator locations & Test

5
Step 2 - Input Blast layout into the Blaster

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Manual Blast Layout Example

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' 31 4 54
' 61 2 54

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Auto-search Blast Layout Example

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' 31 4 54
' 61 2 54

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Input Blast layout via ViewShot

7
Step 3 – Design / Assigning Delays

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Step 4 - Blast

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Blasting Technical Information – DigiShot

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 DigiShot Plus System Components

Product
Catalogu
DigiShot Plus® is a trademark of DetNet South Africa (Proprietary) Limited.

10
 Detonator Technical Information – DigiShot Plus

Programmability Booster Compatibility Matrix

Auto-programmable Standard Size Ø 7.2 mm
Manual

Firing Method
Lead - in
Wireless Remote

Timing
Delay Range 0-20 seconds
Programmability 1 ms increments
Delay Assignment Tag every hole

Downline wire
2-Wire Steel
Detonator strength 8D
Connection Method
Parallel

11
12
13
 Blasting Technical Information – DigiShot Plus

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SmartShot System Components

SmartShot® is a trademark of DetNet South Africa (Proprietary) Limited.

14
 Detonator Technical Information – SmartShot

Programmability Booster Compatibility Matrix

Auto-programmable Standard Size Ø 7.2 mm
Manual
Firing Method ,

Lead - in
Wireless Remote !
Timing
Delay Range 0 - 20000 ms
'
Programmability 1 ms increments ' '

From central
position or hole to
Delay Assignment hole
Downline wire
4-Wire Copper
Wire tensile strength – standard, Arctic > 250N
Wire tensile strength- heavy duty > 550N
Wire temperature -40°C to 60°C
Detonator temperature -40°C to 80°C
Detonator strength 8D
Connection Method
Series (daisy chain)

15
16
RF Repeater

17
Blasting Technical Information – SmartShot

Firing Capacity per bench box 2400 detonators

Multiple blast capabilities (up to four separate blasts/benches)
Wireless Remote Firing (RF Mode)
Maximum remote firing cable - line of sight 3500 meters
Multiple Blast Capabilities – up to four (4) different blasts or benches
Maximum firing cable (lead-in) – from 1st detonator to blasting point 2500 meters
Transfer of blast designs from computer to SmartShot Tagger
Repeater compatibility (Restricted line of sight)
Access to blast history or blast logs

Peru

QuickShot Network

18
 BCU
CCU

BCU – Technical Information

Maximum firing cable – from 1st

detonator to blasting point 1000 meters
Access to blast history or blast logs

Blast locally or centrally from surface

Battery backup to blast in power failure
situations
Incorporated relays to enable control of
external systems (Air,water, electricity)
Initiator connection to BCU via 6 Independent channels
QuickShot Plus, NetShock,
NetStart, Shocktube electric
Compatible initiators starter
Copper, Fibre optic, Leaky
Shaft network Feeder, Wi-Fi
Surface network Ethernet or LAN

19
QuickShot Plus

Product Enhancement

QuickShot QuickShot +

20
 QuickShot Plus

Programmability
Booster Compatibility Matrix
Pre-programmed 125ms
Firing Method Standard Size Ø 7.2 mm

Lead – in (Local)
Centralised blasting
Timing
Delay Marker 26ms
Pause Marker 30ms
Downline wire
4-Wire Copper
Wire tensile strength – standard, Arctic > 250N
Wire tensile strength- heavy duty > 550N
Wire temperature -40°C to 60°C
Detonator temperature -40°C to 80°C
Detonator strength 8D
Connection Method
Series (daisy chain)

QS+ Pause / Delay Markers

21
QuickShot + Splitter

Electronic Terminator

22
 QuickShot Plus Application
Shaft sinking

Extender to terminator
which is then connected to
the BCU
Delay Marker

First Detonator

QuickShot Plus Application

Tunnelling

delay 26 delay 26

pause 30

delay 60

23
24
NetShock Electronic detonator

Firing Method
Lead – in (Local)
Centralised blasting
Firing Capacity
Per BCU 300 units
Per Channel 50 units
Downline wire
2-Wire Steel
Detonator strength 2D
Connection Method
BCU via 2-2 way terminator
Detonators (Parallel)

NetStart Electronic detonator

Firing Method
Lead – in (Local)
Centralised blasting
Firing Capacity
Per BCU 1200 units
Downline wire
4-wire Copper
Detonator strength Incendiary pellets
Connection Method
BCU via 4-2 way terminator
Detonators (Daisy Chain)

25
Electric Shocktube Starter

26
 Electronic benefits

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EDD

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Pyrotechnic Systems
Surface Shock tube

Structure of Shock tube and

In-hole detonator

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Powder carries shockwave signal
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Surface Shock tube features

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Shock tube assembly…

Cobra Clip

29
Shock tube assembly

Cobra Clip

Handimaster & Noisemaster Trunkline Delay

(Out of hole Detonator)

30
 Noisemaster Lead-in

Not commonly used in South Africa, IED, electric detonator, is preferred choice to initiate shock tube blast.

AEL Standard for connecting procedure for

lead-in line to detonator

> 2.0 m

> 4.0 m

Step 1. Cut off detonator and cap off reel

Step 2. Insert shock tube into plastic sleeve

Step 4. Loop shocktube and fasten to suitable wooden stick.
Secure using clear parcel tape

Step 3. Ensure both ends of the shock tube

are pushed firmly together and secure with
tape

Step 5. Completed procedure

31
 AEL Standard for Destruction of cut off detonator
during assembly of lead-in line

To next Blasthole in timing

sequence

Coloured tape showing person

responsible for connection

Reel out to position of safety.

Blasthole at initiation point (Minimum of 500m)
and downline shock tube

Bury detonator in drill cuttings

AEL Standard for connecting procedure for

lead-in line to lead-in line

> 4.0 m

Step 1. Cut cap off reel

Step 2. Insert shock tube into plastic sleeve

Step 4. Loop shocktube and fasten to suitable wooden stick.
Secure using clear parcel tape

Step 3. Ensure both ends of the shock tube

are pushed firmly together and secure with
tape

32
Common features

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Common benefits

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Common benefits

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Pyrotechnic Systems
Detonating Cord and Relays

34
Detonating Cords

PETN core

Detonating Cords - Cutting

5 5
'

Detonating Relays

• Can only be used with detonating cord

35
 AEL Standard for connecting Detonating cord to
Detonating relays

Step 1. Loop Detonating cord into Detonating relay

DANGER EXPLOSIVE

DANGER EXPLOSIVE DANGER EXPLOSIVE

Step 2. Loop Detonating cord and push through hole Step 3. Pull Detonating cord tight

Step 4. First side complete

Step 5. Repeat steps 1, 2 and 3, note how detonating cord

points other way

Pyrotechnic Systems
Capped Fuse

36
Capped Fuse

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"

• Types of fuse in use

• Durafuse/Duraline (Development)
• Stopefuse/Stopeline (Narrow Reef mining)

Construction of Safety Fuse

BLACK POWDER
CORE SPINNING YARNS ALKATHENE

COUNTERING YARNS

37
Durafuse/Duraline

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Stopefuse 290/Stopeline System

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38
 Pyrotechnic Systems
Electric Detonators

IED
– Instantaneous Electric Detonator

INSULATED COPPER
LEADS

CRIMPED END
CRIMP ∅ 3,92 – 4,09 mm
PLASTIC PLUG

FUSE HEAD COPPER

INSULATED
LEADS

"
50 mm
LEAD AZIDE INITIATING
INSULATED
CHARGE COPPER
LEADS

PETN BASE CHARGE

COPPER OR ALLUMINIUM
Copper tube
TUBE 7'
6 - 7 mm

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39
Changes to IED

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- Fiery Coal Mines

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SPD and LPD
- Not in common use in Southern Africa

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Vulcan Fuseheads

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41
Use approved Shot Exploders

Pyrotechnic Systems
Boosters

42
Boosters

&/& &/ Proboost 60g

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250g

400g

Proboost 150g

Protection of the detonator

Equip the booster with a

locking mechanism to prevent
the detonator from slipping out
of the channels

Make the booster body longer to

protect the tubing and the detonator
against abrasion and impact

43
Protecting the shocktube

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Locking the assembly in place, easy to use

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45
Detonator Accuracy
and effect on Fragmentation

46
Detonator Accuracy
- Impact on blast design

#
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Impact on blast design

- Standard deviation

68.26%

95.44%

99.74%

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

47
Standard deviation
- Large/Small population

-4 -3 -4 -3-2-4-2
-3 -1
-2-1-1 00 1 1 12 3
2 42 3 43 4

Impact of standard deviation on 3 successive

delays plotted along a time scale

Ideal

Delay 1. Delay 2. Delay 3.

Crowding Delay firing

together

Delay 1. Delay 2. Delay 3.

Delay firing

Overlap
Out of sequence

Delay 1. Delay 2. Delay 3.

48
Detonator accuracy and Impact on blast design
- Example

Nominal Standard “Fast”

“Slow”
Product Delay deviation Delay
Delay (ms)
(ms) (ms) (ms)
Exel
500 6 494 506
Benchmasters
Dogbone Relays 12 2.5 9.5 14.5

Initiation point 12 ms 12 ms
Detonating Cord
(Surface)

Detonating Relay
“Dogbone” (Surface)

Excel Benchmaster
Shock tube - Down the hole,
Note Gap represents hole depth!

Firing Sequence 1 2 3

500 + 12 = 500 + 12 + 12 =
500 ms 500 ms
512 500 ms
524

Nominal Standard “Fast”

“Slow”
Product Delay deviation Delay
Delay (ms)
(ms) (ms) (ms)
Exel
500 6 494 506
Benchmasters
Dogbone Relays 12 2.5 9.5 14.5

9.5 ms 9.5 ms

Firing Sequence 2 1 3

494 + 9.5 = 494 + 9.5 + 9.5 =

506 ms 494 ms
503.5 ms 494
513 ms

49
 Nominal Standard “Fast”
“Slow”
Product Delay deviation Delay
Delay (ms)
(ms) (ms) (ms)
Exel
500 6 494 506
Benchmasters
Dogbone Relays 12 2.5 9.5 14.5

14.5 ms 14.5 ms

Firing Sequence 1 3 2

506 + 14.5 = 494 + 14.5 + 9.5 =

506 ms 506 ms
520.5 ms 494 ms
518

No Product deviation
- Planned

Operation is restricted to a fixed mass per delay, e.g. 2 holes maximum

50
No Product deviation
- Planned, two holes firing per delay

Applying product deviation

- Actually what will happen

3 holes firing, you are in trouble with this product!

51
Importance of accuracy

Sequential
Window: firing Movement Vibration Fragmentation

Damage
Pyrotechnic delays
Control over: Sequential firing & Movement

Digital delays (Electronic)

Control over: Sequential firing, Movement, Vibration & Fragmentation

Detonator Accuracy (Leave for blast Asssitant)

52
Rock Breaking process

Reduced stress
wave intensity

Reflected stress waves

multiply cracks nearer blasthole

Spalling occurs at
Blasthole
open joints

Reflected stress wave

Fewer new cracks initiated

Radial cracks
stop at open
joints Free face

Fragmentation…
Influenced by Geology, Rock Properties

“S” Curve representing fragmentation for

“Blast envelope” for emulsion explosive in given rock type

120.0

100.0

80.0
% Passing

60.0

40.0

20.0

0.0
1 10 100 1000 10000
mm

53
Fragmentation…
Mass of Explosives - Mean Size

120.0
Fine Coarse
100.0

80.0
% Passing

60.0
More Less

40.0

20.0

0.0
1 10 100 1000 10000
mm

Fragmentation…
Type of explosive – Changes “Blast envelope”

120.0
Anfex
100.0

80.0
% Passing

60.0

40.0

20.0

0.0
1 10 100 1000 10000
mm

54
Fragmentation…
Oversize and Fines

120.0
Oversize – Top of blast, stemming, no explosives
100.0

80.0
% Passing

60.0

40.0
Fines, Drilling,
and Blast crush zone
20.0

0.0
1 10 100 1000 10000
mm

Fragmentation
Slope - Uniformity, Accuracy of Timing

120.0

100.0
Digishot +
Electronic Detonator
80.0
% Passing

60.0

40.0

20.0

0.0
1 10 100 1000 10000
mm

55
 Fragmentation Uniformity…

, L 5M 5'

n = 1.0

n = 0.75 n = 1.50

All sizes below Xc will pass through this!

Increasing uniformity reduces oversize and fines

Mean “Xc”

40

30
n=1.50
20
n=1.00
10

n=0.75
0

0 2
20 5
50 10
100 20
200 40
400 80
800 160
1600

56
 Fragmentation Uniformity

“Dust and Boulders” “Aggregate”

n=2.0

n=0.5

Causes of failure of Initiating Systems – “Urban

Legend”

1. Product failure 6. Made in RSA

2. Explosive suppliers' fault 7. The government

3. Poor Quality 8. Sabotage

4. Shit products 9. Nothing I did

5. Bad advice 10. We want compensation

57
Actual causes of failure of Initiating Systems

1. Not connected 5. Cut-off by cratering

2. Damaged during stemming 6. Cut-off by flyrock

3. Kicked and trodden on 7. Cut-off by ground shift

4. Incorrectly connected 8. Close to Cordtex lines

9. “Product failure”

Blast demo
7 Sept

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58