REVIEWER GEC 3104 PUURPOSIVE COMMUNICATOIN

Communication Simply the act of transferring information from one place, person
or group to another.

Linguistic Relating to language or linguistics.

Interference The action of interfering or the process of being interfered with.

Jargons Special words or expressions that are used by a particular

profession or group and are difficult for others to understand.

Ethics Moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the

conducting of an activity.

Globalization The word used to describe the growing interdependence of the

world's economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by
cross-border trade in goods and services, technology, and flows
of investment, people, and information.

Cultural relativism The idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be
understood based on that person's own culture, rather than be
judged 

Culture The customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a

particular nation, people, or other social group.

Biases Cause to feel or show inclination or prejudice for or against

someone or something.

Prejudices Preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual

experience.

Domains An area of territory owned or controlled by a ruler or

government.

Language variations The term linguistic variation (or simply variation) refers to

regional, social, or contextual differences in the ways that a
particular language is used

Colloquialisms A word or phrase that is not formal or literary, typically one used
in ordinary or familiar conversation.

Introspecting Examine one's own thoughts or feelings.

cultural diversity The existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a

society.

Preference A greater liking for one alternative over another or others.

Lesson 1. Communication Processes, Principles, and Ethics

Communication - is inevitable. Our need for self-expression leads us to communicate not only our thoughts
but also our feelings. Communication may be done verbally or non-verbally.
- It is understood as the process of meaning-making through a channel or a medium.
- It comes from the Latin communicares, meaning to share or to make ideas common
The Components of Communication Process - refers to the transmission or passage of information or
message from the sender through a selected channel to the receiver overcoming barriers that affect its pace.
- is a cyclic one as it begins with the sender and ends with the sender in the form of feedback. It takes

place upward, downward and laterally throughout the organization.

- as such must be a continuous and dynamic interaction, both affecting and being affected by many

variables.

- consists of certain steps where each step constitutes the essential of an effective communication.

Understanding the communication process may help you become a better communicator:
Source.

The sender carefully crafts the message. The sender may be anyone: and author of a book, a public speaker in a special
occasion or even a traffic enforcer.

 Message.

The message is the reason behind any interaction. It is the meaning shared between the sender and the receiver.
Message takes many forms. They could mean poems, songs, essays, news articles, road signs and even symbols.

 Channel.

The channel is the means by which a message is conveyed. When we answer a phone call, the phone is the channel.

 Receiver.

The receiver is the person who receives the transmitted message. The receiver may be a part of an audience in a public
speaking event, a reader of a letter or a driver who read road signs.

 Feedback

In any communication scenario, feedback is essential to confirm recipient understanding. Feedbacks, like messages, are
expressed in varied forms.

 Environment

The place, the feeling, the mood, the mindset and the condition of both sender and receive are called the environment.
  Context

Context involves the expectations of the sender and the receiver and the common or shared understanding through the
environmental signals.

 Interference

Interference is also known as barrier or block that prevents effective communication to take place.

Kinds of Interference

 Psychological barriers are thoughts that hamper the message to be interpreted correctly by the receiver.
 Physical barriers include competing stimulus, weather and climate, health and ignorance of the medium.
 Linguistic and cultural barriers pertain to the language and its cultural environment. Words may mean another
in different cultures.
 Mechanical barriers are those raised by the channels employed for interpersonal, group or mass
communication. These include cellphones, laptops and other gadgets used in communication.

The Nine Principles of Effective Communication

Michael Osborn (2009) claims that communication must meet certain standards for effective communication to take
place.

 Clarity

Clarity makes speeches understandable. Fuzzy language is absolutely forbidden, as are jargons, cliché expressions,
euphemisms, and doublespeak language.

 Concreteness

Concreteness reduces misunderstandings, messages must be supported by facts such as research data, statistics or
figures. To achieve concreteness, abstract words must be avoided.

 Courtesy

Courtesy builds goodwill. It involves being polite in terms of approach and manner of addressing an individual.

 Correctness

Glaring mistakes in grammar obscures the meaning of a sentence. Also, the misuse of language can damage your
credibility.

 Consideration

Messages must be geared towards the audience. The sender of a message must consider the recipient’s profession, level
of education, race, ethnicity, hobbies, interest, passions, advocacies and age when drafting or delivering a message.

 Creativity

Creativity in communication means having the ability to craft interesting messages in terms of sentence structure and
word choice.

 Conciseness

Simplicity and directness help you to be concise. Avoid using lengthy expressions and words that may confuse the
recipient.

 Cultural sensitivity

Today, with the increasing emphasis on empowering diverse cultures, lifestyles, and races and the pursuit for gender
equality, cultural sensitivity becomes an important standard for effective communication.

 Captivating

You must strive to make messages interesting to command more attention and better responses.
Ethical Considerations in Communications

Ethics is a branch of philosophy that focuses on issues of right and wrong in human affairs.

Ethical Communicators:

 Respect audience
 Consider the result of communication
 Value truth
 Use information correctly
 Do not falsify information

Lesson 2. Communication and Globalization

- Globalization is the communication and assimilation among individuals, ethnicities, races, institutions,
governments of various nations supported by technology and compelled by international trade.
- he more you become exposed to diversity- the valuing of the uniqueness or differences in gender preference,
color, age, religious affiliation, ethnicity, education, social and economic status and political beliefs.
- is not a new process or concept. Years before the advent of technology, people had been purchasing and selling
each other properties, goods and other objects of certain value.

Characteristics of Globalization

 Transparency and Limitless - There are the changes in all fields that can be happened rapidly and can cover all
nations around the world like covering a wide territory.
 Connectivity and Integration - This characteristic is marked by each region or country has been connected with
the world by way of 'breaking' the national boundaries.
 The Existence of Science and Technology - Nowadays, we often find independent people who are smart,
creative, and critical. They start to create many ideas to support all of aspects that included in daily lives. 
 The Development of Mass Media and Culture Interaction - We can see that in the era of globalization is also
characterized by the development of mass media and the increasing of cultural interaction. The development of
the mass media for examples is through television, movies, music, and transmission international news and
sports.
 Globalization of Economic Activities - In this era of globalization began to appear a lot of free trade and the
government here does not to control anymore about the trade. But they still provide the rules and regulation
that guides the free trade.
 Competition and Dependency between Developed Countries and Developing Countries - The strong flow of
information and technology led to the intense of competitiveness.

Communication - has since been increasingly global, blurring national boundaries.

- The ability to communicate effectively in a global setting can be a challenge.

- Hence, to effectively communicate in a global context, a general understanding of the differences in conducting
communication from one country to another or from one culture to another helps avoid miscommunication.

People’s background and experiences influence their view of the world and the values, beliefs and behavior patterns
assumed to be good. The following are possible cultural barriers to effective communication in a global environment:

 Cultural Relativism - is the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on
that person's own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another.
- refers to not judging a culture to our own standards of what is right or wrong, strange or normal. Instead, we
should try to understand cultural practices of other groups in its own cultural context.
 Lack of knowledge of others’ culture
 Discrimination and harassment
 Language differences
Krizan (2014) suggests these strategies to become an effective global communicator:

 Review communication principles

 Analyze the message receiver
 Be open to an accepting of other cultures
 Learn about cultures and apply what is learned.
 Consider language needs.

Advantages of Globalization

 Ability to tap into a wider talent pool - When fully taking advantage of globalization, you are no longer
restrained by talent that is available in your city.
 New ideas due to cultural diversity - Managing an international workforce includes teams working across
different locations, people traveling and moving countries for work, having a range of different work ethics and
practices and even religious differences.
 Larger markets - Globalization opens up new opportunities for businesses to sell their goods and services to a
much larger markets, which means more potential sales and greater profits.
 Earnings changes - With more and more companies accessing overseas outsourcing opportunities, wages have
decreased for many workers in the original countries.

Effects of Globalization in Language Use and Communication - Connecting with people on the other side of the world is
now much easier than it was a few years ago. Satellites, fiber-optic cables and the internet make it effortless to share
information with those in different time zones and locations.

 Increased Business Opportunities

Many companies today hire employees that are located in other countries. Using communication vehicles such as video
calling make it simple to converse with colleagues across the globe, almost making it feel as if they are in the same
room.

 Fewer Cultural Barriers

Many people perceive culture to be the root of communication challenges. When people from two different cultures try
to exchange information, the way they speak, their body language or their mannerisms can be interpreted differently by
the other person.

 Creation of a Global Village

You’ve likely heard of the phrase "global village," coined by theorist Marshall McLuhan. Affected both by globalization
and global communication, the global village is created when distance and isolation no longer matter because people
are connected by technology.

Lesson 3. Local and Global Communication in Multicultural Settings

LOCAL COMMUNCATION

- Local communication is being able to communicate with the members of your local area. It can either be in your
local language (mother tongue), or a common language that you speak within your town.

GLOBAL COMMUNCATION

- Global communication is the term used to describe ways to connect, share, relate and mobilize across
geographic, political, economic, social and cultural divides.
- It redefines soft and hard power as well as information power and diplomacy in ways not considered by
traditional theories of international relations.

Intercultural communication - refers to interaction with people from diverse cultures (Jandt, 1998).
Forms of Intercultural Communication (Jandt, 1998):

 Interracial communication- communicating with people from different races.

 Interethnic communication- interacting with people of different ethnic origins.
 International communication- communicating between representatives from different nations.
 Intracultural communication- interacting with members of the same racial or ethnic group or co-culture.

High-context communication is a tradition-linked communication system which adheres strongly to being indirect.

Low context communication is a system that works on straightforward communication.

Improving Intercultural Communication Competence

The following guidelines may help you enhance your ability to communicate effectively across cultures (Gamble &
Gamble, 2008):

 Recognize the validity and differences of communication styles among people.

 Learn to eliminate personal biases and prejudices.
 Strive to acquire communication skills necessary in a multicultural world.

MULTICULTURAL

Multicultural refers to a society that contains several cultural or ethnic groups. People live alongside one another, but
each cultural group does not necessarily have engaging interactions with each other.

INTERCULTURAL

Intercultural describes communities in which there is a deep understanding and respect for all cultures.

CROSS-CULTURAL

Cross-cultural deals with the comparison of different cultures. In cross-cultural communication, differences are
understood and acknowledged, and can bring about individual change, but not collective transformations.

Why cross-culture is important?

 Globalization
 Business opportunities
 Job opportunities
 Sharing of views and ideas
 Talent improvisation
 An understanding of diverse market

Lesson 4. Varieties and Registers of Spoken and Written Language

Spoken Language

- The actual use of speech, sounds, or related utterances that convey meaning to share thoughts or information.

Written Language

- Communication by means of written symbols/writing systems.

Language Variety

- A general term for any distinctive form of a language or linguistic expression. Various form of language triggered
by social factors.
Varieties of Spoken and Written Language
Lin (2016) presents the following nature of language variation as prescribes by most linguists based on the ideas of
Mahboob (2014).

 Language varies when communicating with people within (local) and outside (global) our community.
 Language varies in speaking and in writing.
 Language varies in everyday and specialized discourses.

Different values on the three dimensions:

 field
 tenor
 mode

Mahboob (2014) identifies eight different domains:

 Local everyday written - This may include instances of local everyday written usage found in the neighborhood
posters (e.g. a poster looking for transients/bed spacers).
 Local everyday oral may occur in local communication among neighbors in everyday, informal and local varieties
of languages.
 Local specialized written - An example of local specialized written usage can be found in the publications and
websites of local societies such as Baguio Midland Courier.
 Local specialized oral involves specialized discourses. For example, in a computer shop in the neighborhood,
specialized local usage can be found (e.g. specialized computer game-related vocabulary is used).
 Global everyday written avoids local colloquialisms to make the text accessible to wider communities of
readers. This can be found in international editions of newspapers and magazines.
 Global everyday oral may occur in interactions between people coming from different parts of the world when
they talk about everyday casual topics.
 Global specialized written expands to as many readers internationally, hence the non-usage of local colloquial
expressions (e.g. international research journal articles).
 Global specialized oral occurs when people from different parts of the world discuss specialized topics in spoken
from (e.g. paper presentation sessions in an international academic conference).