Lecture Notes in

Calculus 1
By: Pablito M. Natal, CE, MSCE
 Distance between two pints 𝑃1 𝑥1, 𝑦1 and 𝑃2 (𝑥2, 𝑦2 )
𝑑= (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 +(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

Distance from a point to a line

𝐴𝑥1 + 𝐵𝑦1 + 𝐶
𝑑=
𝐴2 + 𝐵 2
General Equation of a line Standard Equations of a line
Lesson 3. Review of 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0 Slope intercept form
Analytic Geometry Slope of a line
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
𝒚 −𝒚 Two - point form
m= 𝟐 𝟏 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏
=
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
Theorem
If two non-vertical lines are parallel, then their slopes are equal.
If two lines which neither horizontal or vertical are perpendicular, then the
product of their slope is -1.
 Review Problem No. 7
1) Find the distance between points (-2, 1) and (3, 4).
Solution
(3, 4)
Using distance formula,
𝑑= (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 +(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 P1(-2, 1), P2(3, 4) d Δy

x1=-2, y1=1 (2, -1)

𝑑= (3 − −2)2 +(4 − 1)2 Δx
x2=3, y2=4
𝑑= 52 + 3 2
𝒅 = 𝟑𝟒 units Answer
Lesson 3. Review of 2. Show that the points (2, 1), (4, 0), and (5, 7) are
vertices of a right triangle.
Analytic Geometry Solution: To prove that the given are vertices of
right triangle, the Pythagorean theorem must be (5,7)

satisfied.
d3
Solve for the distances between the vertices d2
(2,1)
P1(2,1), P2(4,0), P3(5,7) d1
(4,0)
𝑑1 = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 +(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
𝑑1 = (4 − 2)2 +(0 − 1)2
𝑑1 = 22 + 1 = 5 units
 𝑑2 = (𝑥3 − 𝑥2 )2 +(𝑦3 − 𝑦2 )2 𝑑3 = (𝑥3 − 𝑥1 )2 +(𝑦3 − 𝑦1 )2
𝑑2 = (5 − 4)2 + (7 − 0)2 𝑑3 = (5 − 2)2 +(7 − 1)2
𝑑2 = 1 + 72 = 50 units 𝑑3 = 32 + 62 = 45 units
By Pythagorean theorem
2 2 2
5 + 45 = 50 Therefore the given coordinates are coordinates of a right
5 + 45 = 50 triangle
3) Find the shortest distance between the line
𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3 = 0 and the point P (3, 2).
Lesson 3. Review of Solutions: Use the distance from a point to a line
Analytic Geometry formula.
𝐴𝑥 +𝐵𝑦 +𝐶 Where A = 1, B = 1 C = -3
(3,2)

𝑑 = 1 2 12
𝐴 +𝐵
x1 = 3, and y1 = 2
1 3 +1 2 −3
𝑑= 2 2
1 +1
2 2
𝑑= ⋅
2 2

𝐝= 𝟐 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
 4. What is the radius of the circle whose center lies on the line 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 12 = 0
and the circumference passes through point (2, 2)?
Use the distance from a point to a line formula
𝐴𝑥 +𝐵𝑦 +𝐶
𝑑 = 1 2 12 , where
𝐴 +𝐵
𝐴 = 3, 𝑏 = −4, 𝑐 = 12,
3 2 −4(2)+12 x1 = 2, and y1 = 2
𝑑=
32 +42
10
𝑑= = 𝟐 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
5
Lesson 3. Review of 5. Find the equation of a line that has a slope 2/3
and y – intercept at (0, 1).
Analytic Geometry Solution
m = 2/3 b = 1, using slope intercept form
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
𝟐
𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙+𝟏 Answer
 6) Find the equation of the line that has slope – ½ and passes through the point ( -1, 2).
Solution 1 Solution 2
Using the point slope form Use slope intercept form
𝑦 − 𝑦1 1 𝑦−2 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑚= =− =
𝑥 − 𝑥1 2 𝑥+1 1
2 = − (−1) + 𝑏
− 𝑥 + 1 = 2(𝑦 − 2) 2
1 3
𝑏 =2−2=2
−𝑥 − 1 = 2𝑦 − 4
Lesson 3. Review of 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟑 answer
1
𝑦=− 𝑥+
3
2 2
Analytic Geometry 2𝑦 = −𝑥 + 3
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟑 answer
 7) Find the equation of the line that passes through the points (-2, -1) and (3, 2).
Solution
Using two – point form
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑦+1 3
3 𝑥 + 2 = 5(𝑦 + 1)
= =
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑥+2 5
3𝑥 + 6 = 5𝑦 + 5
𝑦−(−1) 2−(−1)
= 3−(−2) 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚 = −𝟏 answer
𝑥−(−2)

Lesson 3. Review of 8. Determine the value of a for which the line through (2, 3) and (5, a) is
Analytic Geometry perpendicular to the line 3x + 4y = 12.
Solution
Rewrite the equation to slope intercept form
4𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 12 The slope of the given line must be negative
3
𝑦 = − 4 𝑥 + 3, 𝑚 = − 4
3 reciprocal of the slope of the line connecting
(2, 3) and (5, a).
4 𝑦2 −𝑦1
= 𝑥 −𝑥
3 2 1
4 𝑎−3
= 4=𝑎−3 𝒂 = 𝟏 answer
3 5−2
 Conic Sections – are curves that result from the intersection of a plane
and a double cone
General Form of a second – degree equation in two variables, x and y.
𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑩𝒙𝒚 + 𝑪𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎

Circle is the set of all points in a plane that are a fixed distance, radius (r)
from a point, the center typically denoted by (h, k).

Lesson 3. Review of General Equation of a Circle

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
Analytic Geometry
Standard Equation of a circle.
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 +(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 , where (h, k) is the coordinates of the origin and r is the
radius.
 Review problem no. 8
1) Find the equation of a circle with radius 5 and center (- 2, 3).
Solution
Use the standard equation of the circle
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 +(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 , where r = 5, h = -2 and k = 3.
(𝑥 − (−2))2 +(𝑦 − 3)2 = 52

(𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐 +(𝒚 − 𝟑)𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓 ANSWER

Lesson 3. Review of 2) Find the general equation of the circle centered at
Analytic Geometry (7, -8). The point (10, -4) lies on the circumference of
the circle.
Solution r (10, -4)
(7, -8)
𝑑 = 𝑟 = (𝑥2 −𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2− 𝑦1 )2
𝑟 = (10 − 7)2 +(−4 − (−8))2 𝑟 = 9 + 16 = 5
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 +(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
(𝑥 − 7)2 +(𝑦 − (−8))2 = 52
𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 49 + 𝑦 2 + 16𝑦 + 64 = 25
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔𝒚 + 𝟖𝟖 = 𝟎 answer
 3) Find the center and radius of the circle with
the equation: 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 20𝑦 + 107 = 0
Solution
𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 20𝑦 + 107 = 0
𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 16 + 𝑦 2 + 20𝑦 + 100 + 107 − 16 − 100 = 0
(𝑥 − 4)2 +(𝑦 + 10)2 −9 = 0
Lesson 3. (𝑥 − 4)2 +(𝑦 + 10)2 = 9
Answer C (4, -10), r = 3
Review of Parabola is the set of all points that are equidistant from
Analytic both a line, the directrix and a fixed point not on the line.
The line through the focus and perpendicular to the
Geometry directrix is the axis of symmetry. The vertex of parabola is
located at the midpoint between the directrix and the
focus along the symmetry.
Standard equation of parabola with vertex (h, k).
(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = ±4𝑎(ℎ − ℎ), the + sign indicates that the
parabola opens to the right
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = ±4𝑎(𝑦 − 𝑘), the + sign indicates that the
parabola opens upward.
 Review problems No.9
1) Find the focus and directrix of a parabola whose
Directrix x=h-a
equation is 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥.
Solution
V(h,k)
(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 4𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ) 4𝑎 = 8 𝑥−ℎ =𝑥 𝑎 F(h+a, k)

𝑦 2 = (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 𝑎=2 ℎ=0

Lesson 3. 𝑘=0

Review of 𝑉 ℎ, 𝑘 = 𝑉(0,0) Focus(2,0), Directrix x = -2

2) Determine the focus, directrix and the length
Analytic of the latus rectum of the parabola 𝑥 2 = −12𝑦.
Solution
Geometry 𝑥 2 = −12𝑦 4𝑎 = 12 = 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑚
𝑥 2 = (𝑥 − ℎ)2 𝑎=3 Directrix y=k-a
𝑦 =𝑦−𝑘
ℎ=0 V(h,k)
𝑘=0
𝑉 ℎ, 𝑘 = 𝑉(0,0)
Focus(0, -2), directrix y = 3 F(h, k-a)
 3) Find the equation of a parabola whose focus is at
the point (-5, 0) and whose directrix is x = 5.
Solution
The parabola opens to the left since the
directrix is located on the right side of the focus. F(-5,0) x=5

The vertex is in the midpoint of the focus and the

directrix.
Lesson 3. Vertex
−5+5
2
, 0 = 𝑉(0,0)
Review of 𝑎 = distance between the vertex and focus/directrix
𝑎 =5−0= 5
Analytic (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = −4𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ) Parabola opens to the left
𝑦 2 = −4 5 𝑥
Geometry 𝑦 2 = −20𝑥
 4) Given the parabola 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 8 = 0. Identify the vertex and the intercepts.
Solution
Rewrite the given equation to standard equation of a parabola
𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 8 = 0
𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 8
𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 + 9 = 2𝑥 − 8 + 9
Lesson 3. (𝑦 − 3)2 = 2𝑥 + 1
1
(𝑦 − 3)2 = 2(𝑥 + )
Review of 𝑥−ℎ = 𝑥+
1 2
ℎ=−
1
2
Analytic 𝑦−𝑘 = 𝑦−3 𝑘=3
2

1
Geometry 2 = 4𝑎 𝑎 =
2
𝟏
Vertex (h,k)= 𝑽(− 𝟐 , 𝟑)
To determine the x and y intercepts, we let y = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 0 respectively.
𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 8 = 0 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 8 = 0
0 − 0 − 2𝑥 + 8 = 0 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 − 0 + 8 = 0
2𝑥 = 8, 𝑥 = 4 𝑦−2 𝑦−4 =0 𝑦 = 2, 𝑦 = 4
y – intercepts; (0, 2) and (0, 4), x – Intercept: (4, 0) Answer
 Intersection of lines
To find the point in which two lines intersect, it is important to find a point
with coordinates which satisfies both equation of the lines. This is by solving the
equations of the lines simultaneously using elimination, substitution or trial and
error.
Example
Find the coordinates of the point in which the
Lesson 3. lines 𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 1 and 2𝑥 = 5𝑦 + 3 intersect.
Solution
Review of 𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 1 → 𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 1 ← multiply by 2
2𝑥 = 5𝑦 + 3 → 2𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 3
Analytic 2𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 2
−(2𝑥 − 5𝑦) = 3
Geometry −𝑦 = −1
𝑦 = 1 → substitute to any of the two equations
2𝑥 = 5𝑦 + 3
2𝑥 = 5 1 + 3
2𝑥 = 8
𝑥=4 P(4, -1) intersection point
Lesson 3. Review of
Analytic Geometry Thank You!!