THE IMRaD FORMAT

MR. JOPET VINCENT BESENIO MEDALLA

Faculty of General Education
Sorsogon State University – Bulan Campus
Zone 8, Bulan, Sorsogon
What is the IMRaD Format?
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Results and
Introduction Methodology
Discussion
What is the IMRaD Format?

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What is the IMRaD Format?

Authors

Abstract

Keywords

Conclusions and Recommendations

References
What is the IMRaD Format?
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THE TITLE

Results (Tables
Title Abstract Full Paper
and Figures)
THE TITLE
1.Contain as few words as possible: many journals limit
titles to 12 words;
2. Be easy to understand;
3.Describe the contents of the paper accurately and
specifically;
4. Avoid abbreviations, formulas, and jargon;
THE TITLE
5. Not include any verb;
6. Not contain low-impact words such as ‘‘Some notes on …,’’
‘‘Observations on …,’’ ‘‘Investigations on …,’’ ‘‘Study of …,’’ and ‘‘Effect of
…’’
7. Not be flashy as in newspapers (e.g., avoid statements like
‘‘Agroforestry can stop deforestation’’)
8. Report the subject of the research rather than the results;
9. Follow the style preference of the target journal.
Bad or Good title?
Bad or Good title?
Bad or Good title?
THE AUTHORS
These are individuals who
have made an important
contribution to planning and
carrying out the research
reported, and anyone listed as
an author should also have
helped in the preparation of the
paper.
THE AUTHORS
It includes the names of
the authors and their
affiliations. There are also
instances that journals require
the home address, e-mail
accounts and contact numbers
of the authors.
THE AUTHORS
THE AUTHORS
THE AUTHORS
THE ABSTRACT
• An abstract is a mini-version of
the paper.

• A well prepared abstract

enables readers to identify the
basic content of a document
quickly and accurately.
THE ABSTRACT

• The abstract should be

definitive rather than
descriptive; i.e., it should give
facts rather than say the paper
is ‘‘about’’ something.
THE ABSTRACT

• Avoid phrases such as ‘‘… are

described’’ or ‘‘… will be
presented’’ in an abstract;
instead, describe them, present
them.

‘‘Reading a scientific article isn’t the

same as reading a detective story.’’
THE ABSTRACT
• The Abstract should not contain:
1. Abbreviations or acronyms unless they are standard or
explained;
2. References to tables or figures in the paper;
3. Literature citations;
4. Any information or conclusion not in the paper itself;
5. General statements;
6. Complex, winding, verbose sentences.
THE ABSTRACT
• The Abstract should stand on its own, i.e., be
complete in itself.

• It starts with a statement of rationale and objectives

and reports the methods used, the main results
including any newly observed facts, and the principal
conclusions and their significance.
THE ABSTRACT

• In order to facilitate smooth reading, excessive

quantitative data with statistical details and long
strings of plant names should be avoided in the
Abstract.
THE KEYWORDS
• These are words by which the
paper should be indexed by
abstracting services.
• In any case, the keywords
should be specific to the
article; common words such as
plants, soils, models, and
people are too general to be of
any value as keywords.
THE KEYWORDS
THE KEYWORDS
THE INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study DEDUCTIVE
METHOD
International
National

Local
THE INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study DEDUCTIVE
METHOD
General
Concepts
Specific
Ideas
THE INTRODUCTION
THE INTRODUCTION

• Justification and motivation of the study is presented in present

tense (‘‘Soils store relatively large amounts of carbon in terrestrial
ecosystems.’’)
• The review of literature is presented in past tense (‘‘Studies showed
that …’’), or in present perfect tense if it is common knowledge
(‘‘Studies have shown that …’’).
• The objective is written in past tense (‘‘The objective of the current
study was …’’).
THE INTRODUCTION
P - Problem/ problematic situation or issue that deserves to be
studied
I - Importance/ why is it necessary to conduct a study
L - Literature/ what do related literature/study/experts/documents
say about the problem
O - Objective/what do I expect to accomplish/ introduce the
objective of the study
T - Timeliness/urgency of the study
THE METHODOLOGY/ Materials and Methods

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THE METHODOLOGY/ Materials and Methods

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THE METHODOLOGY/ Materials and Methods
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THE METHODOLOGY/ Materials and Methods
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THE METHODOLOGY/ Materials and Methods
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THE METHODOLOGY/ Materials and Methods
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THE METHODOLOGY/ Materials and Methods
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMEDNATIONS
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