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IB Biology Topic 1 Introduction
IB Biology Topic 1 Introduction
IB Biology Topic 1 Introduction
1)
IB Diploma Biology
C come
only
E from
L existing
cells.
L
S
4-cell stage of a sea biscuit by Bruno Vellutini on Flickr (CC) http://flic.kr/p/daWnnS
Hooke names “cells” in his book
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek
1833 Robert Brown names the cell nucleus.
Cells are the smallest units of life.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Matthias_Jacob_Schleiden.jpg
1839 German physiologist
Theodor Schwann, after a
lovely dinner with his mate
Schleiden and a chat about
nuclei, realised that animals
were comprised of cells too
and stated: “All living things
are composed of cells and
cell products”
He was also responsible for the discovery of Schwann cells in the PNS, pepsin in
the gut, the fact that yeast is organic… and he made up the word ‘metabolism’.
What a legend! Or, as they say in German, legende!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schwann_Theodore.jpg
1855 Robert Remak discovers cell division and confirms the existence
of the plasma membrane. Cells come only from pre-existing cells.
Image from Amoeba Mike’s Blog (go read the original post):
http://amoebamike.wordpress.com/2009/10/06/spontaneous-generation-a-brief-history-of-disproving-it
1.1.1 According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells
• Surrounded by a membrane
• Growth
• Response to the environment
• Excretion (removal of waste)
• Nutrition (Obtaining food needed for energy & growth)
1.1.2 Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell
Which dissolves faster: sugar
cubes or sugar crystals? Why?
Sugar Cubes by Uwe Hermann on Flickr (CC) http://flic.kr/p/cFMMc
What will go cold faster: French
fries or a baked potato? Why?
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sphere
As the cell gets larger…
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sphere
As the cell gets larger…
…the surface area to
volume ratio
actually gets
smaller…
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sphere
As the cell gets larger…
…the surface area to
volume ratio
actually gets
smaller…
…so the
exchange
processes
become less
efficient with
increasing size. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sphere
Diffusion Pathways
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sphere
Cells can get around this problem by
growing projections, having a flattened
form, or being long and thin.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulerpa
Emergent Properties
the whole is
more than the sum
of its parts
Source: http://umanitoba.ca/Biology/BIOL1030/Lab1/biolab1_3.html#Ciliophora
Scanning electron
microscopes deliver
high-resolution, 3D surface
images of structures,
whereas transmission
electron microscopes give us
a view inside cells and
organelles.
120nm
1μm
• Draw in pencil
• Make the drawing at least 1/3 page large
• Label with straight lines with a ruler
• Lines must exactly touch the structure which is named
• Include a title
• Size of parts must be correct in relation to the larger drawing
• Print all labels horizontally on the drawing
1.1.14 Calculate the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures
shown in drawings or micrographs.
1.1.14 Calculate the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures
shown in drawings or micrographs.
Scanning electron micrograph of
human sperm and egg cells.
sm
alle
ell
st h
anc
hum
um
e st
an
larg
cel
l
5μm
Use the
10x
rule
of
thumb
http://www.flickr.com/photos/sanna_nixi/799023133/
Molecules ≈ 1nm
Cell Membrane ≈ 10nm thick
Virus ≈ 100nm
Bacteria ≈ 1μm (1000nm)
Eukaryotic animal cell ≈ 10μm
Eukaryotic plant cell ≈ 100μm
http://www.flickr.com/photos/rogerss1/3520043134/
http://click4biology.info/c4b/2/cell2.1.htm#size
Bibliography / Acknowledgments
Jason de Nys
Chris Paine