BIOLOGY

Biology is a field in science that aims to study the structure, function,

distribution, and evolution of living things.

An organism refers to a living thing that has an organized structure, can react to
stimuli,
reproduce, grow, adapt, and maintain homeostasis. An organism would, therefore, be
any
animal, plant, fungus, protist, bacterium, or archaeon on earth. These organisms
may be
classified in various ways. One of the ways is by basing upon the number of cells
that make it up.
The two major groups are the single-celled (prokaryotes) (e.g. bacteria, archaea,
and protists) and the multicellular (eukaryotes) (animals and plants).

Organisms can also be classified according to their subcellular structures.

Those with a well-defined nucleus are referred to as eukaryotes whereas those
without are called prokaryotes. Both of them possess a genetic material but the
location differs. In eukaryotes, the genetic material is found inside the nucleus
whereas,
in prokaryotes, it is located in a special region called a nucleoid.

prokaryotes = bacterias, etc

eukaryotes = humans, etc

A modern system of classification groups living things into three distinct domains:
(1) Archaea (archaebacteria), (2) bacteria (eubacteria), and (3) Eucarya
(eukaryotes).
Both archaea and bacteria are prokaryotic organisms while Eucarya, as the name
suggests, it includes all the eukaryotes.

A mutation is a change that occurs in our DNA sequence, either due to mistakes when
the DNA is
copied or as the result of environmental factors such as UV light and cigarette
smoke.

In biology, evolution is the change in the characteristics of a species over

several generations
and relies on the process of natural selection.
The theory of evolution is based on the idea that all species? are related and
gradually change over time.

ho·me·o·sta·sis
/ˌhōmēəˈstāsəs/
Learn to pronounce
noun
the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent
elements,
especially as maintained by physiological processes.

Both living things and non-living things are basically

made up of molecules. However, a living thing can
be identified from an inanimate object by its
distinctive characteristics. For example, an organism
is made up of one or more cells. This structure is
made up of molecules that are biologically produced
and naturally occurring. Such molecules are termed biomolecules.

plural: biomolecules
bi·o·mol·e·cule, ˈbaɪoʊ ˈmɑləkjul
Any of the molecules produced by living organisms
Biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid, protein

Carbohydrates (sugars) are the most abundant among the major classes of
biomolecules.
Most of the carbohydrates follow the general formula: Cn (H2O) n, from where they
derive
their name, which means hydrates of carbon.

Saccharide is the structural (monomeric) unit of carbohydrates. Based on the number

of
monomeric units, carbohydrates may be monosaccharide, disaccharide,
oligosaccharide, or polysaccharide.

Monosaccharides are carbohydrates of only one simple sugar. Examples are glucose,
fructose, and galactose.
They are the most fundamental type of carbohydrates.

EXAMPLES OF GLUCOSE; dextrose, corn sugar, grape sugar

Fructose comes from fruits.
C6H12O6

Disaccharides are carbohydrates made up of two monosaccharide units.

Examples are sucrose, maltose, and lactose.

DISACCHARIDE
C12H22O11
=Sugarcane
(Glucose + Fructose

the three main branches of Science are:

Natural Sciences
Social Sciences
Formal Sciences

Natural Sciences is the core of the branches of science as studies the nature of
our physical
world and the universe. The three branches of Natural Sciences are:
Physics, the Study of Universe
Chemistry, the Study of Matter
Biology, the Study of Life and Living Organisms.

Social Sciences study human societies from across the globe as well as the
relationship of human beings with their social environment.

The major branches of Social Science are:

Psychology
Sociology
Anthropology
Economics
Archaeology
History
Geography
Law
Politics

Formal Sciences is quite a unique area of study in Science as it uses formal

systems to produce
knowledge and explore the nature of different disciplines ranging from Mathematics,
Logic to Computer
Science and Information Technology. The most important branches of Formal Sciences
are:
Mathematics
Logic
Computer Science
Data Science
Statistics
Systems Science
Artificial Intelligence
Information Technology, etc.