Chapter 1-5 Pearson R

Department of Education
Region IV-B (MIMAROPA)

Division of Romblon
DON CARLOS M. MEJIAS MEMORIAL NATIONAL HIGH
SCHOOL
Panangcalan, San Fernando Republic of the Philippines,
Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
http://www.facebook.com/Doncarlos NHS
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Durai, et.al explained that polystyrene is one of the most common used synthetic
plastics. Polystyrene is a synthetic polymer that contains a repeating group and is
said to be highly stable and less susceptible for biodegradation. There are eight
(8) factors affecting biodegradation of plastics, the molecular composition,
hardness, etc., and it’s been said that Styrofoam take 500 years to forever to
decompose, leaving a deadly threat to lives of living things. Alshehrei, (2017).
Adhesives are in usage for all kinds of industries, small or heavy. In small
industries, it is used in connecting small parts of toys, and other things, while in
heavy industries, it is used in assembling spare parts of any machine or vehicle.
In furniture woods, adhesive plays a vital role too. Apart from these, there are
also many other uses for adhesives. Pure Chemicals Company, (2015).
Adhesives are growing more important in industrial products, in the construction
industry, in sports and leisure articles, and many other segments. It’s been said
that almost 14 million tons of adhesives are consumed worldwide. Stark, (2017).
This study was conducted by the researchers to give importance to waste
Styrofoam and discover its potential as wood glue. The researchers wanted to
produce a wood glue out of waste Styrofoam with the help of limonene from
citrus fruits especially kaffir lime. Kaffir lime with a binomial name of Citrus hystrix
is commonly found in Asian countries, it is called as kulubot in Philippines, and is
specifically called as lasog-kambing or kulisong in Sibuyan, Romblon. It is used
by Filipinos specially Sibuyanons as a replacement to kalamansi or lime.
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The researchers wanted to test if the wood glue out of waste Styrofoam with
the power of limonene from kaffir lime is effective when applied to wood
materials.
Statement of the Problem
General Objective
This study was conducted to produce adhesive out of trash.
Specific Objectives
Specifically, this study was conducted to:
1. Produce wood glue out of waste Styrofoam which can compete with
commercial ones.
2. Test the potential of waste Styrofoam as wood glue with the help of
limonene.
This study aims to determine the potential of waste Styrofoam as wood glue.
Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:
1. Is there a significant relationship between the amount of limonene and the
time it takes to melt waste Styrofoam completely?
2. Does waste Styrofoam have the potential to be used as wood glue?
3. Is waste Styrofoam glue (StickyTrashy) strong enough to compete with
commercial wood glues?
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HYPOTHESES
A. Null Hypothesis
1. There is no significant relationship between the amount of limonene
and the time it takes to melt waste Styrofoam completely.
B. Null Hypotheses
1.2. Waste Styrofoam do not have the potential to be used as wood
glue.
1.3. Waste Styrofoam glue (StickyTrashy) is not strong enough to
compete with commercial wood glues.
Significance of the Study
Styrofoam takes a lot of time to decay. It takes 500 years to forever to
decompose. If this issue remains unsolved, it will bring a great threat to living
things. Styrofoam can be destroyed if incinerated at extremely high
temperatures, it can also be destroyed using a normal fire but by doing this
method, it releases pollutants such as carbon black and carbon monoxide that is
very dangerous in our health. Styrofoam when heated, releases toxic chemicals
into the food causing a contamination which can be hazardous to your health. In
manufacturing of polystyrene, the most concern is air pollution, this air pollution
will bring great danger to the world especially in living things.
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This study was conducted to make use of the waste Styrofoam instead of
leaving it in the hands of nature and wait for it to decompose.
The following are the beneficiaries of the study:
1. Animals – problems on waste Styrofoam brings a big threat to lives of
animals. It can cause land pollution, air pollution, and worst water
pollution. It can destroy the habitats and can even damage the health of
the animals. Styrofoam waste is being eaten or consumed by animals like
chickens, thinking that Styrofoam is edible and some consumed it
accidentally especially by whales. By conducting this study, more animals
will be saved from problems with Styrofoam wastes.
2. Environmentalists – this study will be a big help to environmentalists for
they don’t have to worry about pollutions caused by Styrofoam wastes.
Especially air pollution caused by burning of waste Styrofoam.
3. Government agencies that deals with nature – government agencies
like DENR will not have any worries in problems in dealing with waste
Styrofoam especially when this study and the product is already approved
in the market.
In summary, this study will be a big help to living things worldwide, by
conducting this study, the number of waste Styrofoam that we can see in almost
every corner of the earth will decrease. The waste Styrofoam will decrease and
at the same time it will contribute to the betterment of the environment. This
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study will be a big help in expanding the use of Styrofoam and make it into wood
glue with the help of limonene than just using it for packaging and for consumer
goods.
Scope and Delimitations
This study mainly focused on the problem in dealing with waste Styrofoam.
Limonene extract from kaffir lime was used to melt waste Styrofoam to produce
wood glue.
Since waste Styrofoam can be found in almost every corner of the earth, the
researchers did not face any shortage in terms of it. The researchers only used
Styrofoam cups and plates (Expanded Polystyrene) since they are commonly
used by people for party and business needs.
This study was limited only on the availability of citrus fruits (kaffir lime) that
were used as source of limonene that melts the waste Styrofoam. The
researchers only used steam distillation in extracting limonene from Kaffir lime.
This study was conducted in Panangcalan San Fernando, Romblon at Don
Carlos M. Mejias Memorial National High School. This study started from
November 2018 to February 2019.
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Conceptual Framework
A. Extracting Limonene
Input Process Output
Materials: Preparing the kaffir lime peels:
The researchers grated the peels of

Distillation
kaffir lime then put it into the distilling flask
apparatus,
and added tap water enough to cover the
Funnel, Vial,
peels.
Grater, Hot
plate, Steam Distillation:
Stirring rod, The researchers then assembled the
Syringe, distillation apparatus. When the distilling
Container flask is already attached, the researchers

Pure
then covered it with a thermometer Limonene
Ingredients:
attached in the rubber stopper. Finally,
 Kaffir Lime
turned on the hot plate and put it to 550°C.
 Tap water
Separation:
After the distillation process, the
distilled liquid was produced, it is divided
into two levels. The researchers then used
a syringe to separate the limonene and

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transfer it into its dedicated container.
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B. Making the Waste Styrofoam Glue (StickyTrashy)
Input Process Output
Materials: Preparing the waste
Styrofoam:
250 mL
The researchers
Beaker
washed the waste
Gloves
Styrofoam and cut it into
Stirring rod smaller pieces for it to
Container dissolve faster and put it in
a beaker.
Ingredients:
Mixing: StickyTrashy
 Waste
The researchers then
Styrofoam (Waste
put enough limonene into Styrofoam
 Limonene Wood Glue)
the waste Styrofoam and
stir it using a stirring rod.
Transferring:
After mixing the
ingredients, the
researchers then
transferred the 8final product
into its dedicated container.

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Operational Definition of Terms
1. Polystyrene – a versatile polymer, a rigid transparent thermoplastic which
has been used for many purposes such as packaging, consumer goods,
etc. for it has good physical and electrical insulating properties. One of its
trademark is Styrofoam, the one that was used in this study.
2. Styrofoam – a brand name for XPS and is informally widely used to refer
all expanded polystyrene and extruded polystyrene. Styrofoam is a
trademark named for a chemical compound called polystyrene and was
used as the main ingredient in this study.
3. Limonene – originates from the English word lemon. Refers to the heavily
fragrant peel of lemons, which, like other citrus fruits, have large
concentrations of limonene. This terpene is only formed in the oil glands
(trichomes) of the shell. Limonene was used in this study that melts the
waste Styrofoam.
4. Incinerate – To burn waste Styrofoam completely with the use normal fire
or incinerator.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter deals with the related literature of waste Styrofoam, wood glue,
kaffir lime, and limonene.
Styrofoam (Polystyrene)
Polystyrene is commonly known as ‘Styrofoam’ that is the most widely used
type of plastics. Styrofoam is a brand name for XPS and is informally widely used
to refer all EPS (Expanded Polystyrene) and XPS (Extruded Polystyrene). EPS is
bulky, and lightweight plastic in the form of a smooth, rigid foam. It is widely used
for almost everything like coffee cups to insulation. On the other hand, XPS is the
bumpier rougher form of EPS, it is commonly used on packing materials.
(MassGreen.Org).
Polystyrene is a versatile polymer, which has been used for many purposes
such as packaging, consumer goods, etc., but the disposal of these products
creates environmental pollution because of their nondegradable nature. There
are types of polystyrene that are accepted for recycling like the Expanded
Polystyrene (EPS) foam packaging which is the familiar white material custom
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molded to cushion, insulate and protect all types of product during transportation
and it can be recycled, the EPS insulation boards used for housing and
commercial constructions, food service like cups, plates, trays, etc., that are
made of
polystyrene resin foamed which is the greatest reason of its unique insulating
quality and loosefill packaging are accepted for recycling. There are different
recycling methods for polystyrene products:
1. Mechanical Recycling – a Japanese Patent invented by Toyomasa
suggests recycling of polystyrene (PS) foam recovered as refuse by
compressing and heated to melt to reduce its volume. One economic way
of recovering polystyrene is via new product being developed in the USA.
The product uses a biodegradable solvent from citrus fruits that helps
eliminate all air from the polystyrene, making it economic transport. The
waste Styrofoam is chewed up and then sprayed with the biodegradable
solvent. This dissolves the polystyrene turning them into jelly-like
substance with a much greater density that squashed polystyrene waste.
2. Chemical Recycling – Explained to obtain a polystyrene foam, which can
be recycled into styrene by mixing a PS with a basic metal oxide being a
catalytic decomposition catalyst and foaming the mixture with an inert
blowing agent. One of the attractive chemical recycling process is the
catalytic degradation of polystyrene. This process enables to get styrene
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monomer (SM) at relatively low temperature with a high selectivity. Koji, et
al.
3. Thermal Recycling – The thermal degradation of real municipal waste
plastics (MWP) obtained from Sapporo, Japan and model mixed plastics
was carried out at 430°C in atmospheric pressure by batch operation. The
results demonstrate that recycle and reuse strategies for plastic based
product can yield significant environmental benefits.
Mechanical recycling gives solid and liquid PS in a pure form without
altering its properties, which can be used again. Chemical recycling of PS
using catalysts give 99% aromatics like styrene and ethylbenzene as the
major products. Controlled thermal degradation of PSs leads to effective
preparation of novel macromonomer-like oligomers and telechelic
oligomers. Maharana, Negi, & Mohanty, (2007).
Wood Glue
Wood products have long lives, thus adhesive bonds in wood need to have
good durability of particular condition. Wood bonding is more than a visible
surface bond because of the capability of adhesives to penetrate into the wood.
Penetration is a good term for generally describing adhesive soaking into wood.
However, two fundamentally different phenomena are covered by this overall
process, and they have different effects upon wood. Flow is used to describe
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movement of bulk adhesive, whether it is flow across the surface as in wetting or
flow into the wood to fill empty lumina of wood cells. Many chemicals can move
into the wood cell walls because of their fairly low molecular weight. This
infiltration of the cell wall is controlled by a molecule’s hydrodynamic volume and
solubility
parameter and this process can influence the wood’s physical and mechanical
properties, although flow into the lumina improves mechanical interlocking but
little effect on the wood’s swelling properties.
Interphase is the second area of terminology. Given the adhesive’s
penetration into the wood, thickness of interphase generally exceeds thickness of
the bulk adhesive. Interphase are divided into three regions. Wood interphase is
the region from the wood surface to maximum penetration depth of the adhesive.
The interphase is the boundary between wood and adhesive phases. The
adhesive interphase is the region from the wood surface to where adhesive
begins to exhibit its bulk properties. Frihart, (2009).
There are two types of wood penetration, (1) Gross Penetration and (2) Cell
Wall Penetration. Gross penetration results from the flow of liquid resin into the
porous structure of wood, mostly filling cell lumens. On the other hand, cell wall
penetration occur when resin diffuses into the cell wall or flows into micro
fissures. Ulker, (2016).
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Limonene
Recycling and reuse through green engineering is always an open challenge
for sustainable environment. Worldwide, citrus fruits production is more than 31
million tons annually out of which nearly 50% is waste in terms of citrus peel.
Orange contribute nearly half of this citrus peel waste. Orange peel extract yield
three distinct layers. Bottom layer was used as a solvent to prepare the solution
for biopolymers such as gelatin. The middle layer of the orange peel extract was
comprised of small sized cellulosic flakes which can be pyrolyzed into
nanostructured hard carbon and thus may potentially be used as an electrode
material for rechargeable batteries. The top layer of the orange peel extract was
used for direct recycling of polystyrene waste. Yadav Sharma, (2017).
Limonene also known as dipentene and including two components: d-
limonene, l-limonene—is widely used as a flavour and fragrance additive in
cleaning and cosmetic products, food and pharmaceuticals. It is also present in
most of the essential oils commonly used in Australia, particularly citrus oils.
Limonene, (2018). The name limonene, which this monoterpene carries,
originates from the English word lemon. This refers to the heavily fragrant peel of
lemons, which, like other citrus fruits, have large concentrations of limonene.
Though this terpene is only formed in the oil glands (trichomes) of the shell,
limonene also occurs to a lesser extent on flowers, leaves, stems and other parts
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of the plant. The molecule of limonene is subdivided into two stereo-isomers.
These are the same molecules, but with a different structure. Both molecules
have their own distinctive flavour:
D-limonene (orange flavor)
L-limonene (pine and turpentine aroma)
Especially the d-limonene molecule is found in large concentrations in the
essential oil of citrus fruit. Well-known examples are lemons, oranges, tangerines
and grapefruit. Because limonene can be extracted cheaply from orange peels
(waste product of the juice industry), this terpene is hardly obtained through a
synthetic way.
The monoterpene can be obtained from the peel of oranges through two
easy methods:
By means of centrifugal separation
By means of steam distillation
The manner, in which the essential oils are obtained, influences the terpenes
amount. When oil is obtained by expression, it will be composed of about 90%
limonene. But by steam distillation, this level will be much lower. In a solvent
extraction percentages are even lower and sometimes it can occur that no
terpenes are present whatsoever.
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The terpene limonene occurs in a large number of plants and herbs,
including hemp and marijuana plants. In addition it is found in citrus fruits,
rosemary, red pepper, chamomile, ginger and turmeric. Headshop Apollyon,
(n.d.).
Prof. Sharma stated, “Using the orange peel extract to dissolve polystyrene
will not change the chemical composition, and so will not make polystyrene into a
biodegradable product. What this process does is to extend the use and life cycle
of polystyrene waste material.”
Kaffir Lime
Kaffir lime is known as ‘limau purut’ or ‘wild lime’ and is about 3 – 5 meters
tall. The diameter of this ime is about 5.0 – 7.5 cm.
It has wrinkle on its surface, the fruit is dark green, an yellow when ripe. The
essential oil from kaffir lime peel contained sabinene (36%-49.0%), citronellal
3.0%-11.0%), and limonene (17.0%-33.0%). Using stem distillation and Likens-
Nikerson extraction method, the essential oil of kaffir lime was found to be
dominated by cintronellal (61.0%-73%), B-citronellol (10.0%-14.0%) and
limonene (5.0%-7.0%) as major components. Moreover, limonene (14.2%) is
identified as one of the principal components in kaffir lime peels. Ohtman,
Hassan, Sarker, Basar, & Jamil, (2016).
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Justifications
The review of related literature and studies are relevant to the study since
they deal with Waste Styrofoam and limonene from Kaffir Lime having properties
that has a potential to create wood glue when combined. Reviewed related
literature had significant relationship with the present study since it contained
insights and additional knowledge that were relevant to dilate researchers’ idea.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the materials and methods or procedures used in the
study, the statistical treatment, and the data gathering and procedure.
A. Materials and Ingredients
To produce the limonene that was used in melting the waste Styrofoam, the
researchers prepared the materials and ingredients such as: the steam
distillation apparatus, tap water, container, syringe, grater, and citrus fruits (kaffir
limes).
A. Methods or Procedures
In making the product, the researchers first extracted limonene from peels of
citrus fruits, especially kaffir lime.
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First, the researchers grated the kaffir lime peels using a cheese grater. The
researchers then put the grated citrus peels inside the distilling flask and put
water inside it, enough to cover the citrus peels. Finally, the researchers turned
on the hot plate to start the distillation process. Then the researchers waited for
the distillation process to end.
After the distillation, the distilled liquid is produced. The liquid is divided into
two levels, the lower level is the hydrosol and the upper level is the pure
limonene. The researchers used a syringe to get the pure limonene that was
used in melting the waste Styrofoam.
Figure 1. Extracting Limonene
HOW TO EXTRACT
LIMONENE FROM CITRUS
FRUITS
Preparing all the needed materials and ingredients.

(Steam distillation apparatus, tap water, grater, syringe,
container, and kaffir limes.
Assembling the steam distillation apparatus.
Grating the citrus peels using a cheese grater.
Transferring the grated citrus peels into the distilling flask.
Adding tap water, enough to cover the grated citrus peels.
Covering the distilling flask with

18 a thermometer attached in
a rubber stopper.
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Turning on the hot plate (550°C).
Waiting for the process to end.
Getting the outcome.

(Distilled liquid, divided into two levels)
Separating the pure limonene from the distilled water.

(Using syringe)
Transferring the pure limonene into its dedicated container.
B. Materials and Ingredients
To produce the product, the researchers prepared the materials and
ingredients such as: container, stirring rod, gloves, beaker (250 mL), limonene,
and waste Styrofoam.
B. Methods or Procedures
In making the product the researchers did the following:
Step 1: Preparing the needed materials and ingredients.
The researchers prepared all the needed materials and ingredients in
making the product.
Step 2: Preparing the waste Styrofoam.
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The researchers cut/break the waste Styrofoam into smaller pieces and
placed them inside the beaker.
Step 3: Adding the orange oil (limonene).
The researchers placed few drops of limonene with the Styrofoam in the
container. It does not take a lot of limonene to melt the Styrofoam.
Step 4: Mixing
The researchers mixed the limonene and Styrofoam using the stirring rod.
Step 5: Transferring.
The researchers finally transferred the finish product into its container.
Figure 2. Product Making
HOW TO MAKE GLUE OUT

OF WASTE STYROFOAM
Preparing the needed

materials and ingredients.
Preparing the waste

Styrofoam.
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Adding the limonene.
Mixing.
Transferring.
Statistical Treatment
The researchers employed the Pearson product moment correlation
coefficient (Pearson r) to describe the relationship between the amount of
limonene applied and the time it takes to melt waste Styrofoam completely.
1. Pearson r. This is a linear correlation necessary to find the degree of
association of two sets of variable, X and Y. This is the most commonly
used measure of correlation to determine the relationship between two
sets of variable quantitatively. To obtain the value of r from an ungrouped
data, the formula is as follows. Zulueta, (2003):
N (∑ xy) – (∑ x)(∑ y )
rxy=
√[N (∑ x 2)−(∑ x) ²][ N ( ∑ y 2)−(∑ y )² ]
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Where:
x= amount of limonene (mL)
y= time (seconds)
rxy= correlation between x (amount of limonene (mL)) and y (time (seconds))
∑x = sum of test x (amount of limonene (mL))
∑y = sum of test y (time (seconds))
∑xy = sum of the product of x (amount of limonene (mL)) and y (time
(seconds))
N = number of cases
∑x2 = sum of squared x (amount of limonene (mL)), and
∑y2 = sum of squared y (time (seconds))
To determine the relationship between the amount of limonene and the time
it takes to melt the waste Styrofoam completely, the researchers referred the
Pearson r value to the table below:
Interpretation of Correlation Value
+.70 or higher denotes very strong positive relationship
+0.40 to +0.69 denotes strong positive relationship
+0.30 to +0.39 denotes moderate positive relationship
+0.20 to +0.29 denotes weak positive relationship
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+0.01 to +0.19 denotes no or negligible relationship
0 denotes no relationship (zero correlation)
-0.01 to -0.19 denotes no or negligible relationship
-0.20 to -0.29 denotes weak negative relationship
-0.30 to -0.39 denotes moderate negative relationship
-0.40 to -0.69 denotes strong negative relationship
-.70 or lower denotes very strong negative relationship
2. Significance of r. The significance of r is used to determine whether to
accept or reject the null and alternative hypotheses. The test or
significance of r is needed in order to know whether the computed r is
significant or not.
In order to determine the significance of r, the formula below is used:
r
Test Statistic: t=
√ 1−r ²
n−2
Decision Rule:
Reject Ho if t computed is > 2.920 or < -2.920 otherwise accept H a.
Method of Collecting Data
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The method of collecting data was a comparative experimentation. It was
mainly concerned only on relationship between the amount of limonene and the
time it takes to melt waste Styrofoam completely.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers used quantitative observation method, a systematic data
collection approach. It is the type of observation that deals in quantifiable
variables, things that the researchers can use numbers to express. It involves the
collecting of data that can be quantified, expressed numerically in some form.
Variables
The constant variable is the size of the samples or the waste Styrofoam. The
dependent variable is the time it takes for the limonene to melt the waste
Styrofoam completely. The independent variable is the amount of limonene
applied on the waste Styrofoam.
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter presents the data gathered and the discussion of results
regarding the relationship of the amount of limonene and the time it takes to melt
waste Styrofoam completely and the comparison of the strength of te waste
Styrofoam wood glue with the commercial wood glue..
Results and Discussions
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The data presented on the figure shown below are the result of the effects of
different amount of limonene (mL) to the same-sized (1.225 cm 3) waste
Styrofoam. The researchers observed that as the amount of limonene (mL)
increases, the faster the time it takes to melt the Styrofoam completely.
Figure 3. Relationship between Limonene (mL) and Time (seconds)
(1.225 cm3 waste Styrofoam)

Time it takes to melt waste
Styrofoam completely (seconds)
33.45
30.81
26.59
23.19
0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2
Amount of limonene (mL)
TABLE 1. Relationship between the amount of limonene and the time it
takes to melt waste Styrofoam completely. (1.225 cm3 waste Styrofoam)
X Y XY X2 Y2
0.3 mL 33.45 seconds 10.035 0.09 1118.9025
0.6 mL 30. 81 seconds 18.486 0.36 949.2561
0.9 mL 26.59 seconds 23.931 0.81 707.0281
1.2 mL 23.19 seconds 27.828 1.44 537.7761
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∑y2=
∑x=3 ∑y= 114.04 ∑xy= 80.28 ∑x = 2.7
2
3312.963
N=4
N (∑ xy) – (∑ x)(∑ y )
rxy =
√[N (∑ x 2)−(∑ x) ²][N (∑ y 2)−(∑ y )² ]
4 (80.28) – (3)(114.04)
= √[4 (2.7)−(3) ²][4(3312.963)−(114.04) ²]
321.12 – 342.12
= √[ 10.8−9 ][13251.852−13005.1216]
−21
= √(1.8)(246.7304)
−21
= √ 444.11472
−21
= 20.07402952
rxy= -0.996 denotes very strong negative
relationship rerelationshiprelationship
Ho: P= There is no significant relationship between the amount of
limonene applied and the time it takes to melt waste Styrofoam
completely.
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Ha: P= There is a significant relationship between the amount of
completely.
Level of Significance
α = 0.05
df = n – 2
=4–2
df = 2
I. Test Statistic
r
t=
√ 1−r ²
n−2
II. Decision Rule
Reject Ho if t computed is > 2.920 or < -2.920 otherwise accept H a.
III. Computation
−0.996
t=
√ 1−(−0.996)²
4−2
−0.996
t=
√ 1−0.992
2
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−0.99649
t=
√ 0.004
−0.996
t= 0.06325
t = -15.75
IV. Conclusion
Since -15.75 < -2.920, Ho was rejected and Ha was accepted. This
means that there is a significant relationship between the amount of
completely.
To test the strength of the product, the researchers used an alternative
method in computing it. The researchers put same amount of the wood glue from
the two products, the waste styrofoam wood glue and one of the well-known
commercial wood glue on the same type and area of wood with screw on the top
surface that connects to the wire and hook on the bottom surface that holds the
weights.
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The graph below shows the results of the comparison of the strength of the
StickyTrashy (waste Styrofoam wood glue) and the commercial wood glue.
Figure 4 showed that the Waste Styrofoam Wood Glue (StickyTrashy) took 11.5
kilograms of weights to break the sample while the commercial wood glue took
10 kilograms of weight.
Figure 4. StickyTrashy vs. Commercial Wood Glue
(Comparison of the strength)
12
11.5
11
10.5
10
9.5
9
StickyTrashy Commercial Wood Glue
Weight (kg)
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, and RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the findings, conclusions, recommendations,
references, and the study.
Findings
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To summarize, the analysis of content and statistical content of data
unveiled that there is a significant relationship between the amount of limonene
and the time it takes to melt waste Styrofoam completely since our rxy or the
correlation between x [amount of limonene (mL)] and y [time (seconds)] is -0.996
which denotes a very strong negative relationship and indicates that the
relationship is inversely proportional and since the absolute value of computed t
which is equals to -15.75 is less than the absolute value of tabular or the critical
value which is -2.920.
The sample (wood) applied with the product took 11.5 kilograms while the
sample (wood) applied with the commercial wood glue took 10 kilograms grams
for the samples to break.
Conclusions
Since the value of the rxy denotes a very strong negative relationship, and the
absolute value of computed t is less than the absolute value of tabular or critical
value, therefore the null hypothesis (1) was rejected. In addition, since the
experiment showed that the sample (wood) applied with the product took 11.5
kilograms of weight (strength test) for the sample to break, gained 15% more
strength and is really close and even higher than the result in using the
commercial wood glue which took 10 kilograms, therefore the null hypotheses
(1.2 and 1.3) were rejected.
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Recommendations
The following are the recommendations of the researchers:
1. In terms of the purpose of the study, the product which is a wood glue out
of waste Styrofoam with the help of limonene is better to use than the
commercial ones which uses hazardous chemicals.
2. Conduct furthermore study on the other possible uses of waste Styrofoam.
3. The product can compete to the commercial wood glue in terms of
strength, availability of materials, and odor.
4. Conduct furthermore study on how to make the waste Styrofoam wood
glue dry faster.
REFERENCES
Online Resources
(n.d.). Retrieved from Collier Country Web Site: www.colliercountryfl.gov
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Alshehrei, F. (2017). Biodegradation of Synthetic and Natural Plastic by
Microorganisms. Journal of Applies & Environmental Microbiology, 8-19.
Frihart, C. R. (2009). Adhesive Groups and How They Relate to the Durability of
Bonded Wood. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 601-607.
Headshop Apollyon. (n.d.). Retrieved from Headshop Apollyon Website :
www.apollyon.nl
Limonene. (2018, July 29). NICNAS. Retrieved from Asian Government
Department of Health Web site.
Maharana, T., Negi, Y., & Mohanty, B. (2007, July). Review Article: Recycling of
Polystyrene. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering. Taylor &
Francis.
MassGreen.Org. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.massgreen.org
Ohtman, S. N., Hassan, M. A., Sarker, S. D., Basar, N., & Jamil, S. (2016, June
3). Essential Oils from the Malaysian Citrus (Rutaceae) Medicinal Plants.
Switzerland: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MPDI).
Pure Chemicals Company. (2015, August 8). Retrieved from Pure Chemicals
Web site: www.pure-chemical.com
Robson, K. (2018, February 27). Retrieved from www.green-mom.com
32
Division of Romblon
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Sharma, C., & Yadav, S. (2017). (25c) Green Processes to Use Extract from
Citrus Peel Waste for Novel Applications (Direct Polystyrene Recycling to
Natural Solvent to Source of Carbon). AlChE Academy Meeting. Retrieved
from AlChE Academy Web Site.
Stark, A. (2017, September 10). Growing Importance of Adhesives. Germany.
Ulker, O. (2016, November 23). Wood Adhesives and Bonding Theory. In
Adhesives.
APPENDIX A
Letter to the Principal
January 21, 2019
Mrs. Merlin Bialen
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Principal I
Dear Ma’am,
Greetings!
The researchers of grade 12 STEM-NEWTON will conduct a survey inside

the school campus in relate to their study entitled “Waste Styrofoam as Wood
Glue.”
Asking for your account authorization, we would like to conduct our study
inside the school campus of DCMMMNHS and borrow some laboratory
equipment that are needed in our study. We look forward for your favorable
response on this matter.
Sincerely yours,
Arianne R. Rafol
Randolf R. de Belen
Aivan F. Borda
Fred John V. Falco
Noted by: Approved by:
MS. DOLOR MANIQUIZ RN. MRS. MERLIN R. BIALEN

Adviser in Research Project Principal I
34

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Department of Education

Region IV-B (MIMAROPA)

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

plastics. Polystyrene is a synthetic polymer that contains a repeating group and is

(8) factors affecting biodegradation of plastics, the molecular composition,

decompose, leaving a deadly threat to lives of living things. Alshehrei, (2017).

heavy industries, it is used in assembling spare parts of any machine or vehicle.

Adhesives are growing more important in industrial products, in the construction

This study was conducted by the researchers to give importance to waste

is commonly found in Asian countries, it is called as kulubot in Philippines, and is

specifically called as lasog-kambing or kulisong in Sibuyan, Romblon. It is used

by Filipinos specially Sibuyanons as a replacement to kalamansi or lime.

Statement of the Problem

This study was conducted to produce adhesive out of trash.

Specifically, this study was conducted to:

Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:

1. Is there a significant relationship between the amount of limonene and the

time it takes to melt waste Styrofoam completely?

2. Does waste Styrofoam have the potential to be used as wood glue?

3. Is waste Styrofoam glue (StickyTrashy) strong enough to compete with

commercial wood glues?

1. There is no significant relationship between the amount of limonene

and the time it takes to melt waste Styrofoam completely.

1.2. Waste Styrofoam do not have the potential to be used as wood

1.3. Waste Styrofoam glue (StickyTrashy) is not strong enough to

compete with commercial wood glues.

Significance of the Study

Styrofoam takes a lot of time to decay. It takes 500 years to forever to

things. Styrofoam can be destroyed if incinerated at extremely high

will bring great danger to the world especially in living things.

leaving it in the hands of nature and wait for it to decompose.

The following are the beneficiaries of the study:

1. Animals – problems on waste Styrofoam brings a big threat to lives of

the animals. Styrofoam waste is being eaten or consumed by animals like

chickens, thinking that Styrofoam is edible and some consumed it

accidentally especially by whales. By conducting this study, more animals

will be saved from problems with Styrofoam wastes.

2. Environmentalists – this study will be a big help to environmentalists for

they don’t have to worry about pollutions caused by Styrofoam wastes.

Especially air pollution caused by burning of waste Styrofoam.

3. Government agencies that deals with nature – government agencies

In summary, this study will be a big help to living things worldwide, by

Scope and Delimitations

used by people for party and business needs.

This study was conducted in Panangcalan San Fernando, Romblon at Don

November 2018 to February 2019.

Input Process Output

Materials: Preparing the kaffir lime peels:

The researchers grated the peels of

plate, Steam Distillation:

Stirring rod, The researchers then assembled the

Syringe, distillation apparatus. When the distilling

Container flask is already attached, the researchers

After the distillation process, the

distilled liquid was produced, it is divided

into two levels. The researchers then used

a syringe to separate the limonene and

B. Making the Waste Styrofoam Glue (StickyTrashy)

Input Process Output

Materials: Preparing the waste

Stirring rod smaller pieces for it to

Container dissolve faster and put it in