Research on Active Harmonic Resister to Damping Resonance in distribution System

Wanjun Lei Yue Wang

Member Member

Ninghuan Su Ming li
Student Member

Department of Industry Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University

28# West Xianning Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
leiwanjun@mail.xjtu.edu.cn

Abstract -- In power distribution network, resistor is suppression. While customers consider that the former target
commonly series with the passive filter in order to avoid its is more important. This paper proposed a novel Active
resonance with line impedance. A power electronics converter Harmonics Resistor (AHR), replacing resistor in passive filter
based Active Harmonic Resister (AHR) is proposed in the paper with a PE converter. The converter features resistive
to replace the passive resistor. With the proposed method,
potential resonance could be efficiently suppressed, and the characteristic in non-fundamental frequency, in this way, the
active power loss in passive resistor is gone. The proposed target of resonance suppression is achieved. Meanwhile, non-
method requires no sensor in power supply grid, which could fundamental frequency energy could be feedback to the grid
gain good application perspective. in form of fundamental frequency current, which saves
energy. With the proposed AHR, PE converter rating is far
Index Terms--Resonance Active Damping,Active Harmonic smaller than the passive filter, additional current sensors are
Resister,Passive Filter,Power quality.
not required therefore good application perspective.
I. INTRODUCTION
II. THE CONTROL STRATEGY OF AHR
In power distribution network, reactive power
The single-phase control strategy of AHR is shown in
compensation can reduce reactive power flow from load to
Fig.1. AC side voltage of the converter is sampled to achieve
the grid efficiently, so as to increase power supply efficiency.
the voltage signal at non-fundamental frequency through
Power capacitors are widely applied to produce reactive
fundamental frequency detection algorithm. The voltage
power compensation nowadays. [1] However, resonant points
signal is multiplied by a proportionality coefficient 1/r to
do exist between the power capacitors and the line impedance.
obtain non-fundamental frequency components of the PE
The resonance may be exited under load current distortion
converter output current reference. The coefficient r could be
and/or grid voltage distortion. Inductor with small value is
expressed as resistively of PE converter AC side in steady
normally in series with power capacitors in order to keep the
state without consideration of output error. Fundamental
filter branch feature inductive characteristics below the
frequency output current in charge of the DC voltage stability.
potential resonant frequency. [2] In the case of disturbance has
unstable frequency or in transience, the above method can’t
work well. Typically, a resistor should be added in order to
limit amplitude of resonance. Consequently, the resistor
consumes large active power loss.
Recently, Power Electronics converter based Static VAR
Generator (SVG) has been accepted by the low and medium
voltage distribution network.[3] However, high investment
and technique complexity still block its widespread in high
voltage high power industry. Enhancement of passive filter Fig. 1 Control Strategy of the AHR in Single-phase
with PE converter drew lots of concern, within the area With the proposed method, the transfer function of AHR
Hybrid Power Filter (HPF) is the focus.[4] Plenty of methods should be expressed in (1).
have been proposed to enhance passive filtering effect and AHR ( s ) = SA( s ) ⋅ [1 − DF ( s )] ⋅1 r ⋅ VSI ( s ) (1)
suppress the potential resonance.[5][6] Where, SA(s) is 1st order delay segment, representing
The targets of passive filter application cover power factor detection in converter controller; DF(s) represents the 2nd
correction for economic benefit enhancement and harmonics order band pass filter in fundamental frequency detection;

978-1-4244-5287-3/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEE 4346

output current controller of PE converter is simplified into 1st shown in Fig.4. Then, transfer function between reactive
order delay segment, as VSI(s).[7] For non fundamental current and grid voltage is shown as (3).
frequency components, which could be seen as no function I −I Z LA + Rh (3)
with digital filter, just pass 2 delay segments: detection and GFS = F = S =
U S U S ( Z CF + ZS )( Z LA + Rh ) + Z LA ⋅ Rh
inversion. In non fundamental frequency, the transfer
Parameters of passive components in calculation and
function of AHR could be expressed as (2), where, r is the
experiment are shown in Table I. A three-phase diode
equivalent resistance.
rectifier is selected as load harmonics current source, whose
1 T T (2) DC load is 24Ω.
Rh ( s ) = = r ⋅ ( S ⋅ s + 1) ⋅ ( W ⋅ s + 1)
AHR ( s ) 2 2 TABLE I
Common passive filter is shown in Fig.2. Compared with PARAMETERS IN SIMULATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS
(a), (b), resistor is in parallel with a passive branch in (c) and Symbol Parameter Unit
LS 0.52 mH
(d), then PE converter could bypass the overall reactive CF 170 μF
current. Compared to (c), converter withstands almost zero LA 1.67 mH
fundamental frequency voltage in (d), which is hard to apply USF 220 V
energy flow control shown below. Therefore, (c) is selected Based on parameters in Table 1, magnitude of GFS(s) with
to study in the paper. Replaced the Rh in (c) with PE different AHR at different frequency is shown in Fig.5. r
converter, the passive filter is in form of Fig.3. Where, US equals to 0.5, 1, 2, 2.5, 3 and 4Ω. From Fig.5, it is clear that
and ZS represent grid voltage and line impedance, max. value of GFS(s) varies with r, and the max. value of
respectively. IL, IS and IF represents load current, source GFS(s) gains its minimum at about r=2.5Ω. At that time, AHR
current and passive filter branch current, respectively. ZCF gains best series resonance suppression effect.
and ZA represent impedance of the compensation capacitors
and inductive branch which is in parallel with PE converter.
IC means the output current of the PE converter.

Fig. 1 PF with AHR excited by US

Fig. 2 Passive Filter Topologies

Fig. 2 Magnitudes of GFS(s) with different AHR

Fig 6 shows the simulation results of the series resonance
damping function. The waveform in Fig 6 are US, IF and IC
Fig. 3 The Structure of Passive Filter With AHR respectively. The AHR worked at 1s. After the converter
worked, the series resonance has been damped.

III. WORKING PRINCIPLE AND IMPEDANCE DESIGN OF AHR

A. Impect on series resonance

In the case only consider Grid voltage as the excitation,
Laplace transformation circuit of the passive filter with Rh is

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 damping function. The waveform in Fig 9 are US, IF and IC
respectively. The AHR worked at 1s. After the converter
worked, the series resonance has been damped effectively.

Fig. 6 Simulation waveforms of series resonance damping function

B. Impect on parallel resonance

Fig. 9 Simulation waveforms of parallel resonance damping function
Load current as the excitation, Laplace transformation
circuit of the passive filter with Rh is shown in Fig.7. Then,
transfer function between reactive branch current and load IV. ENERGY FLOW ANALYSIS AND CONTROL METHOD
current is shown as (4).
I ZS ( Z LA + Rh ) With excitation of grid voltage distortion USH, suppose
GFL = F = (4) USH has unique frequency for simplicity. Relationship
I LA ( Z CF + ZS )( Z LA + Rh ) + Z LA ⋅ Rh between PE converter output current and grid voltage
Based on parameters in Table1, magnitude of GFL(s) with distortion component is shown in (5), when PE converter is
different AHR at different frequency is shown in Fig.8. r controlled as Rh. And the AC side voltage of the PE converter
equals to 1, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4 and 5Ω. From Fig.7, it is clear is expressed in (6).
that max. value of GFL(s) varies with r, and the max. value of Z LA ( Z LA + Rh )
GFL(s) gains its minimum at about r=3.5Ω.At that time, AHR I CSH = ⋅ U SH (5)
gains best series resonance suppression effect.
( Z CF + ZS )( Z LA + Rh ) + Z LA ⋅ Rh
Z LA ( Z LA + Rh ) ⋅ Rh (6)
U ASH = ⋅U SH
( Z CF + Z S )( Z LA + Rh ) + Z LA ⋅ Rh
Output current is in phase with the AC side voltage of the
PE converter. therefore, PE converter absorbs pure active
power PCSH under USH.
In the same way, it can be proved the PE converter also
absorbs pure active power PCLH with excitation of load
current distortion ILH. As shown in (7) and (8).
Z S ⋅ Rh (7)
I CLH = ⋅ I LH
( Z CF + ZS )( Z LA + Rh ) + Z LA ⋅ Rh
Fig. 7 PF with AHR excited by IL
ZS ⋅ Rh ⋅ Rh (8)
U CLH = ⋅ I LH
( Z CF + ZS )( Z LA + Rh ) + Z LA ⋅ Rh
With excitation of fundamental frequency of grid voltage,
the fundamental frequency component of output current ICSF
is controlled in phase with and proportional with voltage UL
of the passive branch. The coefficient is K. The PE converter
exchanges active power with grid by controlling K, so as to
stable DC voltage of PE converter. This part of energy is
expressed as PCSF. The relationship among fundamental
frequency component of output current ICSF, fundamental
frequency component of grid voltage USF and coefficient K
could be expressed in (9).
K ( Z LA + Z CF )
I CSF = ⋅U SF (9)
Fig. 8 Magnitudes of GFL(s) with different AHR Z S + Z CF + Z LA + K ⋅ ZS ⋅ Z LA
Fig 9 shows the simulation results of the series resonance The relationship among fundamental frequency

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component of the AC side voltage of PE converter ULAF,
fundamental frequency component of grid voltage USF and
coefficient K could be expressed in (10).
(1 − K ⋅ Z CF ) Z LA
U LAF = ⋅ U SF (10)
Z S + Z CF + Z LA + K ⋅ Z S ⋅ Z LA
The energy exchange between AHR converter and power
source can be described as (11).
PCSH + PCLH + PCSF − Ploss = 0 (11)
where:
PCSH----The active power in AHR exciting by source
voltage distortion components; a) Before Resonance Damping
PCLH----The active power in AHR exciting by load current
distortion components;
PCSF----The active power in AHR exciting by source
voltage fundamental components;
Ploss----The power loss in AHR.
If flow into the converter is define as positive direction,
then, PCSH and PCLH are always positive, power loss in PE
converter Ploss is always negative, PCSF is controllable. Sketch
of power flow is shown in Fig. 10. It can be found that PE
converter absorbs energy at harmonics frequency, which
cancel the power losses in PE converter, the rest is feed back
b) After Resonance Damping
to grid in form of fundamental frequency.
Fig. 11 Waveform of Series Resonance Damping
(Ch1: US 500V/Div; Ch2: IF 20A/Div; t: 10ms/Div)

Fig. 10 Diagram of AHR Energy Flow

V. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH a) Before Resonance Damping

Grid voltage always contains 5th order and 7th order
harmonics in lab. Load is not switched in while series
resonance suppression experiments. Parameters used in
experiment setup are shown in Table 1. Series resonance
frequency of the passive branch is calculated to be 300Hz,
series resonance frequency between line impedance of
passive branch is calculated to be 260Hz.The experimental
results for series and parallel resonance damping shown in
Fig. 11 and Fig. 12 respectively.
From the waveforms it is found that harmonic current in
passive branch decreased largely with AHR, especially at the
resonant frequency point. The resonant amplification is b) After Resonance Damping
suppressed obviously. Fig. 12 Waveform of Parallel Resonance Damping
Ch1: IL 20A/Div; Ch2: IF 20A/Div; t: 10ms/Div
Table II shows the detail experiment results and its
spectrum analysis of Fig. 11. After AHR worked, the
harmonic current, especially 5th order component, flow in
passive filter branch has been decreased for the being of

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resistance. The AHR has no effect on the fundamental current. feed-backed to the grid in form of fundamental frequency
At this time, the impedance of the AHR has controlled as with DC side control, accordingly, active power losses in
about 3Ω. minimized. No additional sensor is needed with AHR,
TABLE II thereby AHR fits enhancement of existing reactive power
DAMPING EFFECT FOR SERIES RESONANCE
compensation devices.
Fund. 5th 7th THD (%)
Phase A 225.0 2.0 1.2 3.4
US (V) Phase B 224.1 2.7 0.9 2.9
Phase C 222.8 2.9 1.3 3.3 REFERENCES
Without AHR 12.2 5.8 0.5 44.9 [1] Tanaka T, Koshio N, Akagi H, Nabae A, "Reducing Supply Current
IFa (A)
With AHR 12.2 0.8 0.4 10.2 Harmonics," IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, v 4, n 5, p 31-37,
Without AHR 12.2 5.5 0.6 42.9 Sep-Oct 1998
IFb (A)
With AHR 12.1 0.9 0.4 10.3 [2] Key TS, Lai JS "Comparison of Standards and Power Supply Options
Without AHR 12.1 5.0 0.6 38.8 for Limiting Harmonic Distortion in Power System," IEEE
IFc (A) Transactions on Industry Applications, v 29, n 4, p 688-695, Jul-Aug
With AHR 12.1 0.9 0.5 11.3
Without AHR 7.1 14.7 1.9 / 1993
UCa (V) [3] N.G.Hingorani, L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS-concepts and
With AHR 6.8 2.1 1.3 / technology of flexible AC transmission systems, IEEE Press, New York,
Phase A (A) 2.6 0.7 0.5 / 1999.
ICa
r (Ω) / 3 2.6 / [4] Peng FZ. "Application Issues of Active Power Filters," Industry
Table III shows the detail experiment results and its Applications Magazine, v 4, n 5, p 21-30, Sep-Oct 1998
[5] Peng FZ, Akagi H, Nabae A, "A New Approach to Harmonic
spectrum analysis of Fig. 12. After AHR worked, the 5th Compensation in Power Systems-A Combined System of Shunt Passive
order component harmonic current, which is magnified by and Series Active Filters". IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,
parallel resonance, flow in passive filter and source has been v 26, n 6, p 983-990, Nov-Dec 1990
decreased for the being of resistance at same time. The AHR [6] Duro B, Ramsden VS; Muttik P, "Minimization of Active Filter Rating
in High Power Hybrid Filter Systems," Proceedings of the
has no effect on the fundamental current. In this case, the International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, v 2,
impedance of the AHR has also controlled as about 3Ω. p 1043-1048, 1999
TABLE III [7] Blasko V, Kaura V, "A new mathematical model and control of a three-
DAMPING EFFECT FOR PARALLEL RESONANCE phase AC-DC voltage source converter," IEEE Transactions on Power
Fund. 5th 7th THD (%) Electronics, v 12, n 1, p 116-123, Jan 1997
Phase A 228.5 1.2 1.3 2.8
US (V) Phase B 227.4 1.1 1.0 2.5
Phase C 226.7 0.8 1.4 3.0
Phase A 17.5 3.7 2.1 27.4
IL (A) Phase B 17.5 3.8 2.0 27.6
Phase C 17.3 4.0 1.9 28.8
Without AHR 12.3 5.5 1.5 46.9
IFa (A)
With AHR 12.3 1.0 1.8 23.1
Without AHR 12.3 6.0 1.7 51.4
IFb (A)
With AHR 12.2 1.3 1.8 24.1
Without AHR 12.1 4.0 1.6 36.3
IFc (A)
With AHR 12.2 1.1 1.7 22.8
Without AHR 20.5 7.9 0.7 39.3
ISa (A)
With AHR 21.0 4.7 2.6 26.9
Without AHR 21.0 9.6 0.3 46.1
ISb (A)
With AHR 21.6 5.4 2.5 28.6
Without AHR 20.0 7.3 0.4 37.5
ISc (A)
With AHR 20.6 5.4 2.2 29.4
Phase A 4.6 0.8 1.5 /
IC (A) Phase B 4.3 1.0 1.5 /
Phase C 4.5 0.9 1.5 /
Without AHR 7.2 14.4 5.9 /
UCa (V)
With AHR 6.8 2.2 2.5 /
Phase A (A) 4.6 0.8 1.5 /
ICa
r (Ω) / 2.75 1.67 /

VI. CONCLUSIONS
AHR is proposed in the paper. AHR features resistive
characteristics at non fundamental frequency. In this way, the
resonant amplification is suppressed within all frequency
spectrum. Meanwhile, active power of resonant frequency is

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