 There are three distinct cropping seasons in the northern and interior parts of India,

namely kharif, rabi, and zaid.

CROPPING SEASON MAJOR CROPS CULTIVATED

NORTHERN STATES

Kharif (June-September) Rice, Cotton, Bajra, Maize, Jowar, Toor

Rabi (October – March) Wheat, Gram, Rapeseeds, and Mustard, Barley

Zaid (April–June) Vegetables, Fruits, Fodder

 Dryland farming is largely restricted to the regions having annual rainfall less than 75 cm.
Major crops are ragi, bajra, moong, gram, and guar(fodder crops).
 The regions, which have rainfall in excess of soil moisture requirement of plants during
the rainy season is known as wetland farming. Major crops are rice, jute, and sugarcane.
 The cereals occupy about 54% of total cropped area in India.
 India produces about 11% cereals of the world and ranks 3rd in production after China
and U.S.A.
 Indian cereals are classified as fine grains (e.g. rice, wheat, etc.) and coarse grains
(e.g. jowar, bajra, maize, ragi, etc.).
Types of Farming
 On the basis of main source of moisture for crops, the farming can be classified as
irrigated and rainfed.
 On the basis of adequacy of soil moisture during cropping season, rainfed farming is
further classified as dryland and wetland farming.
Major Crops
 In southern states and West Bengal, the climatic conditions facilitate the cultivation of
two or three crops of rice in an agricultural year.
 In West Bengal farmers grow three crops of rice called ‘aus’, ‘aman,’ and ‘boro’.
 India contributes more than 20% to world’s rice production and ranks 2nd after China.
 About one-fourth of the total cropped area of India is under rice cultivation.
 West Bengal, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh are the leading rice producing states.
 India produces about 12% of total wheat production of the world.
 About 85% of total area under this crop is concentrated in north and central regions of
the country, i.e., the Indo-Gangetic Plain, Malwa Plateau, and the Himalayan regions
especially up to 2,700 m altitude.
 About 14% of the total cropped area in the country is under wheat cultivation.
 Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh are wheat producing
states.
 The coarse cereals together occupy about 16.50% of total cropped area in the country.
 Maharashtra alone contributes to more than half of the total jowar production of the
country.
 Bajra occupies about 5.2% of total cropped area in the country.
 Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Haryana are the
leading Bajra producer states.
 Maize is a food as well as fodder crop grown under the semi-arid climatic conditions and
over inferior soils.
 Maize occupies about 3.6% of the total cropped area of India.
 Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh
are the leading maize producers in the country.
 Pulses are the legume crops, which increase the natural fertility of soils through nitrogen
fixation.
 With one-fifth of the total production of pulses in the world, India is a leading producer.
 Pulses occupy about 11% of the total cropped area in the country.
 The cultivation of pulses in the country is largely concentrated in the drylands of Deccan
and central plateaus and northwestern parts.
 Gram and Toor are the main pulses cultivated in India.
 Gram covers only about 2.8% of the total cropped area in the country.
 Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and
Rajasthan are the main producers of gram.
 Toor (Arhar) is also known as red gram or pigeon pea.
 Toor occupies only about 2% of total cropped area of India.
 Maharashtra alone contributes to about one-third of the total production of toor.
 Groundnut, rapeseed and mustard, soyabean, and sunflower are the main oilseed crops
grown in India.
 Oilseeds occupy about 14% of total cropped area in the country.
 Drylands of Malwa plateau, Marathwada, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Telangana, Rayalseema
region of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka plateau are the major oilseeds growing regions
of India.
 India produces about 18.8% of the total groundnut production in the world.
 Groundnut covers about 3.6% of total cropped area in the country.
 Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Maharashtra are the
leading groundnut producer states in India.
 Rapeseed and mustard comprise several oilseeds such as rai, sarson, toria,and taramira.
 Rapeseed and mustard oilseeds together occupy only 2.5% of total cropped area in the
country.
 Rajasthan alone contributes to about one-third production (of oilseeds) while Uttar
Pradesh, Haryana, West Bengal, and Madhya Pradesh other leading producers.
 Sunflower cultivation is concentrated in the regions of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh,
Telangana, and adjoining areas of Maharashtra.
 Vigna mungo, the black gram, urad bean, minapa pappu, mungo
bean or black matpe bean (māṣa) is a bean grown in the South Asia. Like its relative,
the mung bean, it has been reclassified from the Phaseolus to the Vigna genus. The
product sold as black lentil is usually the whole urad bean, whereas the split bean (the
interior being white) is called white lentil. It should not be confused with the much
smaller true black lentil (Lens culinaris).
 India grows both the short staple (Indian) cotton as well as the long staple (American)
cotton called narma in north-western parts of the country.
 India accounts to about 8.3% of world’s total production of cotton.
 India ranks 4th in the world for production of cotton after China, U.S.A., and Pakistan.
 Cotton occupies about 4.7% of total cropped area in the country. Cotton is a drought –
resistant crop ideal for arid climates and requires an average annual rainfall of 50- 100
cm.
 The major cotton growing areas in India are parts of Punjab, Haryana, and northern
Rajasthan in the north-west; Gujarat and Maharashtra in the west; and plateaus of
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu in the south. 
 Cotton is a kharif crop which requires a high temperature, moderate rainfall or
irrigation, 210 days free from freezing frost and sunlight to develop. We prefer often
fertilizer or plant in quite rich sandy soil. Cotton is a resilient commodity, but primarily
grown as a yearly plant since it can not bear frost. In order to grow and render cotton
cotton cotton it requires plenty of sunlight, dry temperatures and 4-5 months free of
 frost. The germination period of the seeds is 4 to 15 days. In about 35-45 days before
the first blossoms appear, the beautiful green plant will grow to about 3-4 feet.
 Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, and Haryana are the leading cotton
producing states.
 India produces about three-fifth of the total jute production of the world.
 West Bengal contributes about three-fourth of the total production of jute in the
country.
 India is the second largest producer of sugarcane after Brazil.
 Sugarcane occupies 2.4% of total cropped area in the country and contributes about 23%
to the world’s production of sugarcane.
 Uttar Pradesh produces about two-fifth of sugarcane of the country; other leading
producers are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh.
 Tea is a plantation crop and used as a major beverage in India.
 Black tea leaves are fermented whereas green tea leaves are not fermented.
 Tea leaves have rich content of caffeine and tannin.
 Tea is grown over the undulating topography of hilly areas and well drained soils in
humid and sub-humid tropics and sub-tropics.
 In India, tea plantation started in 1840s in the Brahmaputra valley of Assam, which still is
a major tea growing area in the country.

 With 28% of the world’s total production, India is a leading producer of tea.
 India ranks third among tea exporting countries in the world after Sri Lanka and China.
 Assam accounts for about 53.2% of the total cropped area and contributes more than
half of total production of tea in the country; West Bengal, and Tamil Nadu are the other
leading tea producers.
 There are three varieties of coffee − arabica, robusta, and liberica.
 India generally grows superior quality of coffee i.e. arabica, which is in great demand in
the International market
 India produces only about 3.2% coffee of world’s total production and ranks 7th after
Brazil, Vietnam, Colombia, Indonesia, Ethiopia, and Mexico.
 Coffee in India is cultivated in the highlands of the Western Ghats in the states of
Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu.
  Karnataka alone contributes more than two-third to the total production of coffee in
India.
 New seed varieties of wheat (from Mexico) and rice (from Philippines) known as high
yielding varieties (HYVs) were introduced during mid-1960s in India (Green Revolution).
Agricultural Problems
 About 57% of the land is covered by crop cultivation in India; however, in the world, the
corresponding share is only about 12%.
 On the other hand, the land-human ratio in the country is only 0.31 ha, which is almost
half of that of the world as a whole i.e. 0.59 ha.
 However, major problems of the Indian agriculture system are −
o Dependence on erratic monsoon;
o Low productivity;
o Constraints of financial resources and indebtedness;
o Lack of proper land reforms;
o Small farm size and fragmentation of landholdings;
o Lack of commercialization; under-employment; and
o Degradation of cultivable land.
 Further, lack of development of rural infrastructure, withdrawal of subsidies and price
support, and impediments in availing of the rural credits may lead to interregional and
inter-personal disparities in rural areas.
 Intensive Agricultural District Program (IADP) and Intensive Agricultural Area
Program (IAAP) were launched to overcome the agricultural problems in India.
 Planning Commission of India initiated agro-climatic planning in 1988 to induce
regionally balanced agricultural development in the country.

Solar Pumping System

The solar water pumping system uses solar energy to pump water.

Parts of a solar water pumping system

  Solar PV panel
 One of the following motor-pump sets compatible with the photovoltaic array:
o surface mounted centrifugal pump set
o submersible pump set
o floating pump set
o Submersible pump set
 Pipes

Working of a solar water pumping system

The system operates on power generated using solar PV (photovoltaic) system. The photovoltaic
array converts the solar energy into electricity, which is used for running the motor pump set. The
pumping system draws water from the open well, bore well, stream, pond, canal etc. The system
requires a shadow-free area for installation of the Solar panel.

Advantages of a solar water pumping system

 No fuel cost – as it uses available free sun light

 No electricity required
 Long operating life
 Highly reliable and durable
 Easy to operate and maintain
 Eco-friendly

Common kharif crops

Rice is the most important kharif crop of India. It is grown in rain fed areas with hot and humid
climates, especially the eastern and southern parts of India. Rice requires a temperature of 16–20 °C
(61–68 °F) during the growing season and 18–32 °C (64–90 °F) during ripening. It needs rainfall from
150–200 centimetres (59–79 in) and needs a flooded field during the growth period.

Cereals
 Bajra
 Jowar
 Maize (corn)
 Millet
 Rice (paddy and deepwater rice)
 Soybean
Fruits
 Muskmelon
 Sugarcane
 Watermelon
  Orange
Seed plants
 Arhar (tur)
 Black gram (urad)
 Cotton
 Cowpea (chavala)
 Green gram (moong)
 Groundnut
 Guar
 Moth bean
 Mung bean
 Sesame (til)
 Urad bean
Vegetables
 Bitter gourd (karela)
 Bottle gourd
 Brinjal
 Chili
 lady fingers
 Sponge gourd
 Tinda
 Tomato
 Turmeric
 French bean

Common rabi crops

Cereals
 barley
 gram
 rapeseed
 mustard
 oat (Avena sativa)
 wheat (Triticum aestvium)
 Bajra (Pennisetum glaucum)
Fruits
These are rabi harvests rather than crops as that term is usually applied to annuals and
not perennials:
 almond
 banana
 ber
 date
 grape
 grape fruit
 guava
 kinnow
 lemon
 lime
 mandarin orange
 mangoes
  mulberries
 orange
Legumes / lentils (dal)
 chickpea
 kulthi
 lobias
 masoor
 mung bean
 pigeon pea
 toria
 Urad bean
Seed plants
 alfalfa (also known as lucerne, Medicago sativa)
 coriander (Coriandrum sativum, L)
 cumin (Cuminum cyminum, L)
 fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum, L)
 linseed
 mustard (Brassica juncea L.)
 isabgol (Plantago ovata)
 sunflower
 Bengal gram
 red gram (black pepper)
Vegetables
 bean
 beetroot (chukunder)
 brinjal (baingan)
 broccoli (hari gobhi)
 cabbage (patta gobhi)
 capsicum[5]
 carrot (gajar)
 cauliflowers (gobhi)
 chickpea (also known as gram, Cicer arientinum) (channa)
 fenugreek (methi)
 garlic (lehsun)
 lady finger (bhindi)
 lettuce (salad gobhi)
 pea (mattar)
 onion (Allium cepa, L.) (pyaj)
 potato (Solanum tuberosum) (aloo)
 radish (mooli)
 spinach (palak)
 sweet potato (shakarkand)
 tomato (Solanum lycopersiucum, L) (tamatar)
 turnip (shalgum)
Others
 tobacco (tambaku)
Source: Wikipedia / Vikaspedia

Kharif Season
 Kharif crops, which are also known as monsoon crops, are the crops which are grown
during the monsoon or rainy season (June to October).
  Their seeds are sown at the beginning of the monsoon season and the crops are
harvested at the end of the monsoon season. Kharif crops depend on the rainfall
patterns.
 Rice,maize,bajra, ragi, soybean, groundnut, cotton are all Kharif types crops
Rabi Seasons
 The Arabic translation of the word”Rabi” is spring. These crops’ harvesting happens
in the springtime hence the name.
 The Rabi season usually starts in November and lasts up to March or April. Rabi crops
are mainly cultivated      using     irrigation since monsoons are already over by
November. In fact, unseasonal showers in November or December can ruin the crops.
The seeds are sown at the beginning of autumn, which results in a spring harvest.
 Wheat, barley, mustard and green peas are some of the major rabi types of crops that
grow in India.
Zaid       
There is a short season between Kharif and Rabi season in the months of March to
July. The crops that grow in this season are Zaid crops. These crops are grown on
irrigated lands and do not have to wait for monsoons. Some examples of Zaid types
of crops are pumpkin, cucumber, bitter gourd.

Food Crops

Rice 
 One-fourth of total cropped areas
  It is a tropical plant and requires high heat and humidity for its successful growth with
temperatures up to 24 degree C.
 Average annual rainfall is 150 cm.
 100 cm isohyet forms the limit of rice in rainfed areas.
 Lowland or wetland rice in plain areas
 Upland or dry rice in terraced cultivation
 Suited for       hoe-culture      and     not mechanisation
 West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, AP & Telangana, Odisha are the top producers
 Three crops grown in Eastern India – Aman, aus and boro
 

Wheat 
 Wheat is a rabi crop.
 Sowing begins in Sept-Oct in South and Eastern India and by Oct-Nov in North and
North West.
 Ideal climate for growth is 10-15 degrees C and annual rainfall up to 75 cm. 100 cm
isohyet upper limit.
 Light drizzle, cloudiness at time of ripening help in increasing yield but hail and frost
are damaging.
 UP, Punjab, MP, Haryana and Rajasthan are the main areas.
 
 

Maize
Used as both food and fodder
Mainly kharif, Rabi in Tamil Nadu (winter rain) ● Requires 50-100 cm rainfall and
cannot be
grown in areas of more than 100 cm rainfall.

 Cool and dry weather helps in ripening of grains.

 Grows well in temperatures of 21-27 degrees C. ● Cultivation of maize in India is
characterised by
inter-culture i.e. it is grown mixed along with other crops

 Top producing states are AP & Telangana, Karnataka, Bihar, Maharashtra and
Rajasthan. Also grown in the hilly regions of Himachal Pradesh.
 

 
Millets
 Short duration warm weather grasses grown in those inferior areas where main food
crops like rice and wheat cannot be grown
 They provide food and fodder.
 Jowar, Bajra, Ragi, Korra, Kodon, Kutki, sanwa, haraka, varagu, bauti and rajgira are
important millets grown in India.
 

Jowar (Sorghum)
 Jowar is grown both as a kharif and rabi crop. ● Kharif = areas with mean monthly
temperatureof 26-33 degree C.
 Rabi = areas with mean monthly temperature above 16 degree C.
 It requires more than 30 cm rainfall during growing period and cannot grow if rainfall
exceeds 100 cm.
 It can be grown in areas of gentle slopes up to 1200m height.
 Maharashtra, Karnataka, MP, Andhra are important jowar producing states.
 It has lost out to other food crops with the spread of irrigation.
 
Bajra (Bull Rush Millet)

 Crop of dry and warm climate and is grown in areas of 40-50 cm rainfall. Seldom
grows in areas of rainfall >100 cm.
 Ideal temperature = 25-30 degree C
 Kharif Crop sown between May-Sept and harvested between Oct- Mar
 Sown either as a pure or mixed crop with cotton, jowar and ragi
 Top producers are Rajasthan, UP, Gujarat and Haryana (total 80%)
 

Ragi (Finger Millet) 

 Mainly grown in drier parts of South India with some areas in North India as well
 20-30 degree C, 50-100 cm rainfall ● Raised on red, light black and
sandy loams as well as alluvial soils.

 Rainfed kharif crop.

  Top producers –            Karnataka, Uttarakhand, Tamil Nadu
 

Why growing millets is beneficial?
 Millets are less expensive and nutritionallysuperior to wheat & rice owing to their
high protein, fibre, vitamins and minerals like iron content and are also rich in calcium
and magnesium. For example, Ragi is known to have the highest calcium content
among all the food grains.
 Millets can
provide nutritionalsecurity and act as a shield against nutritionaldeficiency,especi
ally among children and women. Its high iron content can fight high prevalence of
anaemia in India women of reproductive age and infants.
 Millets are rich in antioxidants.
 Millets can help tackle lifestyle problems and health challengessuch as obesity and
diabetes as they are gluten-free and have a low glycemic index (a relative ranking of
carbohydrate in foods according to how they affect blood glucose levels).
 Millets are Photo-insensitive(do not require a specific photoperiod for flowering) &
resilient to climate change.
 Millets can grow on poor soils with little or no external inputs. They
are less water consuming and are capable of growing under drought conditions, under
non-irrigated conditions even in very low rainfall regimes
 Millets have low carbon and water footprint (rice plant needs at least 3 times more
water to grow in comparison to millets).
 Millets can withstandhigh temperature. In times of climate change Millets are often
the last crop standing and, thus, are a good risk management strategy for resource-poor
marginal farmers.
 2023 – INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF MILLETS BY FAO
 
Barley
 Inferior grain like millets ● Used for making beer and
whiskey

 Does not tolerate high heat and humidity.

 10-15 degrees C and 75-100 cm rainfall.
 Rabi crop in the Great Plains and valleys of Himalayas.
 Top producer is Rajasthan.
 

Pulses
 Leguminous plants that serve as a source of protein for the vegetarian population of
India and as excellent forage and grain concentrates in the feed of cattle.
 Pulses have the capacity to fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil and are normally
rotated with other crops to maintain or restore soil fertility.
 Important pulses are gram, tur, urad, mung, masur, kulthi, khesri etc.
 

Cash Crops
Cotton 
 Most important Fibre crop in the world
 It is a crop of the tropical and sub-tropical regions and requires uniformly high
temperatures varying between 21 and 30 degrees C.
  It requires 210 frost free days in a year and a modest requirement of water so it can
grow in areas of 50-100 cm of rainfall. In areas of poorer rainfall it can be grown with
the help of irrigation.
 It is a kharif crop and requires 6-8 months to mature. It is grown as a kharif and rabi
crop in Tamil Nadu
 It grows well on deep black soils of the Deccan as well as on the alluvial soils of the
Satluj- Ganga plains.
 It quickly exhausts the fertility of the soil so application of manures and fertilizers is
necessary.
 

Cotton
Three types of Cotton:
 Long staple cotton (24-27mm) – Punjab, Haryana, MH, TN, MP, Gujarat and AP
 Medium Staple Cotton (20-24mm) – Rajasthan, Punjab, TN, MP, UP, Karnataka,
Maharashtra
 Short Staple Cotton (<20 mm) – UP, AP, Rajasthan, Haryana and Punjab.
India is the third largest producer of cotton but has the largest area under cotton
cultivation. In India, Gujarat, MH and AP are the top producers followed by Haryana,
MP and Punjab.
BT Cotton
 Bt stands for Bacillus thuringiensis , the bacterium whose toxin is produced by Bt
Cotton after genetic alteration.
 In India it was released in 2002.
 Bt toxin is a narrow spectrum bio-insecticide as it controls only bollworm ● Biggest
concern is the development of resistance by Pink bollworm to the
 Bt toxin.
 

 
Jute
 Crop of hot and humid climate
 Requires high temperature varying from 24-35 degrees C
 Heavy rainfall of 120-150 cm with 80-90% relative humidity during the period of its
growth.
 Small amount of pre-monsoonal rainfall varying between 25 cm – 55 cm is very
useful.
 Light sandy and clayey soils loams are considered to be best suited soils for jute.
 Jute is generally sown in February in the lowlands and in March-May in uplands. It
takes 8-10 months to mature. Harvesting generally start in July and goes on till
October
 

Jute – Harvest
 The plants are cut to the ground and tied in bundles
 Sheafs of jute stocks are then immersed in flood water or ponds or stagnant water for
2-3 weeks for retting.
 High temperature of water quickens the process of retting.
 After retting is complete, the bark is peeled from the plant and fibre is removed.
 After this, stripping, rinsing, washing and cleaning is done and the fibre is dried in the
sun and pressed into bales.
 Cheap labour is required.
 
Jute – Production
 West Bengal , Bihar, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, UP etc are important producers
of Jute.
Sugarcane
 Belongs to the bamboo family and is indigenous to India.
 It is the main source of sugar, gur and khandsari. Only one thirds is used to make
sugar and 2/3rd the other two.
 It also provides raw material for manufacturing alcohol.
 Bagasse, the crushed cane residue, can be more beneficially used for manufacturing
paper instead of being used as fuel.
 

Sugarcane – Conditions for Growth
 Long duration crop requiring 10-15 months to mature depending upon the
geographical conditions.
 It requires hot and humid climate with average temperature of 21-27 degrees C and
75-150 cm of rainfall.
 In latter half, temperature above 20 degrees C combined with open sky helps in
acquiring juice and thickening.
 Too heavy rainfall results in low sugar content and deficiency of rainfall produces
fibrous crop.
 Frost is detrimental for sugarcane.
  It can grow on a variety of soils including loams, clayey loams, black cotton soils,
brown and reddish loams and even laterite. It exhausts the fertility of soil quickly and
requires heavy dose of manures and fertilizers.
 It is labour intensive crop.
 

Sugarcane – Production
  India has the largest area under sugarcane cultivation in the world and is the second
largest producer of sugarcane next only to Brazil.
In India, there are three distinct belts of sugarcane cultivation:

1. 1. Satluj-Ganga plain from Punjab to Bihar containing 51% of total area and 60% of
the country’s total production
2. 2. Black soil belt from Maharashtra to Tamil Nadu along the eastern slopes of the
Western Ghats
3. 3. Coastal Andhra and the Krishna valley
 

Difference in sugarcane industry in N&S India
 Peninsular India has tropical climate which gives higher yield per unit area ● Sucrose
content is also higher in tropical variety of sugarcane in the south ● Crushing season is
much longer in the south. In North it is of nearly 4
months from Nov-Feb. In south it starts in October and continues up to May-June

Cooperative sugar mills are better managed in the south than in the north ● Most mills
in the south are new which are equipped with modern
machinery.

Oilseeds
 India has the largest area and production of oil seeds in the world
 Nine major oil seeds – groundnut, sesamum, rapeseed and mustard, linseed, safflower,
castor seed, sunflower and soybean account for nearly 18% of the net sown area.
 It is used as an important item in our diet and as a raw material in the manufacturing
industry.
 Oil cake which is the residue after the oil is extracted from the oilseeds forms an
important cattle feed an manure.
 India is the largest importer of edible oil in the world . Share of palm oil is 60% in
import.
 

Plantation Crops
Tea
 It is indigenous to China.
 It is a tropical and sub-tropical plant and thrives well in hot and humid climate ●   
There is a very close relation between climate, the yield and the quality of tea.
 Ideal temperature for its growth is 20-30 degrees Celsius and temperatures above 35
degrees Celsius and below 10 degrees Celsius are harmful to the bush.
 It requires 150-300 cm annual rainfall which should be well distributed throughout the
year.
 Tea is a shade loving plant and develops more vigorously when planted along with
shady trees
 Tea bush grows well in well drained, deep, friable loams. However, virgin forest soils
rich in humus and iron content are considered to be the best soils for tea plantations.
 Relatively large proportion of phosphorus and potash in soil give special flavour to tea
as in the case of Darjeeling.
 Stagnant water is injurious to its roots and thus it grows well on hill slopes.
  Most of the tea plantations in India are found at elevations ranging from 600-1800 m
above msl.
 

Tea Producing areas
 North-Eastern India – Assam (Brahmaputra valley, Surma valley), West Bengal
(Duars, Darjeeling)
 South India – Nilgiri, Cardamom, Palani and Anaimalai Hills of Tamil Nadu, Kerala
and Karnataka
 North West India – Almora, Dehradun, Nainital Districts (Uttarakhand), Kangra
Valley and Mandi District (Himachal Pradesh)
 Isolated areas – Ranchi and Hazaribagh districts of Chotanagpur Plateau
 
 

Coffee
It is indigenous to Abyssinia Plateau (Ethiopia) from where it was taken to Arabia in
the 11th century.
 It was brought to the Baba Budan Hills of Karnataka in 17th Century.
 It is a hot and humid climate with temperature varying between 15 – 28 degrees
Celsius.
 Rainfall from 150 – 250 cm
 It does not tolerate frost, snowfall or high temperature above 30 degrees C.
 Stagnant water is harmful and this crop is grown on hillslopes at elevations from 600-
1600 metres above sea level.
 Northern and Eastern slopes are preferred – less exposed to Sun and SW monsoons.
Coffee – Production
 Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, NE India and A&N
Islands
 
Green Revolution – Components

 High Yielding Varieties of Seeds ● Irrigation

 Use of Fertilizers
 Use of Insecticides and Pesticides ● Command Area Development
 Consolidation of Holdings ● Land Reforms
 Supply of Agricultural Credit ● Rural Electrification
 Rural Roads and Marketing ● Farm Mechanisation
 Agricultural Universities
 

Impact of Green Revolution
 Increase in Agricultural Production
 Diffusion of Rice and Wheat Cultivation to non-traditional areas ● Capitalistic
Farming
 Ploughing back of profit ● Industrial Growth
 Rural Employment
 Change in attitude of farmers
 
 
 

Problems of the Green Revolution
  Inter-crop imbalance ● Regional disparities
 Increase in inter-personal inequalities ● Unemployment
 Deforestation
 Depletion of Underground Water ● Environmental Pollution
 Health Hazards
Second Green Revolution – Krishonnati Yojana
 The government of India introduced the Green revolution Krishonnati Yojana in 2005
to boost the agriculture sector.
 Government through the scheme plans to develop the agriculture and allied sector in a
holistic & scientific manner to increase the income of farmer.
 The scheme looks to enhance agricultural production, productivity and better returns
on produce.
Bringing Green Revolution to Eastern India
 Green Revolution that turned India from ‘begging bowl’ to leading producer of food-
grains.
 BGREI is about binging similar benefits to eastern India that largely remained
untouched of the wonder that converted the north-west into a ‘grain bowl’.
 BGREI is flagship programme under Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY).
 It is intended to address the constraints limiting the productivity of “rice based
cropping systems”.
 The BGREI program was announced in the Union Budget, 2010-11.
 BGREI focuses on bringing the second Green Revolution in eastern region, which has
rich water resources.
 Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal and eastern Uttar
Pradesh (Purvanchal) are the seven states.