Skeletal Systemu

 The skeletal system is your body's central framework. It consists of bones and
connective tissue, including cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. It's also called the
musculoskeletal system.

 What is the skeletal system? The human skeleton is the internal framework of the
human body. It is composed of around 270 bones at birth the total decreases to
around 206 bones by adulthood after some bones get fused together. The bone
mass in the skeleton makes up about 14% of the total body weight and reaches
maximum density around age 21.

Major organs
 4 main organs of the skeletal system: bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons.

Main parts
 Components of the skeletal system

The skeletal system is composed of four main fibrous and mineralized connective
tissues: bones, ligaments, tendons, and joints. Bone: A rigid form of
connective tissue that is part of the skeletal system of vertebrates and is
composed principally of calcium.

Bones
Bones provide the structure for our bodies. The adult human skeleton is made up of 206
bones. These include the bones of the skull, spine (vertebrae), ribs, arms, and legs.
Bones are made of connective tissue reinforced with calcium and specialized bone
cells.

Bone types
There are four different types of bone in the human body:

 Long bone – has a long, thin shape. Examples include the bones of the arms
and legs (excluding the wrists, ankles, and kneecaps). With the help of muscles,
long bones work as levers to permit movement.
 Short bone – has a squat, cubed shape. Examples include the bones that make
up the wrists and the ankles.
  Flat bone – has a flattened, broad surface. Examples include ribs, shoulder
blades, breastbone, and skull bones.
 Irregular bone – has a shape that does not conform to the above three types.
Examples include the bones of the spine (vertebrae).

Bone tissue

The different layers of bone tissue include:

 Periosteum – the dense, tough outer shell that contains blood vessels and
nerves
 Compact or dense tissue – the hard, smooth layer that protects the tissue
within
 Spongy or cancellous tissue – the porous, honeycombed material found inside
most bones, which allows the bone to be strong yet lightweight
 Bone marrow – the jelly-like substance found inside the cavities of some bones
(including the pelvis) that produces blood cells.

Bone marrow

Bone marrow is where blood cells are made. The three different types of blood cell
made by bone marrow include:

 Red blood cells – carry oxygen around the body.

 White blood cells – make up the body’s immune system.
 Platelets – are used for clotting.

Bone cells

Our body is constantly remodeling its skeleton by building up and breaking down bone
tissue as required. As a result, each bone is rebuilt from scratch about every decade.
The bone cells involved in this process include:

 Osteoblasts – the cells that build bone tissue

 Osteocytes – the cells that maintain bone tissue by controlling the mineral and
calcium content
 Osteoclasts – the cells that break down old bone tissue.
Bone density

Many factors work together to ensure the strength and health of bones. Bone density
relies on:

 A steady supply of dietary calcium

 Adequate vitamin D from sunshine and food
 A healthy diet with plenty of vitamins and minerals
 Various hormones including parathyroid hormone, growth hormone, calcitonin,
estrogen, and testosterone
 Regular weight-bearing exercise.

Bone conditions

Some conditions of bone include:

 Fractures – broken bones of various types

 Osteoporosis – loss of bone density and strength
 Osteomyelitis – infection of the bone
 Osteitis – bone inflammation, for example, Paget’s disease of the bone
 Acromegaly – overgrowth of bones in the face, hands, and feet
 Fibrous dysplasia – abnormal growth or swelling of bone
 Rickets – a child’s growing bones fail to develop due to a lack of vitamin D
 Multiple myeloma – cancer of the plasma cells in bone marrow
 Bone cancer – primary bone cancers include osteosarcomas and
chondrosarcomas. However, most cancers found in bone have spread from other
organs such as the breast, prostate, lung, or kidney.

System
 Ten major systems include the skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine,
cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and the reproductive
system. Body functions are the physiological or psychological functions of body
systems.
 Skeletal- The skeletal system is your body's central framework. It consists of
bones and connective tissue, including cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. It's also
called the musculoskeletal system.

 Muscular- The muscular system is composed of specialized cells called

muscle fibers. Their predominant function is contractibility. Muscles, attached to
bones or internal organs and blood vessels, are responsible for movement.
Nearly all movement in the body is the result of muscle contraction.

 Nervous- The nervous system helps all the parts of the body to
communicate with each other. It also reacts to changes both outside and
inside the body. The nervous system uses both electrical and chemical means to
send and receive messages.

 Endocrine- The endocrine system, made up of all the body's different

hormones, regulates all biological processes in the body from conception through
adulthood and into old age, including the development of the brain and nervous
system, the growth and function of the reproductive system, as well as the
metabolism and blood sugar levels. The female ovaries, male testes, and
pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands are major constituents of the endocrine
system.

 Cardiovascular- The circulatory system (cardiovascular system) pumps blood

from the heart to the lungs to get oxygen. The heart then sends oxygenated
blood through arteries to the rest of the body. The veins carry oxygen-poor blood
back to the heart to start the circulation process over.

 Lymphatic- The lymphatic system is a network of delicate tubes throughout

the body. It drains fluid (called lymph) that has leaked from the blood vessels
into the tissues and empties it back into the bloodstream via the lymph nodes.
The main roles of the lymphatic system include managing the fluid levels in the
body.

 Respiratory- The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that
help you breathe. It includes your airways, lungs, and blood vessels. The
muscles that power your lungs are also part of the respiratory system. These
parts work together to move oxygen throughout the body and clean out waste
gases like carbon dioxide.
 Digestive- The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract plus
the accessory organs of digestion. Digestion involves the breakdown of food into
smaller and smaller components, until they can be absorbed and assimilated into
the body.

- mouth,
- esophagus,
- stomach,
- small intestine,
- large intestine,
- rectum and anus.

 Urinary- The urinary system's function is to filter blood and create urine as
a waste by-product. The organs of the urinary system include the kidneys,
renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The body takes nutrients from food
and converts them to energy.

 Reproductive- The tissues, glands, and organs involved in producing

offspring (children). In women, the reproductive system includes the
ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus, the cervix, and the vagina. In men, it
includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis.
Skull Anatomy