Fundamentals of Computers

Ajay Shriram Kushwaha

Associate Professor
Jain (Deemed-to-be-University), Bengaluru
Human Parts
Computer Parts
21JUOE1403 - Fundamentals of Computers And Networks
Introduction to Computer's

Computer Organization &

Types

Networking Fundamentals Basics of Network Device

Troubleshooting Network
Text Book
Reference
What is Computer
 The catch…
CS is not just about sitting in a cube programming; it’s about solving social problems through computation. | Illustration by Kevin
Craft
Credit : https://gifs.alphacoders.com/gifs/view/201719
Parts of Computer System?
UNIT-3 – Memory Unit
UNIT-5 – Operating Systems
 Generation of Computers

Generations of Computers can be generalized into mainly five generation :

1. First Generation Computers –1942 to 1954

2. Second Generation of Computers -1955 to 1964

3. Third Generation of Computers- 1965 to 1974

4. Fourth Generation Computers- 1975– till now

5. Fifth Generation of Computers – Still in Process

Generation of Computers
Generation of Computers
 Generation of Computers

First Generation Computers (1940 to 1956) – Based on Vacuum Tubes

The first generation computers were used vaccum tubes as the main electronic part. For
memory devices punch card and paper tapes were used. Magnetic drums are also used
for storage .At that time memory was very expensive. Electronic time per calculation
ranged from 0.1 milliseconds to1 milliseconds. They uses two types of computer
programming languages, machine language and assembly language. A list of popular
first generation computers ENIAC, UNIVAC,EDVAC, and EDSAC.
 Generation of Computers
A) Computer Characteristics & Capabilities –

✓ Size – Relatively big size .Size was equivalent to a room.

✓ Speed – slow speed, hundred instructions per second.
✓ Cost – cost was very high.
✓ Language– Machine and Assembly Language.
✓ Reliability – high failure rate , Failure of circuits per second.
✓ Power– high power Consumption and it generated much heat.

B) Trends and Developments in Computer Hardware-

✓ Main Component – based on vacuum tubes

✓ Main memory –Magnetic drum
✓ secondary Memory – Magnetic drum & magnetic tape.
✓ Input Media – Punched cards & paper tape
✓ Output Media – Punched card & printed reports.
✓ Example – ENIAC, UNIVAC, Mark –I,mark-III , IBM 700 series , IBM 700 series ,IBM 701 series IBM
709 series etc.
 Generation of Computers

Second Generation of Computers (1956 to 1961) – Based on Transistor

The invention of transistor lead to start the second generation of computers.

Vaccum tubes are replaced by transistors. For data storage magnetic tapes and
magnetic tapes and magnetic disks were used. For programming purpose
besides machine and assembly languages, high level languages were also used
like FORTRAN, COBOL and BASIC etc.
 Generation of Computers

A) Computer Characteristics & Capabilities –

➢ Size – Smaller than first generation Computers.

➢ Speed – Relatively fast as compared to first generation, thousand instructions per second.
➢ Cost – cost Slightly lower than first generation.
➢ Language – Assembly Language and High level languages like FORTRAN, COBOL,BASIC.
➢ Reliability – Failure of circuits per days.
➢ Power– Low power Consumption.

B ) Trends and Developments in Computer Hardware-

✓ Main Component – Based on Transistor.

✓ Main Memory – Magnetic core.
✓ Secondary Memory – Magnetic tape & magnetic Disk.
✓ Input Media – Punched cards
✓ Output Media – Punched card & printed reports.
✓ Example – IBM-7000,CDC 3000 series, PDP1,PDP3,PDP 5 ,PDP8 ,ATLAS,IBM-7094 etc.
 Generation of Computers

Third Generation of Computers (1964 to 1971) – Based on Integrated Circuit

In this generation of computers transistors are replaced by its integrated form,

known as integrated Circuits(IC). Mini computers were introduced in this
generation. Multiprogramming facility was developed. Size, cost, power
requirement and heat generation decreased. High level languages were used in
this generation. Processing speed and storage capacity used of computer
increased.
 Generation of Computers
A) Computer Characteristics & Capabilities –

✓ Size – Smaller than Second generation Computers. Disk size mini computers.
✓ Speed – Relatively fast as compared to second generation, Million instructions per second (MIPS).
✓ Cost – cost lower than Second generation.
✓ Language– High level languages like PASCAL, COBOL,BASIC,C etc.
✓ Reliability – Failure of circuits in Weeks.
✓ Power– Low power Consumption.

B ) Trends and Developments in Computer Hardware-

✓ Main Component – Based on Integrated Circuits (IC)

✓ Primary Memory – Magnetic core.
✓ Secondary Memory– Magnetic Tape & magnetic disk.
✓ Input Media – Key to tape & key to disk
✓ Output Media – Printed reports & Video displays.
✓ Example – IBM-307 Series ,CDC 7600 series, PDP (Personal Data processer ) II etc.
 Generation of Computers

Fourth Generation of Computers (1972– 2010)- Based on VLSI Microprocessor

The fourth generation computers started with the invention of Microprocessor.

Software is user friendly. Storage capacity is high. Size, cost, power requirement,
heat generation decreased compared to the previous generation. Problem-
oriented fourth generation language (4GL) is used to develop the program.
 Generation of Computers
A) Computer Characteristics & Capabilities –

✓ Size – Typewritter size micro Computer.

✓ Speed – Relatively fast as compared to Third generation, Tens of Millions instructions per second.
✓ Cost – Cost lower than third generation.
✓ Language– High level languages like C++,KL1 , RPG, SQL.
✓ Reliability – Failure of circuits in months.
✓ Power– Low power Consumption.

B ) Trends and Developments in Computer Hardware-

✓ Main Component – Large scale integrated (LSI) Semiconductor circuits called MICRO PROCESSOR or
chip and VLSI(Very Large scale integrated).
✓ Main Memory – Semi conductor memory like RAM, ROM and cache memory is used as a primary
memory.
✓ Secondary Memory – Magnetic disk, Floppy disk, & Optical disk (CD,DVD).
✓ Input Media – keyboard.
✓ Output Media – Video displays ,Audio responses & printed reports.
✓ Example – CRAY 2, IBM 3090/600 Series, IBM AS/400/B60 etc.
 Generation of Computers

Fifth Generation of Computers ( 2010 to till )-Based on ULSI Microprocessor ,AI

In this generation of computer Artificial Intelligence (AI) concept is adopted. The computers
have intelligence quality, default assumptions, Decision making capability etc. through these
concepts expert systems. Knowledge based systems, Decision Support System are developed.
Robots are the common example of this type of system.
Generally this generation of system is expected to be intelligent as mankind. It may be hear,
understand and work as human being. Research and development are continued.
 Generation of Computers

A) Computer Characteristics & Capabilities –

✓ Size –Credit card size micro computers.

✓ Speed – Billions instructions per second.
✓ Cost – Cost Slightly lower than first generation.
✓ Language– Artificial Intelligence (AI) Languages like LISP, PROLOG etc
✓ Reliability – Failure of circuits in year.
✓ Power– Low power Consumption.

B ) Trends and Developments in Computer Hardware-

✓ Main Component – based on ULSI ( Ultra Large scale integrated) Circuit .that is also called Parallel Processing
method.
✓ Memory – Optical disk and magnetic disk.
✓ Input Media – Speech input, Tactile input.
✓ Output Media – Graphics displays, Voice responses.
✓ Example – Lap-Tops, palm –Tops, Note books ,PDA (personal Digital Assistant ) etc.
Personal Computer's
Supercomputer vs Mainframe
Computer Application's
Generation of Computers
Generation of Computers
Generation of Computers
Generation of Computers