ART APPRECIATION – Module 1: An Introduction to the Study of Art Appreciation
INTRODUCTION Example:
Art
- is a discipline under the broader umbrella of The
Humanities.
Humanities
- a field of study that is vast and contrary to common
beliefs
- it is something that is actually applied in human
society, each and every day.
- The term "Humanities" - Latin term "Humanus"
means Human, Culture, Refined.
- The different disciplines that are included in the
humanities are:
1. the arts and culture
2. politics
3. anthropology
4. human geography
5. religion
6. languages
7. literature
8. philosophy
9. archaeology
10. history
11. law
- Generally, human beings possess and show qualities
like rationality, kindness, and tenderness.
o Humans are the only creatures here on earth
who are able to show these traits and qualities.
- Such basic qualities of humans gain different
connotations based on one's environment, values,
beliefs and experiences. They are the contributing
factors to the refinement of human's basic qualities.
- The humanities are those studies that are directly
concerned with human values.
- As humanity evolves, the field of humanities does so
as well.
What we know right now is generally more
advanced than those from the previous
generations.
- Unlike the sciences, which are expressed through
numbers and symbols, human values can be felt,
and expressed in subtle and enduring ways.
The humanities oftentimes speak to us in a
manner that cannot be put into words.
Often, the effects of the humanities are those
that are felt with the senses.
In the medieval period though, the word
"Humanities" pertained to humans from that
which pertained to God.
▪ There was always that division between
what is omniscient and that of the mortal.
HUMANISTS OF THE RENAISSANCE
- stated that humanities pertain to the intrinsic value
of man's life on earth.
Intrinsic value – how much worth people are
here in this world or how much value we put in
ourselves.
- Humanities covers a broad area of human creativity
but are distinct from mathematics and the "hard"
sciences.
❖ Ex of hard sciences: Physics, chemistry, algebra,
calculus
- The separation between the humanities and the
sciences is illustrated in the way values work
differently in the two areas.
Both the scientist and the humanist must make value
judgments.
- The development of powerful weapons are seen as a
positive development for the scientist - because of the
many possibilities the development of the weapon
might bring.
- On the other hand, the humanist might see the
development of powerful weapons as a bad thing that
will eventually affect or even destroy a culture, people
and an entire lifestyle.
In this example, we see the stark contrasts between the point
of view of the humanist and the scientist, and the thing is no
one's to say whether who's right or wrong.
Science – deals mainly with facts
Humanities – go beyond facts about a work of art and
get to the values implied in the work.
- We learn to recognize the values expressed in such
works as well as to understand the ways in which
they are expressed.
- Humanities go beyond the things that we can put
words to.
- Oftentimes, we may only engage with the
humanities as we immerse with them using our
senses.
- Through the humanities, we are able to unlock
sensibilities we may not have known existed.
ARTS
Science as a body of knowledge is carefully
documenting what is happening in reality
Humanities are able to project this reality in other
medium--not necessarily experimentation but more
of reflective and personal experiences such as
paintings, dance, music, and so on.
Hence, we talk about the Arts.
What is Art?
- defined as the visual work that represents an idea,
expresses feelings, or presents an interesting design.
- refers to the various branches of creative activity,
such as painting, music, literature, and dance.
- It is the expression or application of human creative
skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such
as painting or sculpture, producing works to be
appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional
power.
One common thing that we may see from the given
definitions is that art is something that requires the
human touch, the human skill.
Art cannot exist without the power of the mind and
the skill of humans.
Art is something we do, a verb.
Art is an expression of our thoughts, emotions,
intuitions, and desires.
But it is even more personal than that: it's about
sharing the way we experience the world, which
for many is an extension of personality.
It teaches us that people everywhere share
common goals and dreams. It is a never-ending
process of discovery and rediscovery about
people, traditions, cultures and time periods.
Art will allow us to explore illuminating experiences,
thus, affording us an extra understanding,
prudence, and sensitivity towards cultural
differences.
|
 Aside from uniting us, it creates a distinction of
culture.
No matter how time changes, Art is there to
accompany and enable us to survive. It always
has and it always will, whether we recognize it
or not.
Just imagine the world without art. Without
music, without color, without movies, without
the different sounds. A world that falls flat, a
world where humans may not even thrive.
Arts have the ability to unlock sensitivities that we
may not have known existed within us.
Through art, by sympathetic and imaginative
self-identification, we enjoy, savor, or get the
feel of emotions and attitudes which otherwise
we would not have known.
Things that we may never realize about
ourselves. We may not realize it, or we may fail
to put the words to them, but they are there.
As it had been established, humans are
capable of being rational, having the ability to
feel and think for our own.
Throughout history art was studied by mankind. Various
assumptions were then formulated regarding art which
up until now remain significant.
5 ASSUMPTIONS OF ART
1. ART IS UNIVERSAL
- Art knows no limit.
- It transcends cultures, races, and civilizations
- It reaches the farthest and the most isolated
spots in the universe.
- As long as human beings exist, art is feasible,
alive, and dynamic.
- Since the prehistoric man up to the modern-day
artists, art has accompanied mankind in his
journey.
- Art is also a means of communication.
Regardless of when and where people live,
art has been a common means of
expressing human thoughts and feelings.
Imagine yourself in a concert. Imagine how much euphoria
each and every one of you in the audience feel. Imagine the
sound of the screams, the songs that we reciprocate to the
artists on stage. In those moments, we may realize how people
are actually one. You do not know all of the people within the
audience, you may not even speak the same languages, but
one thing is for certain, you all feel the same way. There is pure
elation that is being brought to us by art.
- Art is a call for unity and reconciliation
It binds us and makes us feel that we are
one in our dreams and mission.
Just like how our heroes used books and
poems to unite a nation to fight colonial
oppression.
- In contrast, it can also be used to
communicate mutiny and rebellion.
Just like how Pablo Picasso's paintings
communicate anti-war messages.
- Art is timeless
It goes beyond the time of our existence.
- Art started since the birth of mankind.
Logically, it would continue to live in
accordance to mankind's existence.
While Art defines time, time also defines Art.
It's one of the things that we always look
forward to when we go out to see the world,
we want to see their people, we want to
see and immerse in their cultures, we get
excited about their art, arts that have
existed and have been made even way
before our own existence, their art, which is
something that we celebrate until today.
That is one of the magical things about art.
It could outlive us.
Think of Freddie Mercury, the original
vocalist of the band Queen, who passed
away more than two decades ago now.
o What he left this world as an artist
though is his musical legacy.
o People still join in the chorus when we
hear Bohemian Rhapsody, people still
stomp their feet to We Will Rock You,
and so on.
o Art becomes a part of the human
legacy.
- Art is universal because it addresses needs of
people from all over the world.
Art is there to serve our human
fundamental needs.
o Our need for socialization, self-esteem,
and self-actualization can be
addressed through art.
o We will see the different functions of
the arts as we go on and we will realize
how big a part the arts play in the
existence of mankind.
2. ART IS CULTURAL
- Art is the oldest form of human records.
Artworks serve as windows to the
distant past.
- Art endured so many centuries.
It served mankind for shaping civilizations
and society.
It serves as a way for us to preserve even
our own culture, as we pass it on from
generations to generations.
- It is a vehicle of communication and expression
which unifies people despite differences in
language, culture and tradition.
Art sees no boundaries when it comes to
race, language, or religions.
Art enables us to communicate with
people, without even speaking. It enables
us to feel people and know about them.
3. ART IS NOT NATURE
- It is not nature because art is man-made.
It reflects his innate skillfulness and
craftsmanship.
- It is artificial, meaning it is just an imitation of
and an appropriation of nature or what is real.
- Art can never be natural because nature is ever
changing, it is not permanent.
Art is permanent, unless an artist decides to
change it, it will remain that way.
It is man who creates art, nature was
created by the divine.
Nature is too big, too grand, too mysterious,
and too beautiful to be grasped in a dance
or in a canvas.
Art can never compete with nature.
|
 - Art and nature have a give and take a
relationship. Hamilton the
It is in nature that we get resources, Musical by Lin
mediums, models, and inspiration to make Manuel Miranda
art. is one of the
On the other hand, art makes us more recent and
appreciate the beauty and magnificence popular
of nature. Broadway
musicals.
Art and nature are both appreciated
through our senses.

4. ART INVOLVES EXPERIENCE

3. Literary Arts
- Art is a representation of our experiences.
- refers to written works of art.
It demands involvement
- This includes Poetry, Prose, and Novel, Novella,
We can fully appreciate art if we get
Drama, Short Stories, Comics, and Graphic
involved, when we spend time to look,
Novels.
listen, see, or even feel its presence.
- Art’s rawness triggers perception, wit, and
spirituality.
Jose Rizal's two
It touches our perception, intelligence, and novels, Noli Me
soul. Tangere and El
Since time immemorial, art has been used Filibusterismo are
to influence, convince, or even shape our two of the most
beliefs. well-known
Philippine literary
5. ART AS AN EXPRESSION AND AS A FORM OF pieces.
CREATION
- Art existed even before our ancestors learned
how to write, it is one of the evidences of early 4. Applied Arts
civilization. - Refer to arts that apply design and decoration
- It provides records of human achievement and to everyday objects to make them
ideas. aesthetically pleasing.
- Art is a proof that we are higher order animals - Includes Architecture, Fashion, Interior Design,
it is a proof that we have innate creativity. Tattoos, Makeup, Landscaping, Graffiti, Murals,
Mosaics, and Furniture.
FOUR MAJOR FORMS OF ART
CLASSIFICATIONS OF ART
1. Visual Arts Art can generally be classified into two:
- The more prominent and the most well-known Directly functional art
classification of Art. Indirectly functional art
- These are the arts that meet the eye and
evoke an emotion through an expression of 1. Directly Functional art
skill and imagination. - refers to art that we use in our everyday lives
- This includes: drawing, painting, sculpture, - art that we use on a daily basis and they serve a
printmaking, design, ceramics, crafts, tangible function in our lives
photography, and videography. ❖ Examples:
o Clothes, structures, money, and furniture
The Las Damas
Romanas by 2. Indirectly Functional art
Juan Luna is a - is art that we use for expression.
primary - art that is perceived through our senses
example of - They are not necessary in everyday living but
Philippine they accompany us in expressing ourselves.
Visual Art. ❖ Examples:
o paintings, theatre, and literature.

2. Performing Arts
- refers to a form of art where the artists use
their body, voices, or even inanimate
objects to convey artistic expression.
- Unlike visual arts that are static, this form of Perseus with the Head of
art may include movement and sound. Medusa (1545-1554) by
- This form of art includes: singing, dance, Benvenuto Cellini
Declaiming, Acting, Film, Instruments,
Theatre, Opera, Spoken Poetry, Television,
and Orchestra.

|
Both directly functional and indirectly functional arts
tend to cross each other's path and change roles or
even fuse purposes.
Some directly functional art have incorporated
highly artistic design which made them transcend to Burj Al Arab Jumeirah
a higher form of art. (1999) by Tom Wright

Flatiron Building (1902)

located in Manhattan,
New York
▪ because of its
unique design it is 3. Social function
known as one of the - when art connects people; it bridges
world's most iconic connection among people
skyscrapers and has - Art encourages unity and good relationships
become a symbol of among people.
New York. Because of the communal nature of art,
people can better understand each
other, live harmoniously, and somehow
ARTISTIC FUNCTIONS OF ART can create a better society.
- Art is relevant to us because it serves basic
human needs. 4. Cultural function
- Art has different functions that make our lives - Art reflects the skills, knowledge, attitudes,
easier and better: customs, and traditions of different groups of
Aesthetic people.
Utilitarian - Art preserves, shares, and transmits culture of
people from different parts of the world,
Social
different age, and even different generations.
Cultural
PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES
Because of the significance of Art in humans,
Philosophers also weighed in on its importance and
Taj Mahal (1632-1643) significance.
by Ustad Ahmad
Lahauri 1. Plato – according to his Theory of Mimesis, Art is
mimetic in nature.
This means that art is an imitation of life
- Plato believed that idea is the ultimate reality
1. Aesthetic function and art imitates idea, therefore, Art is an
- Art is an instrument for us to recognize and imitation of reality.
appreciate the beauty of nature.
- Where the real feelings of joy and appreciation 2. Aristotle – says that all the arts have their own
to nature's beauty are manifested through techniques and rational principles, and it is through
appreciation and enjoyment when we are in the mastery of these that the artist brings his
contact with an artwork. conceptions to life.
- In his Theory of Representation, he agrees that
arts do copy nature however, its strength is its
The Birth of representation, they are fuller and more
Venus (1485- meaningful than nature.
1486) by - According to Aristotle, we do not need to insist
Sandro on some moral purpose for art, it is free to
Botticelli represent all manner of things present, past,
imagined, or institutionally-required.

3. Immanuel Kant – in his L'Art pour L'Art (Art for Art's

2. Utilitarian function
- when art gives us comfort, convenience, and
happiness to human beings
- It can satisfy some of our basic needs such as
clothing, food, shelter, and other important
things that make our lives easier and happier.
sake) implies that Art's purpose is to be
"purposeless".
- It does not need any justification to exist and be
valued other than the fact it is simply art.
- Our experience in art is wholly commanded by
aesthetic pleasure and delight, and is separate
to the rest of the world.
- Art should avoid social, political, and moral
themes and concentrate on creating beauty.

4. Art as a Form of Escapism – the sacred level of art

not only transforms something into art, but also
transforms the artist at the very core of his being.
|
 - The process and context of creating art is more
important than the product.
It is the journey, it is an escape from the
chaos of uncertainty within us, and it helps
us focus, and reminds us to take magical
depths of deep breaths.
“The ceremony of art touches the deepest realms of the
psyche and the sacred dimension of the artistic creative
process. The sacred level of art not only transforms
something into art, but also transforms the artist at the
very core of his or her being. This way of doing and
relating to art makes the process and context of
artmaking infinitely more important than the product.”
It’s an escape from the hustle and bustle of a long active
day of work and meetings. It’s an escape from the chaos
that our uncertain thoughts cause within us. It’s an
escape from our unrelenting running footsteps that we
focus on more intensely than reminding ourselves to
take magical depths of deep breaths.
shapes fulfill their aesthetic needs even without
representing images or telling a story.
- This is why most modern artworks are becoming
more difficult to comprehend
- An artist can draw a lot of kinds and sources of
subject in their artworks.
Some of these include: Nature, Animals, Still Life,
Cityscapes, Seascapes, Dreams or Fantasies,
Religion or Mythology, Portraits, Legends, and
History
On White II (1923) by Wassily
Kandinsky

THE SUBJECT
The world is so vast that we can draw inspiration from
anyone or anywhere. Every artist can say that the world
is their oyster, because they will never run out of subjects
for their creations. There are an unlimited number of
subjects that surround us. Every second, we see potential
concrete and abstract materials that can be utilized as
a subject.
Subject of art – refers to any person, object, scene, or
event depicted by an artist in his or her artwork.
KINDS AND SOURCES OF SUBJECT
1. Nature as a subject – deals with the physical
environment, our natural world.
- Landscapes are part of nature.
It includes mountains, hills, valleys,
plateaus. Landscapes can be natural or
artificial.

Irises (1889) by Vincent

Van Gogh

La Belle Ferronnière (1490-

1499) by Leonardo da Vinci

2. Dreams and Fantasies - refer to subjects that are

REPRESENTATIONAL VS NON-
REPRESENTATIONAL ARTWORK
An artwork can be representational or non-
representational.
1. Representational Art – an artwork where we can
easily objectify the
Paintings, sculptures, photography, graphic
arts, dance, theater, and literature are
generally classified as representational arts.
2. Non-Representational Art – is non-objective and it
does not represent anything.
Some paintings and sculptures do not have
definite subjects, more so with dance, theater,
and some forms of literature, which do not
depict clear subjects but have themes that
help the audience clarify their meaning and
intentions.
3.
A lot of modern painters have been using non-
representational subjects in their works.
- They have shifted their attention to the work of art
as an object itself, the combination of colors and
inspired by the subconscious mind.
- Surrealism – artworks that are inspired by
dreams and fantasies.
- Dreams and fantasies can be presented in any
style or form.
Some subjects are presented in a realistic
manner however the imagery is distorted,
and the setting becomes a dream world
- Art has been an effective tool in exploring our
imagination and helping us escape from reality
even for a moment.
On the Way to
Morning by Leonid
Afremov
Animals – another subject that is commonly used
in Art.
- Animals hold significant symbolisms in every
culture, and even in every religion.
- This subject is very significant to humans that is
why using it as a subject has been done even
in prehistoric times.
|
 7. Cityscapes – refers to anything that composes
the scene of a city, which may include
buildings, parks, or roads.
The Goldfinch (1654) by Carel - Usually these subjects are scenes from
Fabritius everyday life immortalized in artwork.

4. Religion and Mythology – are subjects that are
practiced by religious and tribal groups.
- Usually artists who use it as a subject are an
insider or a member of a religious group.
- It is used to represent someone's faith and belief
system.
- That is why this has been an important subject
especially during early artistic movements.
Religious and tribal symbols are usually sacred,
they can be utilized however they should not be
exaggerated or distorted for aesthetic purposes.
Paris Autumn
(1938) by Guy
Dessapt
8. History and Legends – are popular subjects of art.
- While many works may not be consciously
done, historical records and certain information
about history can be pieced from them.
- The costumes and accessories, the status
symbols, the kinds of dwellings or the means of
transportation. Along with history, legends have
also been used as sources for subjects of art for
hundreds of years, from the Ancient Greeks to
the various artists of today.
- These legends serve as a rich source of
inspiration.

The Calling of St.

Matthew (1599-1600)
by Caravaggio The Quarrel of
Oberon and Titania
(1849) by Sir Joseph
Noel Paton

5. Still life – refers to inanimate objects either in form or

drawing, painting or photograph.
- It allows us to look into the beauty of certain
objects and be able to play in its presentation. 9. Seascapes - is a form of landscape that deals with
- Still life artwork is one way of studying color, bodies of water.
composition, tones, and shadows. - include lakes, rivers, oceans, streams, and other
- The three-dimensional approach adheres order watercourses.
and balance.
- It is done usually indoors so light is controlled.
It shows the ability of an artist to play with
the characteristics of color such as Sunset at Yahatts
highlights, tones, shadow, and reflection. by Charlotte Light

Still Life with Apples and

Grapes (1880) by Claude
Monet

6. Portraits or Human Figures – a whole human or even

a part of a human figure can represent the self.
- In using this subject, the distance, angle, and
composure are considered.
- Portraits or Human figures have the same
intentions and that is to capture human
expression. T
- he human body is known to be the measure of
all things, it reflects proportion, balance,
coordination, order, and unity.

|
 ART APPRECIATION –
Pablo Picasso once said "Every child is an artist. The problem is
how to remain an artist once we grow up.”
Artist - an art practitioner such as a painter, sculptor,
choreographer, dancer, writer, poet, and musician.
- They produce or create Indirectly Functional Arts.
These forms of art provide aesthetic value and
stimulate our imagination and senses.
- Artists provide us with paintings, sculptures, dances,
music, literary pieces and so on, as means of provoking
our thoughts, ideas, and emotions that are necessary to
discover ourselves and our being.
- Maestro Ryan Cayabyab, National Artist Levi Celerio, Mr.
Bamboo Mañalac, and Mr. Christian Bautista, Ms.
Elizabeth Ramsey, and Mr. Champ Lui Pio were and are
just some of our revered and well-respected artists in the
Philippines.
Artisan – someone who produces or creates Directly-
Functional Arts such as an architect, carpenter, carver,
plumber, blacksmith, weaver, embroiderer, and seamstress or
tailor.
- Most of the time, these people are associated with the
artists.
- They create things that help us meet our basic needs
such as food, clothing, shelter, and everything else that
make our everyday lives a bit easier.
- Food today is now being regarded as art, because of the
sheer magnificence of a lot of dishes and how well they
are presented by the chefs and cooks who make them.
- World-famous designers such as Mr. Kermit Tesoro, Ms.
Monique Lhullier, Mr. Michael Cinco, Mr. Rajo Laurel, and
legendary Architect Tomas Mapua, and GAMABA
recipient Mr. Teofilo Garcia are just some of the Filipino
Artisans known for their craftsmanship.
Art's importance cannot be understated and it is through the Arts
that this world is made a whole lot better. It then follows that Artists
and Artisans are very important in society.
Being an Artist and an Artisan, both require skills and
competence.
We need them because they are a way for the preservation
of our culture's dynamism
their works are a way for our society's culture to be passed on
to the next generations.
Artists and artisans could be viewed as a civilization's
treasures for all of the work that they do to put that certain
civilization in the history books.
Artist
- According to Burton, artists touch the hearts and souls of the
people.
- What an artist does is take a piece of his or her mind, heart
and soul, and puts it in his or her work.
- Their outputs could be something that affects us in numerous
and immeasurable ways.
- The artists' works make us thrive
Artisans
- The artisans are needed for us to literally survive.
- Their works serve a utilitarian function that would enable us to
live in this world.
2
- The works of these people work hand in hand as the artisans'
works make us survive
We need the artists and artisans primarily because:
1. they are the ones that transcend the barriers of language.
2. They are the vehicles that we are using to express, sometimes
things that we cannot express ourselves.
3. They are responsible for unearthing the truth
a lot of times, their different works are able to wake us up
and become aware of the things that are happening all
around us.
4. They could be able to spark change among people.
5. With the work that they do, they serve the purpose of being
able to pass on history and traditions.
These things then continue on through the years and
may inspire people all over the world.
6. Through their works, they are able to create and actually
preserve records.
As what has been established, the earliest evidence of
mankind's existence, aside from bones, fossils, and
primitive tools, are the arts.
7. Through their works too, they are able to inspire a nation and
offer messages of hope.
8. The artists and artisans are also seen as ambassadors to the
natural world
their works can be an appropriation of nature or a way
for people to take notice of the grandeur of the natural
world.
9. Artists and artisans of the world are able to create that sense
of community among us all, no matter the race, religion, or
nationality.
Medium – is the Latin term itself, meaning a middle ground
- the language of art
- it is a way as to how artists and artisans are able to
communicate their ideas.
- It is the material or the instrument that they are utilizing.
- It could be a paintbrush, their body, their instrument, a
canvas, a building, a sculpture, a woven material or
anything, as long as it is their brainchild.
- It is basically the objectification of their ideas.
THRËË ÇLÅSSÏFÏÇÅTÏØÑS ØF MËDÏÜMS
1. Visual mediums - those that are seen and which occupy
space.
- From the word itself, these are the works that you are
able to see and have the sense of tangibility.
❖ Examples: buildings, baskets, clothes, paintings, and
drawings
Snippet of one of the most iconic Filipino paintings of all
time, Juan Luna's Spoliarium
o hung and displayed in the National Museum of Fine
Arts in Manila.
2. Auditory mediums - those that are heard and are
expressed in time
- They are intangible
- We use our ears for us to get to immerse in them.
❖ Example: Music is the pivotal example for the auditory
arts.
3. Combined mediums - combination of both the visual and
auditory mediums.
- They are those that are seen and heard at the same
time.
- These are also the mediums that occupy space and are
expressed in time.
|1
 ❖ Example: Performing arts are the best examples of this
medium.
❖ You see the performers and hear them. They are
occupying a certain space, which could be the
stage, and their performances can be measured in
time, or by the duration of their performances.
Technique - how the artist or artisan controls his or her
medium to achieve a desired effect or result.
- It could be in ways as simple as how the painter holds his
paintbrush, or how many adlibs the singer adds to a
song she is covering.
- Techniques vary a lot because of the different
experiences, age, schooling, influences, cultures, and
backgrounds of artists and artisans.
- Artists and artisans may vary with their results even if they
are utilizing the same mediums.
❖ Example: two makeup artists using the exact same
brand of cosmetics, and applying them to the
same model for a fashion show, would most likely
have different results. How the two makeup artists
imagined and understood the motif could create
the world of difference already.
❖ Musicians, especially the singers. Two singers
singing the same song will always produce different
results because of the vocal techniques that they
employ, their adlibs, their experiences, and so on.
But the thing is, they both used the same medium
of singing.
- Refers to the phases required to complete a certain
production, from the idea to the final master or final output.
- One of the best ways as to how we can explain the
production process is with the production of movies and
television shows.
- The production process will vary depending on the kind of
medium the artist or artisan is utilizing.
- In musicals, table reads are different
The Greatest Showman Trailer
- This table read was also one of the reasons why The
Greatest Showman was approved and green lit by the
producers.
- They are already singing, it is like a rehearsal
2. Production – also referred to as the point of no return, for
the reason that there is really no more turning back once you
get to this stage.
- It is assumed that you only reach this stage when you
already have the funds, the people, the tech, and the
locations.
- It would not be proper for any production team to just
go back from this stage.
- In movies and tv, this is the part where they actually
shoot.
They already have the cast and crew, the script and
so on. All that is needed is the footage.
- This is the stage where bloopers always happen.
- It's actually one of the best parts of the production
process because once the film is released, people won't
know what it took for it to be released.
Funniest bits during the production of the movie, Avengers
Infinity War.
3. Post-production stage – last major stage of production.
- It is during this part where editing, reshoots, plotting of
effects, lighting design, sound engineering, marketing,
documentation, copyrighting, and distribution are
done.
- This is where the business side of the arts industry comes
into play as marketing, copyrighting, and distribution
logistics are factors that could make or break a whole
project.
- For movies, one of the marketing strategies are the
release of posters and trailers.
Trailer for the movie, Wonder back in 2017.

1. Pre-production - refers to the tasks undertaken before

production begins.
- Exactly what is included in this stage depends on the
medium and situation.
- In Movies and tv, this stage is where they look for
producers, writers, directors, locations, and the cast.
- One of the things that is being done when everyone has
been cast is what we call a "table read."
Table read – is where all of the cast are together in
one room and they are doing a read through of the
whole script, but already in character.
- This way, the cast gets an idea of how the story
goes and how they could act their characters
out.
Aside from the mentioned artists and artisans, there are also other
people who saw different opportunities to thrive in the world of
art.
1. Curators – art historians who know a whole lot or who
research and write about a certain collection.
- role is to acquire, care for and develop a collection.
- Museums and galleries typically employ numbers of
Curators
2. Arts managers - those that are responsible for the day to
day operations of art departments in various companies all
over the world.

- Also, it is a way for writers and directors to see
whether or not the cast gels with each other, or
if there are things that could be edited with the
script before they even shoot.
3.
The cast of the TV show "Modern Family" as they are doing
their table read.
- One of the most usual jobs of art managers is to take
care of advertisements.
- Advertising the arts properly is pivotal for the profitability
of artworks.
In Japan, arts managers are really into advertising
various products, and if you have an idea or have
heard about Japanese commercials, you'd know
that they might seem a little bit odd and unique.
Art buyers - are the middle men
- those that work for art collectors
- they are responsible for looking all over the world for
artworks that could suit the tastes of the collectors that
they are working for.

|2
 - They do tedious works such as bidding for various
artworks and so on.
4. Art dealers - are those that buy and sell artworks.
- They could be considered as the middlemen between
the artists and the people or institutions looking to
acquire the artworks.
- They are able to assess the market value of work of arts
and anticipate market trends due to their extensive
knowledge of arts.
5. Art collectors - these people are the ones who collect art.
- Thanks to these individuals' fervent love for the arts, the
art industry lives on for our future generations to enjoy.

|3
 – 3
– It is the act of selecting, organizing, and
presenting objects for display
- It came from the Latin word " ", the past
participle of " " which means to take care of.
- This responsibility of taking care of artworks is the
primary responsibility of . exhibits and collections.
Curating is relatively new compared to the history of Art.
Before the 20th century, art organizations, art schools, or
artists were the ones primarily responsible in showcasing
their artworks.
It was only around the 20th century when the progressive
professionalization of curating was becoming more
evident.
◊ The reason for the existence of curatorship remains
undefined despite the various courses today
pertaining to curatorial studies.
The curator's role appears already built into preexisting art
professions, such as museum or art center director, art
dealer, or art critic.
The art of the late 19th and 20th centuries is deeply
intertwined with the history of its exhibitions.
◊ The majority of exhibitions were already organized by
art professionals rather than artists.
◊ During the course of the 20th century, "exhibitions
have become the medium through which most art
becomes known".
◊ Nowadays, the role of Curators in Museums and
Exhibitions is invaluable.
– are institutions that collect, preserve,
study, interpret, and display works of art for the benefit of
the public.
– are the ones responsible for curating the
works of art in museums.
- They have the primary responsibility for the
acquisition, care, display, and interpretation of works
of art.
- They are responsible for selecting, organizing, and
presenting art exhibitions to make people appreciate
art better.
- They negotiate and authorize the purchase, sale,
exchange, and loan of collections.
- They also may research, authenticate, evaluate, and
categorize the items in a collection.
- Curators often perform administrative tasks and help
manage their institution's research projects and
related educational programs.
- They may represent their institution in the media, at
public events, and at professional conferences.
- Primary goal of a curator: to "interpret the collection
in order to inform, educate, and inspire the public"
According to the
, there are several areas that curators have an
impact on:
Curators ensure that works of art are properly
conserved, stored, and exhibited.
◊ Without curators, these works of art may not be
appreciated by the public of this generation or
even the next.
Curators play a critical role in engaging the public
with art through the installation and interpretation of
the permanent collection, special exhibitions, and
publications, and often have direct contact with the
public through tours, lectures, and other
programming.
Curators play a vital role in the museum's operations.
They are important in determining the curatorial
effectiveness of the museum and its staff.
They are the ones responsible for developing museum
They are involved in the acquisition and
management of artworks and have close relations
with art patrons and the public.
Curators represent the museum's mission which is to
house, preserve, and display objects of cultural,
artistic, historical, or scientific significance
The job of a curator is not easy, proper training and
education are necessary in order to be one.
◊ A degree in art, history, or related field of social
sciences such as and
is needed.
◊ There are only a handful of schools that offer courses
in curatorship and museum management in the
country.
◊ Postgraduate studies related to
and are also
often needed to be a professional curator.
However, all of us can be curators in our own right.
◊ Most of us have collections of our own, and we must
be responsible for properly selecting, organizing, and
presenting them.
◊ Today, everything can be curated and everyone can
be a curator; from food, photos, fashion, and even
music.
◊ The discipline and dedication in relation to
curatorship are what we must apply and appreciate
every day.
Today, the role of the curator continues to expand.
It is not just about being an expert, taking care of
collections, and making exhibitions but it is also
increasingly about improving accessibility and
creating new narratives in both the physical and
virtual world.
Curators take care of artworks and also put them in a
larger intellectual, historical, or social context.
They provide information, connections, and even
contrasts to understand what makes art relevant
today.
According to , there are
three trends that define curating today:
– in the sense that
they are constantly looking for new ways to experience
art and create different meanings
– is emerging between
big institutions and smaller ones.
- Big exhibitions require a significant amount of funds
and sponsorships, while smaller institutions are taking
new approaches in exhibitions, often partnering with
schools and interest groups.
– in the art context, biennial has come to mean a large
international exhibition held every two years.
- Larger or more established artists featured at biennials
can dominate, while smaller and quieter projects
tend to be overlooked.
One of the major responsibilities of a Curator is organizing an
exhibition.
|1
It may sound simple but it is a very huge undertaking, with Curators are also responsible for noting the details
a lot of hard work and some risk involved. of all the business transactions that may have
Putting up an exhibition is like creating a work of art happened for the exhibition.
wherein the Curator is the artist that conceptualizes,
executes, and manages their materials in order to convey When an exhibit is done, artworks are taken down
a vision. and returned to the artists promptly.
Careful planning is very important in order to set up your The whole exhibit is evaluated whether it was a
own exhibition. success or failure, then problems are determined so
that they can be prevented in the future.
Everything starts with an idea.
The idea for an exhibition usually comes from the A exists in service of society and its development.
examination of artistic practice.
An primarily exists for the audience's benefit.
An exhibition may come from a particular artist's
work, a certain trend in art, or a growing interest in a The success of an exhibit is therefore determined by
social issue that is reflected in the work of artists. how its audience patronizes it.
Proper research and consultation with peers, artists, or Creating a positive experience for visitors, one that
colleagues are needed. will make them want to return time and time again
involves many considerations.
Once the concept for the exhibit has been
determined, curators determine the exhibit's viability. Curators recognize that people learn in a variety of
ways.
A curator has to conceptualize the exhibition by
◊ They're reinterpreting their collections and
thinking of the idea and the overall theme for the
planning new exhibitions and programs to offer
exhibition.
a more meaningful experience for traditional
visitors and new audiences alike.
Once the idea for the exhibit has been determined it
is time to look for the artists or artworks that will be
presented in the exhibit. – a long-time professional analyst of museum visitors
and museum experience
Curators make sure that the collections presented
are available and ample enough to mount a proper - There are five identity types of museum visitors:
exhibit.
A curator also plans the availability of the space that - a typical museum visitor who likes to
is going to be used for the exhibit. experience something new
Some considerations for the exhibit space - a tourist who wants to see an iconic
include location, size, lighting, equipment, and item or place
staff. - is there for the benefit of another person's
Budget, date, and schedule should also be experience
considered during the planning stage. ❖ Like teachers to their students or a mother and her
Curators usually build a scale model on an child.
exhibit prior to mounting in order to help them - someone who has great knowledge of
visualize the exhibit's layout. a topic and wants to see what the museum has or
knows or if the museum would like to learn from him or
her
Setting up the space is the next step in putting up an - someone seeking a place of beauty or
exhibit.
inspiration to affect their personal life
Curators determine where to optimally organize and
place artworks for the audience to better appreciate
them.
Site installation is a key task when curating an art
show.
A curator's team needs to do the on-site
installation which may include the construction
and painting of walls, the setting up of lighting
and other technical equipment.
Usually, curators take the audience on a journey
throughout their exhibit in order for the patrons to
understand and appreciate the overall theme of the
exhibition.

An exhibition's opening day is one of the most

anticipated dates in an exhibition's run.
A program and refreshments are usually served
during the opening day.
Different activities are done during the opening day
to attract audiences to the exhibit.
Curators will need to create an exciting buzz, so that
people will keep coming back to the exhibition.

Proper documentation is important in an exhibit.

Guests are listed, photos are taken, and for
some exhibits, sales are accounted for.
This is also where the business side comes into play.

|2
 – 4
A well-planned work of art is achieved by employing three
important components:
These three elements are interwoven to create order.
When we try looking at paintings or images, we pay
attention to visual order.
Our eye and our mind try to explore and understand
the organization of visual variations by way of
incorporating visual pieces into a unified whole.
The artist, executes the appropriate technique of his
medium as he or she arranges the elements necessary for
his artwork.
Knowing these various elements will make the artists
be better at his craft, and the viewers have a deeper
appreciation of the artwork.
refers to what is being depicted and might be
helpful in deriving a basic meaning.
- It could be seen as the story the work of art is telling.
" " by
- it depicts a scene in which humans portray literal
illustrations of Dutch proverbs and idioms.
- It may seem like an ordinary "slice of life" painting,
however knowing its content more closely, it is
actually a depiction of madness in society.
This is why knowing content in a work of art is essential to
be able to understand and appreciate works of art better
The artist employs various visual qualities in creating a
work of art.
The language of art has its own special vocabulary.
Visual vocabulary is made up of the " ",
namely: , , , , , and . emotions.
Collectively with the principle of design, these will be used
to plan and analyze works of art for better understanding
and appreciation.
– is the fundamental form of visual communication.
- They are essential in the world of art.
- The very first effort at making art may have involved
lines.
- Line is the element of art that is a continuous mark
made on some surface by a moving point.
- As a graphic tool, a line is invented to act
symbolically in artistic and literary expression.
- A line is employed on an objective and subjective
level.
– a line is used to illustrate simple
measurements and surface characteristics
– lines are translated to suggest
varied emotional conditions and reactions.
- An important physical property of lines is direction.
In viewing a picture, our eye movement is
controlled significantly by a large measure of line
directions.
– run parallel to the ground and suggest
peacefulness or calm.
- Serenity, infinity, and perfect stability are generally
suggested by horizontal lines.
" "
– are lines that run up and down and
suggest strength and dignity.
- It also represents aspiration, poise, and potential
movement.
shows how lines can depict
strength.
– are lines that suggest tension.
We can see a lot of tension and
movement in
– suggest a flowing movement.
Even with a stationary subject, we
can sense a flowing movement in
– these are lines that suggest confusion or
action.
- We can see how this image looks alive and in motion.
– is the element that we are most sensitive with, it
arouses our most universal appreciation in art.
- It is the most expressive element because its physical
quality directly and immediately affects human
- It is an element of art that is derived from reflected
light and has three distinct properties:
or the – it is an attribute
of a color that permits it to be classed as
primary, secondary, intermediate, etc..
Primary colors: Red, Yellow, and Blue
Secondary colors: Orange, Green and Violet;
Tertiary or intermediate colors: Red-Orange,
Yellow-Orange, Yellow-Green, Blue-Green,
Blue-Violet, and Red-Violet.
– refers to the lightness or darkness of a
hue.
– refers to the brightness or dullness of
a hue.
- When a hue is strong and bright, it is said to
be high in intensity.
- The presence of colors is dependent on the light of its
sources.
- There are various schemes in which properties of
color are used in artworks:
– this color scheme uses
different values of a single hue
|1

which is
dominantly blue.
– this color scheme uses colors that
are placed side by side on the color wheel and
share a hue
uses colors that are
placed in the yellow quadrant of
the color Wheel.
– this color scheme reminds us of the Sun
and warmth.
- Warm colors are in hues of red, orange,
and yellow and possessing longer light
wavelengths.
– this color schemes bring to mind things
that are cool such as grass or water.
- Cool color schemes contain blue, green,
and violet hues.
– It refers to an area that is clearly set off by one or
more of the other elements
- Shapes are limited to two dimensions, namely height
and width.
- Squares, circles, and triangles are some of the many
examples of two-dimensional surfaces that determine
shape.
- Shapes are described according to its fundamental
sources
– are shapes that look as
though they were made with a ruler or drawing
tool.
- They are identified by any precise or regular
shape.
- There are five basic geometric shapes:
Square, circle, triangle, rectangle, and
oval.
– are shapes that
are in constant transformation or in a seeming
motion.
- They are shapes that are not regular or
even.
- Their outlines may be curved, angular, or a
combination of both.
– refers to objects with three dimensions.
- Like shapes, forms have height and width and can be
either geometric or organic.
- Unlike shapes, forms have a third-dimension depth.
is very iconic for its
distinct form, it is one of the
most recognizable buildings of
the 20th century. The form of
the Sydney Opera House was
inspired by nature.
– refers to the real or implied distance between,
around, above, below, and within objects.
– in both two or three-dimensional
works of art, the shapes and forms or the focus of the
artwork
– the empty area around and
between these shapes and forms
– refers to the way things feel or look as though
they might feel, if touched.
❖ Example: an object might feel smooth, rough, soft, or
grainy.
❖ Imagine the bark of the tree and its very rough
texture, or the smoothness of polished marble of
famous statues.
The imagination and creativity of artists is not limited to their
medium.
A work of art can be seen in various forms.
❖ Example: how a poem can turn into a song, how a song
can turn into a painting, or how a painting can turn into a
dance. This is what we call transcreation.
- is a special type of translation that preserves
the message from one language and transfers it into another
language, either through written content, visual design, etc.
The by was a
New York Times bestseller. Then a few years later it was
made into a Hollywood blockbuster movie.
The iconic album " " of the band
was made into a groundbreaking Broadway Musical.
◊ A story was written following the flow of the songs
from the album and it featured their songs from the
album, done theatrically.
◊ Some examples were the songs
and .
Philippines: ’" "
became the title of an original Filipino musical.
◊ The show featured lots of the iconic Eraserheads
songs.
A song by the legendary British Rock Band, "
" was immortalized by Tommy Steele's
sculpture.
◊ This is one of the rare and unique
forms of transcreation wherein a
song was transcreated into a
sculpture.
◊ In the inscription on the
golden plate behind the
sculpture, Tommy Steele says that
the sculpture is "dedicated to all the lonely people," a
|2
 reference to the lines that were repeated a couple of
times in the song.
One of the most common forms of transcreation is song to
dance
◊ " " was interpreted as a dance.
◊ This is a performance from the show "
,” done by and
, and the child singing is .
The language of art has rules called Art Principles
NOTE: these are not absolute laws that govern a single
interpretation or application in a work of art.
– are means in the course of looking and
appreciating the work of art.
- The design concept roots from ,
whose artistic investigations and teachings identify the
principles of design.
- These principles include:
and
- They are guides for organizing visual qualities and
understanding how an artwork is planned.
– it is the principle of art concerned with
arranging art elements in an artwork so no one part of that
work overpowers, or seems heavier than any other part.
- Balance can be categorized into three: Formal,
Informal, and Radial.
– two
equal parts of the pictorial place of an artwork or
image stand like mirror images of each other.
Take a look at this
magnificent photograph of
the Eiffel Tower, dividing it into
two equal parts vertically, we
can see that the two halves
will closely resemble each
other.
– other.
different elements in the artwork appear to have
equal weight.
Looking at this photo taken in
Amsterdam, we can see that
if you divide the photo into
two equal parts vertically, it
will still appear balanced
even though various
elements, such as houses, a
boat, and a ferry station are
present.
– works that have radial balance
have elements or objects positioned around a
central point or hub.
- Parts or patterns of the design seem to move
outward from the center. Just imagine a
dartboard.
Just like the photo of this small
bridge taken in Shilinxia,
China where the bridge
serves as the central hub and
all the other elements that
are placed around it seem to
highlight it.
– it is the principle of art concerned with
combining art elements with slight changes to increase
visual interest.
- The use of contrasting elements in achieving visual
interest, stimulating movement as often observed in life
is what is known as variety.
Like this photo taken in the garden of
the Palace Versailles in France, the
contrasting elements give a sense of
life and motion to the image.
– when visual elements are related and give
an artwork a pleasing appearance, there is harmony.
- It is a principle of art concerned with combining
similar art elements to create a pleasing appearance.
- It is achieved through repetition and gradual
changes.
Grand Canyon West, Arizona, USA
– when an artist manages the noticeable part
of the work, when it makes an object or an element of the
work stand out, that is called emphasis.
- It can be achieved in two methods: Dominance and
Focal point.
– is making one element of an artwork as
the strongest and most important part.
– can be achieved through isolation
- it is the process that makes the element of an
artwork stand out from the pictorial field.
- Can be achieved by employing size, position on
the pictorial field, contrast, or movement.
The Las Vegas sign is emphasized in
this photo because of its size, and its
position in the pictorial field.
– the principle of art concerned with the
relationship of certain elements to the whole and to each
- Often the proportion is identified as normal and
expected. Sometimes it is exaggerated and distorted.
- At times it can be idealized or faultless compared to
nature.
- The human body commonly becomes the gauge
when it comes to sensing proportion in visual art.
The Statue of Liberty is proportional
since it replicates the proportions of a
human body.
– refers to a two-dimensional decorative effect
achieved through the repetition of colors, lines, shapes
and/or texture.
The Colosseum in Rome is one of the
most iconic pieces of architecture in
the world, it is known for its massive
size and its distinct pattern of arches.
The exterior facade of the Colosseum
consists of four levels, with the bottom
three levels composed of 80 arches
each.
– is the principle of Art concerned with
creating the look and feeling of action to guide a viewer's
eye throughout a work of Art.
This photo of the Tower Bridge in London, England
shows us how when we view it, we tend to look up
towards the top of the bridge because of its design.
|3
 Another small factor about the photo
that you may notice is the boat on the
bottom corner of the photo. We all know
that the photo is not moving but it leads
us to think that the boat is about to pass
under the bridge.
– just like music, visual arts also manifest rhythm.
- It is the principle of art concerned with repeating an
element of Art to make a work seem active or suggest
vibration.
- Rhythm in visual arts can be classified into: one-beat,
alternating, progressive, and flowing.
– elements such as figures are
drawn from one another in similar sizes and shapes.
– two geometric shapes are
drawn in an alternating manner.
– the repeated element is
manifested in a consistent change.
– is observed as a composition of
elements in a graceful manner.
In this photo of the Niagara Falls, we see
some of the patterns in the waterfall itself
and it gives us that sense that there is
vibration that could be felt.
– is a very important principle of art.
- It is achieved when elements and principles in a
work of art are skillfully combined.
- When there is a sense or a feeling that everything fits
together, it is called unity.
Just look at how pleasing
both of these
photographs are. Various
elements and principles
were combined together
in both photos.
Knowing the different elements of design and being
familiar with the principles of art makes us understand and
appreciate works of art.
However, to have a complete understanding and total
appreciation of these works of art, we must also be
familiar with the story behind each one. This is what we
consider in humanities as Reading the Image.
There are several things that we need to consider when
we try reading an image:
– the title
of an artwork often speaks volumes about the subject,
story, idea, or message behind it.
- The date of production often tells us the history
behind an artwork, and we can place the artistic
movement which the artwork belongs to
- We can also determine the political, social, or even
the economic background of the artwork and the
artist himself.
– an artwork is a reflection of the
artist.
- Knowing the name can help us understand why, how,
where, and when was the artwork made.
– is also important to consider in
reading the image.
- Knowing the medium used by the artist can help us
understand his background and his strengths.
- Being familiar with the technique of the artist can help
us determine his influences and inclinations.
- We can also determine which artistic period the artist
belongs to or was inspired by just by knowing his or
her technique.
The use of vivid colors and distorted
image in tells us
that the artist is an
expressionist.
– the dimension of an artwork or the measure
of spatial extent in a particular direction, such as height,
width or breadth, or depth, of an artwork is another
important consideration in reading the image.
- Knowing the dimension can help us determine its
proportions, its scale, and even the hard work that
was put by the artist in creating the art piece.
– knowing the provenance of an artwork
can help us determine its origin or its history.
- For art collectors, knowing the provenance can help
determine the authenticity of an artwork.
According to acclaimed ,
there are four main planes of understanding when it comes to
Art criticism
– covers "the elements and the general
technical and physical aspects of the work with their
semantics, or the meaning-conveying potential".
- It is the study of signs, elements, technical, and
physical aspects of work.
- It seeks to answer:
When, What, How, Factual Descriptions, Basic
Analysis, Probable Symbolisms and Meanings,
and The Background.
- It includes:
the visual elements of the artwork and how they
were used
the choice of medium and technique of the artist
the format of the work
other physical properties or marks of the work.
The is a
painting completed in 1814 by the
Spanish painter .
(266 x 345 cm; Museo del Prado,
Madrid, Span)
- It is considered one of greatest
anti-war paintings of all time.
- The painting kept the memory of Spanish insurrection alive.
- Let's look at some of the physical aspects of the work:
The faceless soldiers depict that evil has no definite
face
The grief of those who suffered is clearly portrayed,
The "martyr figure" in the center gives an allusion of
Jesus Christ and if you noticed the "martyr" is wearing
a white top which could signify innocence. It uses the
contrast of darkness and light to convey hope amidst
the evil.
The light of the lamp on the painting highlights what
seems to be the victims for us to focus on them rather
than on the soldiers.
is
an oil painting on canvas by Dutch artist
(44.5 x 39
cm; Mauritshuis (Maurice House, The Hague,
Netherlands)
- It depicts an imaginary young woman in
an exotic dress wearing a very large
pearl earring.
Girl with a Pearl Earring represents a young woman in a
dark shallow space, an intimate setting that draws the
viewer's attention exclusively on her.
"The work attests to Vermeer's technical expertise and
interest in representing light.
The soft modeling of the subject's face reveals his mastery
of using light rather than line to create form, while the
|4
 reflection on her lips and on the earring show his concern Although it is not iconic as Pablo Picasso's earlier work
for representing the effect of light on different surfaces. " "Guernica", his painting " " is still
– is concerned with its particular aspects one of the most powerful anti-war pieces of modern art.
and features. It still remains one of Picasso's most important political
- In this plane, the subjects and objects of the painting works of art and is a testament to his quest for social
and their interrelationship with each other are involvement in art.
scrutinized in detail.
- How the subjects are chosen and the figure relates to Understanding content in art is very important in the study
the viewer is analyzed. of art appreciation.
It can guide the artist in developing his technique, but
by more importantly for us viewers to be able to better
(142 x 345 cm; Art Gallery understand and appreciate their work.
of Ontario, Toronto, Canada) depicts
the biblical story of the horrific
infanticide ordered by King Herod to
prevent the prophesied new King of
the Jews, which was Jesus Christ.
- There were two versions of this event that were painted by
Reubens
The first one was painted in 1611-1612.
In the first one we see the muscular soldiers slaying all
the innocent babies and the women grieving and
trying to save them.
The central figure is a woman who amidst the terror,
tries desperately to save an innocent child.
Through the different subjects and objects in the
painting "Reubens masterfully portrayed a wide range
of emotions: desperation, violence, grief, motherly love
and mercilessness."

by
(Alte Pinakothek, Munich,
Germany)

– the viewer draws out the dialogue

relationship between art and society resituating the work
in its context.
- This plane brings to fore the socio-political
implications of the work.
- It drags out the relationship between art and society.
- It makes art in-touch with reality.

by (Oil on
Plywood, 110 x 210 cm; Musée
Picasso, Paris, France) is seen as a
criticism of the American
intervention in the Korean War.
- This painting is said to draw from our earlier example, "The
Third of May" by de Goya, both of which depict the
horrors of war.
However, compared to Goya's work, the soldiers here
are depicted as armored and mindless
(OTOMUHTONS) automatons, holding disfigured
weapons, which may be taken as a criticism of the
idiocy of war.
How the women and children in the painting are in
the nude signifies the idea of vulnerability.
What this means in the bigger picture is how the
armored mindless automatons are exploiting the
helpless victims, the women and children, in their
most vulnerable states.
– to quote
Guillermo, "the axiological or evaluative plane has to do
with analyzing the values of work. After the understanding
of the work is the difficult task of evaluating it."
- Our valuation depends on how one views the work.
- It also lies on what value system one has.
Whether we like it or not, our subjective views will
dictate what this work tells us or what makes up
the values of this work.

|5

Michael Crichton once said, “if you don’t know history, then
you don t know anything.”
The thing with history is that it teaches us how to be better.
The importance of history cannot be understated and
learning about it will enable us to become the best of
what it means to be human.
It leads us to see and understand the truth about our
own existence and the existence of everything that is
there.
The pursuit of knowledge is something that we humans
do for us to evolve and be greater than we are today,
and history’s truths are truths that are of high degree.
Through history, we are able to view the wonders and
the vastness of the world in ways that we may not have
realized before.
The description, analysis, interpretation, and evaluation of art
from past to present.
Art has been with us and has helped us thrive throughout the
different millenia.
Art has already been there even before we have
discovered the existence of ancient written records.
Different artworks that were painted or drawn in caves are the
oldest known forms of human records.
Often involved through or . someone who does a crime to achieve fame or
We have also discovered numerous different prehistoric
artworks in the form of and .
There are in the artworks of the ancient
people and they are , ,
.
would always mean that the period occurred prior
to the existence of written records.
Divided into three main periods, which stretched from
around 30,000 to 2,000 years BCE
– old stone age
– transition period between the old
stone age and the new stone age
– new stone age
Majority of the discovered prehistoric cave arts can be found
in France and in the South American continent.
The are home to some of the
most prominent prehistoric cave arts ever found.
Some have even labeled it as the
– 5
- Some say that it was too good to be true
- there are also various theories as to how it was wiped off
from the face of the Earth without any evidence of it
remaining.
The most famed theory is that it was burned down.
– destroyed during various
earthquakes that have happened through time
– burned down
– destroyed during various earthquakes
that have happened through time
– destroyed during various
earthquakes that have happened through time
– burned down
- A bizarre thing happened with how the Temple of
Artemis burned down:
– an arsonist, also known as the man
who shall not be named
- Who intentionally burned down the Temple because
he said he wanted to be remembered as the one
who burned down the temple.
- A law was passed in Ancient Greece forbidding
anyone to mention his name, either verbally or in
writing, with the punishment of death to whoever
disobeys it.
- The irony though is that Herostratus name lived on
even in literature and is being used to refer to
notoriety.
, and

Some evidence of prehistoric cave arts were also found in

India, the Middle East, and Australia.
Aside from recurring themes, another thing that one may
observe when looking at cave paintings is the . Ancient Greek Architecture are the huge and prominent
They are usually in the hues of red, brown, yellow, and and .
black. Both the columns and beams are functional and decorative.
The reason for this is that the people It’s one of the main reasons why ancient Greek structures are
back then used natural sources such as very sturdy and many of them still exist until today.
ground-up earth minerals that were mixed
Three major designs to the ancient Greek columns:
with various textures and liquids such as
– the simplest
and .
Some even used that they may – a more decorative version of the
Hunting Scene – Cueva de las Manos, have gotten from burned firewood – most elaborately designed
Argentina Circa (13,500-9,500 BCE)
How did these various prehistoric cave paintings last until today? - Most decorative
Imagining the fact that they were carbon dated to have
existed around 30,000 years before the common era.
They are not exposed to the earthly elements because they
are inside caves. There is no exposure to rain and sunlight.
The and the of the
served as natural preservatives to these artworks

They are both the and the Greeks are also credited for the art of the theatre.
. – a priest in the land of Dionysus
– still existing until today
– most controversial
- he was able to create a proper structure of what is to be
known as the theatre.
- Historians still debate as to the legitimacy of its existence.
- He was the first director and the first ever actor.
|1
 - He acted by engaging with the audience and his They were more interested in the and as
responses would depend on how the people would compared to the humanities.
engage with him. They had their priorities set in the
- There were no scripts yet, it’s just Thespis improvising .
everything. They are the first to use in construction.
- A lot of people saw how there could be a potential art The is very famous for its ,
form to what he was doing and followed suit. which were used in many different structures such as the
– the followers of Thespis .
Today it refers to people of the theatre. ◊ Arches were also used as some sort of a
Aside from actors and directors, more and more people saw the because those that are victors in battles and wars are
potential of the art form and started writing scripted scenes for the given the privilege to pass through them to be
entertainment of the masses. celebrated.
– he is credited for adding another character (2nd ◊ They were also functional in the sense that they used them
actor) into the story so that it is not just one person on stage to build aqueduct systems allowing them to funnel fresh
interacting with the audience water into their cities.
Instead he made it in such a way that the actors are now – is arguably the city’s most
engaging with each other in their own fictional world. impressive monument.
He created 80 plays - This structure was able to seat over 50,000 spectators.
Famous for creating ◊ Philippines:
– added another character (3rd actor), making the The big dome or the – can only seat
stories more and more complex. up to 16,500 people in full capacity.
The addition of another character into the story adds – has a full capacity seating of
more dimension to it and increases the storytelling 55,000 and considered as bigger than the Roman
potential. Colosseum.
He is very well known in Literature and was credited to - This makes the Colosseum all the more impressive for it was
have written built around 70-80 years common era, compared to the
◊ It is a story about a man who is sexually attracted to huge arenas and coliseums of today.
his mother. - Why is the facade of the building seems broken or
◊ – one of the most prominent chipped?
Psychoanalysts in the field of psychology ◊ The reason for this is that the royal families in the 16th
- Named one of his theories and 17th centuries used stones from the Colosseum
to build their palaces.
to refer to that stage in a boy’s psychosexual
development, where he is unconsciously being - This Roman structure remains very famous for the locals
attached to his mother. and tourists alike until today.
– another playwright to have emerged during that Another contrast that may be seen between the Romans and
time the Greeks is how realistically the Romans portrayed their
sculptures and statues.
- Who is famous for introducing the Greek gods and
◊ The most famous sculptures from the classical period
goddesses in a more unconventional view, seeing it as
already displayed sheer attention to detail.
though they are human like us and will have emotions
and human frailties.
- This is also actually being referenced in modern popular
culture, the way that gods are seen as people too. Roman Gentleman (Marble
- One of the most famous in this theme is the novel Sculpture)
.
- Youngest among the three Greek tragedians
– is also one of the ancient Greek playwrights.
- He is the one who have introduced the idea of in They also introduced
the theatre ◊ A mosaic is a piece of art or image made from the
assembling of small pieces of or
-
other materials known as
- His idea was that the theatre can also be used to tell ◊ During the classical period, mosaics were often seen in
stories that are not just purely tragic or have sad endings. structures such as those of the famous people.
- He wins frequently the first prize in the Lenaea ◊ They were used as a status symbol and indicated that
the structure is something important or that the
homeowner is wealthy.
It is basically a that is on an
because this way gives an opportunity for those that are in
the backseats to also see what is happening on stage, Prometheus Giving Fire to
compared to if the seats were all at the same level. Man (Mosaic)
Aside from that, this way of seating also provides for
because the sound waves are traveling straight,
without any reverberations.

– was built around 340 BCE is a perfect Happened due to in the government,
example of the raked seating system. and on too much ,
This was also built on a mountain to in the military leading to a very volatile
provide for the upward sloping seating economy and numerous invasions.
arrangement and great acoustics. The political and economic instability that was happening in
the empire was exploited by the and the ,
, , and .
The were a more practical group of people compared to made sure that was stable
their Greek counterparts. and well-guarded and the Romans tried but were futile in
their attempt to work hand in hand with the Easterners.

|2
 This made the weaker and more
vulnerable than they already are to the point that
no Roman has ever ruled again in the land.
Various raiders pillaged through the Roman city,
burning and killing everything on their way until such
time that it was too much to bear.
The empire that has so long reigned in the European
lands has come to fall.
The , a land that has so long served
symbolic values was overwhelmed and fell into the
ashes.
Events that have unfolded resulted into the transition to this
age
It was an age of and
. – are usually churches with a
Due to the pillaging of Rome and the extreme conservatism,
not many records have survived from the time.
Though the Roman culture basically died with
their own people, one thing was still able to
survive and thrive through the Medieval Ages:
Christian themes lived on even in the Arts of the
Medieval ages.
It was the only theme that was prominent in the
Coptic Icon of Jesus and an Abbot
time.
The Arts of this time is that they are not that aesthetically
pleasing due to them being flat, disproportionate, and
showing little to no perspective.
The death of culture and the Arts during that time may have
led to people not showing due diligence in their crafts.
For them, it was more than realistic anyway.
– are the records that have survived for the
most part.
- The arts during this time flourished in , (now
) to in . colored glass pieces, held in place with
- As consistent with the times, the Byzantine arts
focused and revolved solely on the idea of
(religious elements)
-
It was very conservative and surviving records
only showed that (conservative take for religious
and cultural reasons)
Christ Pantocrator (Mosaic) – he burned lots of theaters,
records, and numerous other buildings.
◊ He saw theater as something diabolic because it did not speak
much of God.
◊ ” Everything that did not praise God, belonged to the devil”
◊ The Byzantine Empire experienced the first artistic and literary
flowering of its own independent culture.
(pronounced as AYA SOFIYA) – the most
impressive structure that was built under the
guidance of Justinian.
- Hagia Sophia literally translated to Holy
Wisdom.
- Built between the years 532-537
- the building is massive and tall because one of the things that
they believed in during this time was that the closer your
structure is to the sky, the closer you are to God.
– has given the world the as we
know today.
- These castles were fortified with thick, high,
and strong walls and towers
- Characterized as fort-like dwellings
- They have small windows because they were
built mainly to protect the royalties. There is a
Coca Castle (Coca, Spain) smaller chance of arrows and spears going
through if the windows are also very small.
- These are built for safety
– churches were also built in the
image of castles.
◊ These churches were often referred to as the
◊ Same with castles, these Romanesque
churches were also built massively and with solid
heavy walls, while also borrowing the Roman
Belfry and the Church of Sant arches from the Roman culture and many
Climent de Taull (Bohi Valley, sculptural decoration
Catalonia, Spain)
–lasted roughly from 1150 to 1500
CE.
- This period is also one of the most famous
periods during the Medieval times and is
referenced to quite a lot in modern popular
culture.
- This period contributed two important
Chartres Cathedral (France)
architectural features
brace or support placed on the side of the building.
◊ In Gothic cathedrals, the buttresses helped
support the weight of the roofing system which
is entirely made out of stone.
◊ This did not have lasting effects on the
architecture of cathedrals and churches due
Chartres Cathedral (France) to its sheer impracticality.
◊ Today, there are still quite a few flying buttresses
surviving, with the in Paris,
France being arguably the most famous.
– is still something that is prominent
until today.
◊ This was a gothic style that was used as a
solution to support tall buildings while also
being able to let in natural light from the sun.
Interior of Reims Cathedral
(France)
– another Gothic contribution to design is
the stained glass windows.
◊ Stained glasses are artistic arrangements of
lead strips.
◊ When hit by sunlight, it displays the imagery
vividly and also serves as dim and softly
tinted lighting for the inside of the structure.
Troyes Cathedral (France)
– are always attributed to the
Renaissance people but actually have its roots in the late
Medieval period.
◊ Although it can be said that the
Renaissance frescoes are top notch and
those from the Medieval ages cannot even
compare.
◊ As consistent as it is with most of the
Medieval Arts, Medieval frescoes are also
Church of England, Parish flat, disproportionate, and seem to show no
Church of St. Agatha perspective.
◊ A fresco is a painting created when pigment is
applied to a section of the wall, spread with fresh
plaster.
The Renaissance began after the Bubonic plague in the 14th and
15th centuries and was fueled by soldiers returning from the
Crusades.
There was a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman art.
Human beings were included in artwork.
Artwork was no longer just depictions in holy topics.
There was a new interest in and
.
– the plague that occurred
before the spark of Renaissance
- this was acquired primarily through spread by trading ships
because during this period, trading to other countries were
made possible due to the silk road that was established in
Eurasia
- COVID-19, it is highly contagious and highly deadly that you
may die overnight upon contracting the disease.
It is considered as a time of and with rebirth means a fresh
way to start rebuilding.
|3
 Hence, the and
mostly in Europe.
The focus of studies also veered away from Theology, which is
symbolic in nature, to , which is more emotion-filled.
– helped with the rebirth of
Europe.
It all started in Florence, Italy.
The House of Medici is a wealthy and a
highly regarded family, and because of
their patriotism to the arts and the artists, it
later spread out not only to Florence, but
also to the rest of Europe, that's why they
call as the Cultural Center of
Portrait of Cosimo II de' Medici with Wife Maria
Europe. Maddalena of Austria and their Son Ferdinando
The Renaissance did not only start after the Plague II de' Medici
it has actually coexisted with the late Medieval ages during the
13th century but the Renaissance did not really dominate until
the 15th century to the early 17th century.
In here there was an evolution from the strict, symbolic figures of
the Middle Ages, to the fluid emotion-filled figures that gave life to
Renaissance art
There were a lot of innovations in terms of creating paintings during the
Renaissance Period
– one of that is the utilization in this era.
- This illusion of space was invented by
Filippo Brunelleschi.
- The illusion of space and distance on a flat surface in the
illustrations was made possible by the use of a mathematical
system.
- Refers to the relative size of objects and how an object
appears smaller as it recedes into the distance.
- Three components to consider when making
perspective:
by
- Here you could see that the parallel
lines are existing on the pillars and
the horizontal lines are present on
every arch and the humans, leading
to the two men in the middle which
is the vanishing point.
– the method is the use of hue, value,
and intensity to show distant objects in landscape paintings.
- The farther the object is, the lesser clarity, and oftentimes
objects from the distance appear to have cooler tones.
- The painting of Da Vinci made use of light and dark values to
make it look three dimensional and lifelike.
◊ influenced , who was then
considered as one of the greatest artists in Italy.
- Refers to how the atmosphere affects how we see things.
– one of the most iconic artists in art history
- One of the iconic renaissance sculptors
- He gained a reputation for creating larger than-life- figures
by innovative techniques and extraordinary skills.
- His style allowed other sculptors like him to create figures that
occupy measurable space.
- He mostly uses and . the period in which the artistic aims and goals of the Renaissance
- His works were able to represent human anatomy accurately.
- Before his time, European sculptors only used flat
backgrounds to place their figures.
Donatello changed that by creating bronze . Overall, works from the High Renaissance display
◊ This statue is the first bronze male nude since antiquity
◊ The first free-standing-statue without any support.
◊ This was not the first time he sculpted David (this was
actually his third).
◊ He created bronze David when he was already an
established artist and at the same time, David was
commissioned by no other than (the
main culprit to the rebirth of arts in Florence and also a ruler
of Florence for quite some time) to be placed at the court
of his .
In the mid 15th century, the Renaissance movement had spread
throughout Europe. However, Italy was still at the heart of this cultural
rebirth and it continued to produce ingenious artists like
and
– is one of the champions when it comes to
perspectives.
- Her paintings:
shows an example of
viewing from below or
the worm's eye view
perspective.
Mantegna presented both a
harrowing study of a strongly
foreshortened cadaver and an
intensely poignant depiction of a
biblical tragedy.
This painting is one of many
examples of the artist's mastery of
perspective.
At first glance, the painting seems to be a strikingly
realistic study in foreshortening. However, careful
scrutiny reveals that Mantegna reduced the size of the
figure's feet, which would cover much of the body if
properly represented.
– he is considered to be an important
figure in Renaissance art and is believed to have absorbed the
method of oil painting from
- Achieving in the process a careful synthesis between the
Italian and Northern Renaissance styles.
linear - His portraits, in which the subjects are being
depicted in three quarter view are so perfect that
they actually give the illusion of life to the point that
they emit highly realistic expressions, and
consequently make a connection with the viewer
. that few artists before managed to achieve.
- Particularly careful of perspective, his painting is
characterized by strong colors and precision of
Portrait of a Man
architectural forms
– he is best known for his mythological
allegories: the and
- He was one of the privileged few to decorate the
in Rome in 1481
- At the height of his career, he was the most popular painter
in Florence.
- He had a sophisticated understanding of perspective
anatomy and humanism.
- His paintings the and are often
said to epitomize for modern viewers the spirit of the
Renaissance.
– is deemed as "High" because it is seen as
reached their greatest application.
High Renaissance art is characterized by references to classical art
and delicate application of developments from the Early
Renaissance (such as on-point perspective).
where all of the parts are subordinate to the cohesive
composition of the whole.
The essential feature of high renaissance art was its
Paintings invoked increasing dramatic force with human forms
becoming so life-like
Many consider 16th century high renaissance art to be largely
dominated by three individuals: and
|4
 – he was a famous artist
during the Renaissance period
He is known as a sculptor and his two greatest works are the
and . ◊
– is a special form of art in Renaissance because
at that time, multi-figured sculptures were rare and
Pieta has two figures in one sculpture.
- The scene of the Pieta shows the Virgin Mary
holding the dead body of Christ after his crucifixion,
death, and removal from the cross, but before he
was placed in the tomb.
- Today the Pieta is located at St. Peter's Basilica in
Rome, Italy.
–was created as a commissioned art intended,
once done, to be posted at the roof of the Cathedral,
- He created a 17 feet tall David.
- However, upon completion of the sculpture, it is
evident that it would be impossible to lift David to the
roof so they decided instead to just place him in a
public square, outside the Palazzo.
- Other artists who also created arts of David mostly
depicted him after the battle with Goliath (an example of that is
Donatello's David), but Michelangelo decided to depict David
minutes before the battle, with a sling on his left shoulder and a
look of determination on his face.
– a method of using hue, value,
and intensity to show distant objects in landscape painting
◊ To make it look three dimensional, objects farther back in
space overlap each other.
◊ They also appear bluer, lighter, and duller than the
objects close at hand
Things changed for Michelangelo the sculptor when he was
asked by to do fresco on the ceiling of the
Sistine chapel.
◊ He was actually vehemently saying no to Pope Julian's
request because he is not a painter and he has zero
experience in doing fresco, but the Pope insisted and he
couldn't resist, so for the next four years, he started to
paint the ceiling on his own.
◊ When he was 60 he was again asked to paint at the
Sistine Chapel and this time it is the altar wall.
◊ On that wall he painted the and that
particular work of his sparked controversy in those years.
◊ The humans depicted there are shamelessly nude, and
voiced out his concern but his
concern was dismissed
◊ As a revenge, Michelangelo painted , judge of the
underworld, resembling Cesena.
◊ It's an extremely unflattering portrait; Minos has the ears
of a donkey and a snake biting his genitals.
◊ Another critic of Michelangelo was and
he responded by painting St Bartholomew, portrayed as
a stern old man holding his own flayed skin, to a striking
resemblance to Aretino.
– he is an Italian painter, sculptor, draftsman,
architect, and engineer.
He creates his works based on his observations and he does
these by breaking down things to last pieces.
Everything is documented by taking down notes and
illustrations from his observations.
◊ He filled more than 4,000 pages of notebooks with
detailed diagrams and observations
It even reached a point where he dissected dead bodies just
to understand how our muscles work and other more.
He epitomized the renaissance humanistic ideal
One of his greatest works during his period is the portrait
of the wife of
◊ This painting has caught the attention of the many due to
Mona Lisa's enigmatic smile.
◊ Every time you look at her it seems slightly different.
◊ Unlike other portraits of the time, this is not just a flat,
surface depiction. It tries to depict the inner emotions.
◊ Because of this, critics cannot arrive with the same
conclusion.
◊ – the technique he used for this painting
- It is characterized by blurred lines, they are so blurred that you
can't distinguish the borders as if an illusion of borders or lines
actually exist.
◊ It is the painting with the highest insurance valuation in all of Art. It
was insured for US$IOO Million back in 1962. Today, its price inflated
amounting to around US$660 Million in 2019.
It is considered as the prototype of the Renaissance portrait
– he is a known master
painter and architect
He is best known for his
◊ It is truly classical that it served countless generations
as a standard of perfection
His work is admired for its clarity of form and ease of
composition and for its visual achievement of the
Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur.
He is also utilized round frames for paintings.
So, whenever you see a painting with round frames,
Madonna dell Granduca that's the influence of Raphael talking.
– she is best known for her
She was one of the first known female artists
and one of the first women artists to establish
an international reputation.
Typical to her work are the
and
Her paintings were said to be so lifelike that the
only thing lacking is speech.
The Chess Game
From Italy, the Renaissance spread outward to other European
countries.
However, it was different from the Italian Renaissance.
For them the Renaissance was more a refining of technique than a
rebirth.
– a new introduced medium which is the most important
contribution of the Northern Renaissance
- This is a mixture of pigment, linseed oil, and turpentine.
– he was an Early Netherlandish painter active in
.
He is one of the founders of
He is one of the most significant representatives of Early
Northern Renaissance art.
– are textures suggested by the way the
artist has painted certain objects to look rough, smooth, or soft
He is credited with originating a style of painting characterized
by minutely realistic depictions of surface effects and natural
light.
◊ This was made possible by using an ,
◊ An oil medium allowed the building up of paint in
translucent layers, or glazes.
◊ Every part of the painting was well thought out,
especially on the details.
◊ If you noticed, the round mirror holds the reflection of
the couple's back, not to mention the background as
well in the fish eye's view.
Arnolfini Portrait
The Protestant Reformation was the 16th-century religious,
political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered
Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that
would define the continent in the modern era.
It all started when created the which
contained all the propositions against the Catholic Church.
Before Martin Luther went against the Catholic Church, he was
actually a priest himself.
However, upon his service, he has seen a lot of anomalies
inside the church that he started doubting their credibility and
genuineness that he left the church and started speaking out
his thoughts.
This in return started the Protestant Reformation which led to
many people veering away from the Catholic church.
Many prominent Renaissance artists who were also followers of
Martin Luther also transitioned from depicting divine or holy
subjects and scenes to more neutral human imagery (portraits, still
life, and scenes from everyday life)
– an artist who also stirred far from theological
themes.
– He was a Dutch artist and art innovator
who is not only known for his dramatic use of in his
paintings, but is also credited to have introduced the art of
and .
|5
 His contributions to art came in during what historians call the
He was one of the artists who never went out of his own
country but is said to be highly influenced by past Italian
Masters and Netherlandish artists with the likes of
.
One of his most prolific life's works aside from his innovations
is a self-portrait he made himself throughout different stages
of his life.
◊ He has 12 surviving paintings of himself, from different
years of his life, with the last self portrait of himself as a
63-year-old man, which he painted in 1669, the year of
his death.
His paintings focus on emotionally-charged subjects and
made more exciting by the use of dramatic lighting
– his technique in painting
Even though the Renaissance generally flourished in the central
European regions, innovations of the time still crossed the English
Channel, to the shores of Great Britain.
There, what flourished more were the and
– various playwrights of the time were able to
establish certain forms of drama.
– he was revered as the greatest
playwright to have ever lived.
He is said to have written more than 38 plays, including
, – one of the most gifted painters of still life
and more.
As the renaissance began, they were able to establish the three
forms of drama:
– a form of play wherein a protagonist is not able to
achieve his or her main goal by the end of the story
– which are direct opposites of tragedies
- A type of play wherein the protagonists are able to
achieve their goals by the end of the story.
- Comedy in playwriting, does not necessarily mean that
the play would be funny.
– not so prominent anymore today
- This form of drama told the love stories of the simple
shepherds, and creatures such as nymphs, elves, satyrs,
and other mythological creatures.
– a group of intellectuals, musicians, poets,
and humanists who proposed a new form of art to be labeled
under the performing arts in the later periods of the renaissance
They saw Greek myths and tragedies and tried to recreate
them in a combined form of acting, dancing, and singing
◊ They recreated the Greek tragedies through the form of
a chorus and solo singing, dancing, and deriving plots
from mythology
– believed that the chants of the gods
were sung
– the new form of Art
– these artists were able to draw up this intricate
technique for singing
- a technique that is widely known by classical performers
until today.
As a mode of counter-reformation, the church tried to earn back the
allegiance of the people by commissioning different artists to produce
artworks which represented the Catholic ideals and renewal of religious
spirit.
– is a kind of art style which emphasizes
- Are usually made to depict different scenes that are found
from bible stories.
- It primarily became famous in Italy but was spread all
throughout Europe during the latter half of the Renaissance.
- it was also extended to the field of
Architecture and was seen as some sort of victory for the church
against the reformists.
- They adorned the facades of different structures with
sculptures of different divinities in a highly theatrical
fashion.
Best example of this is the
which houses the Pope and the College
of Cardinals
- The baroque architecture is the building style of the Baroque
era and it begun in the late 16th century in Italy
- It also took the Roman vocabulary of renaissance
architecture and used it in a new rhetorical and theatrical
fashion
- It is often expressing the triumph of the Catholic church
Artists started to challenge the norms of what could be considered
as the subject of an artwork.
Different artists went out of their studios to see the world.
– became a trend
With the attempt of trying to replicate their views as similarly as
possible, but with their own touch to the paintings.
– a concept wherein the artists had the
liberation to have selective likenesses to nature (The
appearance of being true or real) as opposed to their views.
- The artists felt free to modify, adjust, and rearrange what
lay before their eyes
- This is the aim of the paintings:
Windmill of Wijk Bij Duurstede by Jacob Van Ruisdael
One of the artists who expanded their views
on what can be deemed as a proper subject.
◊ It was a counter argument to the idea
that only important people or events
should be subjects as paintings.
He was a master of the still life paintings
Still Life with Silver Bowl,
Glasses, and Fruits
◊ That is, literally household objects,
mundane as they are, usually placed on
a table, with the lighting easily
modifiable to achieve a desired effect.
Kalf's masterful use of his tools transformed the simplicity of
everyday objects into masterpieces.
He was able to show
and in the best way possible.
It was evident by the latter part of the Renaissance that the
aristocrats were now using art as a form of lavishness and
embellished the facades of their different structures with different
grandiose forms of art.
Art became a literal status symbol
One of the prime examples of this is
the
The subjects were various royalties, in
poses that would somewhat suggest that they are being revered.
These artworks were paraded often and became the symbol
of power and fame in the time.
Different artistic aims and ideals were pursued in France in the
second half of the 17th century
The were enrolled, ordered, and paraded in the
service of autocracy
• To say that the Renaissance is colorful would be a criminal
understatement of all sorts.
• The Renaissance arts are still celebrated until today, and rightfully
so. It is a period in art history and in history in general where the
best and the brightest emerged, with innovations that were seen
to be ahead of their own time.
• The Renaissance epitomized the best of what the world of Art can
offer. The ideals that were born from this era by the numerous
virtuosos are nothing short of greatness.
There were a lot of major key events that caused significant changes in
the course of humanity and the arts during this period.
These were mostly that ignited a shift from the medieval
school of thought to the Age of Reason.
The best example is the French Revolution
|6
 due to this, (a philosopher like Denis) denounced
the arbitrary nature of justice.
Before the Enlightenment, there were countless wars and strife and it
– an art movement created during the Age of
almost brought Europe into a collapse
Enlightenment
Kings were dethroned, and beheaded, some were exiled and
This movement began when the
governments were unstable
demanded more youthful art to be
In this period, the people had enough of the unjustness of the
produced under his reign.
monarchs that they started to stand up and demand for a good
and orderly civilization Have characteristics such as heavy use of
ornament, curved lines and the use of a gold and
This then led to the during 1789 which followed
pastel-based palette.
to the execution of and with
Its forms are often
the use of a as they were found guilty of treason.
The themes are , even , rather than
– is also known as the “ "
political.
in France
The Swing by Jean- Themes relating to and
- it was created by out of Honore Fragonard
and typify Rococo painting.
compassion.
- He proposed that the French government should adopt a
-a painter who was the first to use Rococo style
"gentler" method of execution. - Watteau's paintings show a make-believe world filled with
- Guillotin argued that decapitation by a lightning-quick happy men and women.
machine would be more humane and egalitarian than - As these are the common themes in Rococo movement
sword and axe beheadings, which were often botched.
The following event then was the
– a new form of architecture was also
In simplest terms, it means "terror on the order of the day"
formed in this century
For the government to maintain stable ruling, they started
executing anyone whom they think is or might be a great It is an American form of Neo-Classicism or NeoPalladianism
threat to the cause. created by
◊ He was influenced by the classical style of
By the time Reign of Terror ended, the total number of people
that were executed was 17,000. who emphasized symmetry, proportion, and the
use of columns.
These events then led to giving the power to the people that
◊ Symmetry, proportion, and utilization of
was before held by the monarchs.
columns are quite evident in Jeffersonian
Europe then, adopted this worldview that must be in Buildings.
rule over Passion. ◊ In the Philippines, there are some Jeffersonian
– during the age of reason also evolved architecture present:
into something that favored a cohesive civilization as opposed to ◊
mere individual interest and the irrational.
The school of thoughts that were formed are based
completely on science and careful observations unlike from
the previous school of thought that solely relied on religion and
blind faith. For quite some time the age of enlightenment has helped people make
The rapidly growing scientific thought in the 1700s, the valuable decisions that improved their way of living.
Enlightenment emphasized a literature of restraint, order, and However, time passed and people started looking for
classicism. more as they feel that reasoning alone is not enough
◊ – in basic definition is the principles or style to weigh life choices and one of those is
embodied in the literature, art, or architecture of ancient
Greece and Rome. ◊
He asked "what does reason fail to address?"
– is the embodiment of the and that students are our emotions, and so
Enlightenment period in America was born.
◊ His method of clear, practical thinking and writing, not The literature of the late 1700s began to show both a
to mention his dedication to invention and contribution loosening of the order and restraint of the written form, and a
to the development of the US' independence from growing "sentimental" strain in writing.
Great Britain is enough to give him that title Poets began to explore a more sentimental side to life, addressing
such issues as death or lost love, emotions that the restraint of
– one of the famous individuals during the rational thought tends to avoid.
Enlightenment
He is one of the most influential intellectuals during this The explosion of a literary attitude and philosophy focusing upon
period. and seems like a logical act of rebellion against
He is a French philosopher, art critic, and writer, best the repressive dominance of logic and rationality.
known for serving as co-founder, chief editor, and – teamed together
contributor to the . and wrote a collection of poems in 1798, called as
– is considered to be the start of society's an experiment in a new, emotional, personal and visionary form of
de-christianization because it contains all the thoughts of expression.
individuals who advocate the alternative way of thinking tackled poetry about
beyond Christian's way of life.
tackled poetry about
The transition to the Age of Enlightenment from the Medieval period is
not as smooth as we think
During this period, executions for the fact that you go against the
church are still present.
–experienced execution.
REASON PASSION
He was tortured and beheaded before his body was
burnt on a pyre along with THOUGHT FEELING

nailed to his torso because he was RATIONALITY IRRATIONALITY

accused of blasphemy DECORUM EXPERIMENTATION

ORDER EXPRESSIVE
Although word of mouth said that the main reason as
to why he was executed was because he didn't salute NATURE AS ORDERED NATURE AS WILD
a Roman Catholic person. CIVILIZATION/SOCIETY THE INDIVIDUAL

|7
 SELF SELF AS CONCERNS ONE’S SELFHOOD – patented the ,a
OBJECTIVE SUBJECTIVE unique form of Daguerreotype
SCIENTIFIC ARTISTIC
- The first negative-positive process that made it
IMPERSONAL PERSONAL possible to multiply the same image, by means of
Enlightenment is quite "colder" compared to Romanticism. an intermediate negative on a solver chloride
However, they both have their positives and negatives. paper made translucid with wax

Some of the common characteristics of paintings in this Period are the Realism began as a rejection of the imagination and subjectivism
following: of Romanticism
A deepened appreciation of the as a It focused more on accurate observation of the ordinary world and
response and disdain to Industrial Revolution situations by painting explicit subject matters like and
A general exaltation of over reason and of the .
over intellect as a response to French Revolution in 1789 and All of the paintings during this period depicts what is happening in
Enlightenment period. reality, no more, no less.
Romanticism in its deepest sense, stood out as a means for artists Realist painters often depicted common laborers, and ordinary
to give in to their passions, to connect viscerally with their work, people in ordinary surroundings engaged in real activities as
and to have the right to, when it came to art criticism, refuse to subjects for their works.
justify their artistic choices via traditional defenses. – is known as the main proponent of Realism
– made a radical break from the 18th - his paintings challenged convention by depicting unidealized
century tradition of representing non-European people and , often on a grand scale traditionally
– French painter who shifted his emphasis reserved for paintings of religious or historical subjects.
from heroism to suffering and from victors to victims – an American painter whose works, particularly
– was born after the revolution those on are among
- His ambition was to paint large history pictures in the grand the most powerful and expressive of
manner, in the tradition of Michelangelo and Rubens the late 19th century American art
– was coined as the “ - Landscape painter
,” the champion of lines and the opponent of
The Gulf Stream
Delacroix
– is regarded as one of the
– the first photographic process
greatest painters of this time
- Was invented by
- He was also one of America’s finest
around 1824
realist painters
- He is a French inventor and during the
- He focused on his different interests, such
1813, (a planographic printing process that
as that's why most of his The Gross Clinic
makes use of the immiscibility of grease and water) became
paintings are like photos transferred to paintings
a fashionable hobby.
- He began to experiment with the then-novel printing
- His commitment to and that's why his subjects
are either scientists, artists, or athletes.
technique.
– a former student of Thomas Eakins
- He doesn't have the skill in drawing, and unable to obtain
proper lithographic stone locally, he sought a way to provide - He was an important African-American artist
images automatically and hence the birth of Heliography. because he's one of the few who manage to
make way during the period when African-
- The process of Heliography is through the utilization of Americans are oppressed and were not
, a naturally occurring asphalt, as a considered as human beings.
coating on glass or metal.
- He studied for a period in Paris
After a while it'll harden in proportion to its exposure to
light. When the plate was washed with oil of lavender, The Banjo Lesson - In 1894, one of his paintings was accepted by
only the hardened areas remained. The photo that you the Salon
see right now is the end product of Heliography. – was a native of
Pennsylvania
– was first mentioned in 5th Century BC by a
person named . - While studying at Paris, she met
the Impressionists and was greatly
- He noticed that an image from camera obscura is flipped influence by their style of painting
upside down and from left to right as a result of light's moving
in a straight line. - She slowly shifted to Post-
A Woman and a Girl Driving
Impressionism
- However, it was only during the 1Ith Century that it was
discovered that a can be used so the image from - She is a symbolism that females can do what males can
one side of a hole in the surface could be projected at the ❖ In her painting, the woman is
screen on the other. the one who's driving and the man is sitting at the back, a
statement for itself regarding the role of women in the
- Our work like Camera Obscura society.
(1787-1851) and
(1800-1877) publicly announced their It is an art style that attempts to capture the rapidly changing effects
independent inventions of photography. of sunlight on objects.
– developed a photographic process called developed
" " impressionism during the early 1860s.
◊ This process involves an image being exposed directly Instead of painting in a studio, the impressionists found that they
onto a mirror-polished surface of silver bearing a could capture the momentary and transient effects of sunlight by
coating of silver halide particles deposited by iodine working quickly, in front of their subjects, in the open air rather than
vapor. in a studio.
◊ In later developments bromine and chlorine vapors Impressionist artists do their paintings
were also used, resulting in shorter exposure times.
hence the quick short brush strokes, and
◊ The daguerreotype is a , but the
because it is quick, the end product is a
mirrored surface of the metal plate reflects the image
and for some it is too blurry to the
and makes it appear positive in the proper light.
point that they can't even make out the
◊ Daguerreotype is a
subjects already, another criticism is that it looks
like an unfinished painting.
Cliffs at Pourville by Claude Monet

|8
 Nevertheless, this movement still flourished and is still being ❖ It is important to the history of theatre as this one has
practiced today. established the musical's position in the theatre industry due to
its record-breaking success, where it ran 474 performances

Post-Impressionism became an even for

The emergence of a new art form called the
as it was not afraid to have unorthodox subjects.
helped increase the popularity of the performing arts.
Post-Impressionism was created out of the criticism of
Originating in the 1870s, poster art advertised many
Impressionism's "naturalization",
products and events, including theatre performances.
It focuses more on the themes of through the – an artist who became famous for
use of and his theatre posters
– a prominent Post-Impressionist
- The style of his artworks is known as
artist
which is the French for "New Art"
"Don't copy too much after nature. Art is an As Hamlet
abstraction: extract from nature while
dreaming before it and concentrate more
In the late 1880's various people began experimenting with
on creating than on the final result." photography, blending them together to give the illusion of a
Two Tahitian Women

– is one of the most famous and celebrated

But the technology and difficulty to capture that sort of video
artists in human history. made motion pictures rare.
In his paintings, he used – created the groundbreaking motion
to express photography
Behind his lively and vibrant paintings, lies - It was accomplished to help
his sad life.
answer the question, "When
◊ He was not appreciated during his a horse trots or gallops, does it ever
lifetime
become fully airborne?"
◊ Only one out of his many paintings was
sold, and that was - They tried to know the answer by using multiple cameras and
assembling the individual pictures into a single motion picture
◊ In other words, he's ahead of his time. He's also suffering
and they were successful.
from mental illness, from an observational standpoint, he is
showing symptoms similar to bipolar disorder. – a French inventor who directed

- It is the world's earliest surviving motion-

The Performing Arts were an important aspect of 19th century picture film, showing actual consecutive
society. action
At the theatre, audiences enjoyed and - It's a short film directed by Louis Le Prince.
and these have influenced art in the second half of the ◊ According to Le Prince's son, , it was filmed at
19th century. Oakwood Grange, the home of
Several artists including and , in Roundhay, Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire,
created artworks inspired by . United Kingdom on October 14, 1888.
One important artist - It features
focused more on the . At the Theatre by Pierre-
in the garden, walking around
Auguste Renoir and laughing.
The Dance Class
- It's just 2.11 seconds long, it is technically a movie.
◊ According to the Guinness Book of Records, it is the
oldest surviving film in existence.
The that we know now stems back around the 1800s
– filmed the
during the pre to the early Industrial Revolution, there were a lot of
a 50-second silent film showing
advancements in many different industries and City Life it became
the entry of a train pulled by a steam
more prevalent and grew exponentially.
locomotive into a train station of the French
coastal town of La Ciotat.
– one exceptional form of play that was formed
during the 19th century
- It's a single, unedited view illustrating an
aspect of everyday life, and the film
The play is quite dramatic where the plot is sensational and is consists of one continuous real-time shot.
designed to appeal strongly to the emotions, takes supersede
over detailed characterization.
- Silent films still have sounds but it's just background music with
no spoken dialogue.
It typically concentrates on , which is often
bombastic or excessively sentimental, rather than action.
❖ Example: by It is said that the 20th century was the most eventful period in the history
of art. What proves this is the numerous existing and surviving records
that we have today since it witnessed the birth and outgrowth of
abstraction
It was a period of artistic revolution wherein innumerable art
– another form of theatrical
movements and counter-movements came into play and went
performance that was created during this time. against the various radical changes across the globe.
Musicals began to emerge as modern Western theatre in the
19th century.
one of the numerous and the earliest of art movements that
They're commonly shows that integrate a story with music,
emerged during the dawn of the 20th century
range from and are presented in two
It was started when a certain art exhibition back in 1905
acts.
caused a big stir in the art world.
They differ from opera by being in the audience's native
What was exhibited were paintings with wild, or "loud" crude
language and generally incorporating acting, dancing and colors, with their subjects distorted.
singing equally.
There was one outraged art critic who wrote a review about
◊ In opera singing is the priority, operas
the exhibit who said that it's as if the artworks exhibited were
generally employ not actors.
made by , which is French for wild beasts.
❖ A musical that was created during the 19th
century was by The artists then adopted the name that was labeled to them
and named themselves the fauvists, with their art style called
fauvism.

|9
 – is a Spanish artist and is one of
Fauvism is characterized by with usually the most prolific and well-known artists of the 20th
century and beyond.
– as depicted in this painting of of - He, and his contemporary, Georges Braque, are
him, is the leader of the Fauves. the ones credited to have started this art
movement. The Reservoir, Horta de Ebro
- This painting is the perfect description of the
– is known as the co-founder of the
fauvism movement, a slightly distorted figure of
Matisse, with the wildest of color combinations, cubism movement along with Picasso.
colors that you would not usually see or use for
Portrait of Matisse by
- His most important contributions to the history was
paintings of human figures. Andre Derain he was also a forwarder of the fauvism
- It is said that Andre Derain was one of the most gifted among movement in the early 20th century
the fauves. - He was a major 20th century French painter,
- The and wanted to show feelings in their art collagist, draughtsman, printmaker, and sculptor Violin and Pitcher

Because of cubism's wide influence as an art movement, it did not

- was the oldest of the group, , and the only become limited to paintings, as derivatives in other art forms
only major artist among them such as and also emerged.
❖ Examples of Fauvism in action:
It even started off some subcultures such as the

Artists like a Lithuanian-born sculptor who

studied in Paris, explored cubism through
❖ Examples of Cubism:
by
by by

In the neighboring country of Germany, artists also had a certain

craving of also introducing a brand-new artistic movement.
These people were the . by
– as an art style wanted to represent or emphasize
by by
the darkest and innermost feelings and emotions of man.
- Like the fauvists, the works of the expressionists are also
characterized by having radically or highly distorted
The artistic state of minds such as the , considered as a form of
subjects, with usually darker color combinations, to evoke
moods or ideas. artistic revolution, also emerged during this time.
– is a negative state of mind rather than an artistic
- It is seen as a contrast to fauvism.
movement
– set her name as one of
the most important German expressionists of the time - It longed to repulse the various rules that bounded the art
world and views on what could be considered as art.
- Despite dying at the age of 31 from postpartum
embolism at such a young age. She is also - It was anarchic, nihilistic, and disruptive
recognized as the first female painter to paint - It mocked all established values, all traditional notions of
nude portraits of herself. Self Portrait at 6th Wedding good taste in art and literature
Anniversary
Examples of paintings that represent the expressionist
❖
ideal
- The term actually is derived from the baby talk of dada,
which in the English dictionary does not mean anything (a
nonsense baby talk)
The name itself is a testament as to how disruptive this
state of mind is.
– he created the
It is a urinal laid flat on its back, with the
by by inscription "R. Mutt 1917".
by
The original work is a standard urinal but is now
lost.
This is one of the examples of how animated the 20th century
arts were.
It had its roots in the dawn of the 20th century, through artist
❖ Other examples of Dadaism:

The story as to how the movement started is a little odd as he

was just returning to his studio after painting outdoors and he
saw an unfamiliar painting perched on his easel.
The different combinations of colors, shapes, and lines seemed to
dance and glow with the dim lighting in the by
by
studio. by

He then realized that this psychedelic work

was actually his own, and that he had just
placed one of his paintings carelessly and It is an art style that is said to probe into the subconscious mind
Color Study: Squares with
upside down on the easel. Concentric Circles (the world of dreams or ideas).
It is said that his psychedelic experience that day led to what is A movement that promulgated the unsaid thoughts, fantasies, and
now known as ideas.
❖ Examples of his paintings which highlights the concept of the These are the things that the majority may view as irrational.
non-representational art movement: Surrealism as an art movement supported the ideals of
romanticism
It proposes that the Age of Enlightenment had
suppressed the superior qualities of the
irrational, unconscious mind
by shows the
contrast between fantasy and reality.
– was one of the most prolific artists and forwarders
of the surrealist movement.
is an art movement which featured subjects that were broken ❖ These are his prominent paintings (the Persistence of Memory
down into smaller elements of different shapes then put together is his most iconic painting in the 20th Century)
to form a new relationship.

| 10

– an American architect, interior
designer, writer, and educator, who designed more than 1,000
structures, 532 of which were completed
- He pioneered the concept of Organic Architecture.
This concept talked about structures being in harmony with
humanity and its environment, an architectural concept that has
lived on until today.
– is regarded as the best all-time
work of American Architecture and also one of
the best architectural designs of all time.
a house which was built partly over a
waterfall.
This house is located in Southwestern
Pennsylvania.
It was also declared as a
1966.
The theatre in the 20th century also flourished.
It was also a way for the chaos and confusion of the world to be
reflected in the modern theatre.
The 20th century was a time of numerous wars and economic
downfalls.
The served to shine a light on the societal issues
that may be seen as miniscule, but represented the strife of the
common man.
The different in the art movements a while ago were also
applied in the theater.
◊ Some of them were and
is one of the most famous and the longest standing movements in
modern theatre history.
The characteristic that made people like it very much is its
, without any abstractions, wherein problems
of real life are represented in a realistic manner of a play.
The usual themes that you may see in these shows are
, and how the poor or the middle class
always rise up against the odds as protagonists.
– a Norwegian dramatist who is known for
pioneering themes of realism in the theatre
– a playwright known for exposing
somber themes of prostitution, slum life, and landlordism, in a very
light and comical manner
– a playwright who wrote about deep and
complex relationships among characters and their environment.
◊ – one of his concepts which is still used in
various forms of the performing arts from theater to movies
until today.
- It is simply a principle which states that every element in
a story must be necessary, and irrelevant elements
should be removed.
- Elements should not appear to make "false promises" by
never coming into play.
❖ Example: a gun is seen in the background of the play.
One way or another, this gun must be used somewhere
within the flow of the story, or else it would have been a
"false promise."
A derivative of realism, but is actually a heightened form of it.
These plays are not as famous anymore today because they
portrayed themes that were sordid and immoral
They usually invoked responses of discontent from audiences (you
come into the theatre happy and leave depressed)
Naturalism plays usually just have . During this era, too, hugely popular shows such as
If the play starts and the setting is in the kitchen, the whole
play will revolve around the kitchen as its set.
It is also referred to as " " because of the
hyperrealism present, to the point that even things as mundane as
a kitchen sink is present in the background.
Is a counter movement or a response to realism.
There are 4 prominent theatrical movements under this umbrella.
– which saw and being
portrayed
- It originated in Italy in 1909
- It talks about highly futuristic concepts such as machines
and war age
– it is some sort
of a state of mind.
- It is regarded as the theatre of the absurd as it was not
focused on storytelling and aesthetics, but mostly on
what could
- It is focused on making works that are often upended
bourgeois sensibilities and that generated difficult
questions about the society, the role of the artist, and the
purpose of art
– like the paintings, usually tried to
for emotional and dramatic effect.
– constructivists proposed to replace art's
in
traditional concern with composition with a focus on
.
- Constructivist stage sets usually had materials that
would emphasize construction scenes.
– an American entertainer known before WW1
who was known as
– an Irish-born composer and cellist who have
pioneered the distinctive musical styles that we know today.
– a partnership
which was able to write and produce some of the most famous
theatrical spectacles that we know today such as
and
During the mid-1900s, more and more differently styled musicals
emerged and have become very popular.
Some of them were the very famous Annie, where the song
originated,
and ,
Due to their theatrical fame, these shows were even adapted into
the big screens as movies.
Writers, composers, and musicians such as
rose to fame
during this time.
– a highly iconic movie which featured the partnership
of and
Olivia Newton John's version of the song from the show
Grease, Hopelessly Devoted to You.
Slide 35
The 1980s saw the theatre become more and more grandiose and
lavish. It was a time when big staged musicals which featured large
ensembles became more and more popular.
This was done by big names such as:
and his shows
and
- – a highly popular female powerhouse ballad that is
loved and attempted by many, but only few could pull
off properly.
– their
partnership was able to produce the highly popular shows
such as and
- Both shows featured dozens of Filipino talents all over the
years, with Ms. Lea Salonga even being the original Kim in
the show Miss Saigon.
The 90s, also known as the decade when owned broadway
with shows such as and
and weren't
overshadowed too much by the Disney shows.
| 11
 A huge number of songs make it to popular culture and in the pop – is an art made by
music charts, but not many people even know that they actually shaping the land itself or by making forms in the land
came from musicals. using natural materials like rocks or tree branches.
from the show is one of the examples - They range from subtle, temporary interventions
of these musical songs storming the pop music charts. in the landscape to significant, sculptural, lasting alterations
made with heavy earth-moving machinery.
– it is the art, application and practice
The 2000s paved the way for more musicals to break into pop culture.
of creating durable images by recording light, either
Broadway during this time actually saw a pop revolution wherein electronically by means of an image sensor, or
the genres of shows were becoming more and more diverse, with chemically by means of a light-sensitive material
the introduction of shows such as: such as photographic film.
– a show were got her start
- It is employed in many fields of science, manufacturing, and
– starred by business,
The ever iconic - its more direct uses for art, film and video production,
recreational purposes, hobby, and mass communication.
, the stage adaptation of the – it is a medium used to showcase the
movie , and the most popular musical from this era, stand on equality in terms of the roles of females and
. males in the society.

– is a female powerhouse - That what a man can do, the female can as well.
ballad that is loved and attempted by many but only a few
could actually pull off properly. – it is a form of visual
communication, usually illegal, involving the unauthorized marking
of public space by an individual or group.
During the 2010s, it was an out of this world decade for theatre as
musicals not only made it to the pop charts, but also broke several - It is said to be the most radical of the
records. contemporary art movements due to its
inherent illegality.
and are - are authorized and legal, while
just some of these groundbreaking and record breaking musicals are not.
of the decade.
- One of the most famous anonymous graffiti artists in the world
– whose writers were also the multi-platinum is Banksy.
writers of – it is a post-modern architectural movement or
by – the theatrical style influenced by deconstruction that encourages
and pop culture phenomenon radical freedom of form and the open manifestation
of complexity in a building rather than strict
attention to functional concerns and conventional
– it is an art based on modern popular design elements such as right angles or grids.
culture and the mass media, especially as a – it is an art made on, with, or consisting
critical or comment on traditional art values. of, the human body.
– is an artistic play on words. - The most common forms of body art are body
painting, tattoos, and body piercings.
- It usually is in the context of using texts as a – it is a contemporary movement in Chinese art,
graphic.
especially in the form of painting, that began in the
– is an art in 1990s.
which the concept or idea involved in the work
take precedence over traditional aesthetic,
- The major themes tend to focus on socio-
political issues and events since Revolutionary
technical, and material concerns.
China to the present.
– are art works created
– art at its very simplest, projection mapping is the
through actions performed by the artist or other
art of making multiple projectors work together on a surface to
participants, which may be live, recorded,
create amazing visual displays.
spontaneous or scripted.
- These are derivatives of conceptualism, and early dadaism.
- By playing video, animation or graphics
off of different shapes and textures, the
- The performance arts are way different from the performing practice creates a captivating
arts experience of light and movement over previously static
are singing, dancing, theatre, playing objects.
of musical instruments, and so on. – it is an artistic work or practice that uses digital
technology as part of the creative or presentation process.
are more focused on the concepts.
– it was an international, - Since the 1960s, various names have been used to describe
interdisciplinary community of artists, composers, the process, including and
designers and poets during the 1960s and 1970s
who engaged in experimental art performances
which emphasized the artistic process over the finished product.
- – one of the advocates of this art form, and the
wife of from the Beatles.
– is an artistic genre of three-
dimensional works that are often site-specific
and designed to transform the perception of a
space.
– is a contemporary form of art that
focuses on what is deemed important to the artist.
- It is an extreme form of abstract art
developed in the USA in the 1960s and
typified by artworks composed of simple
geometric shapes.
– is a genre of art that
encompasses painting, drawing and other
graphic media
- An artist studies a photograph and then
attempts to reproduce the image as realistically as possible
in another medium.

| 12