World Population Policies 2009

ST/ESA/SER.
A/293
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS POPULATION DIVISION
World Population Policies 2009
United Nations New York, 2010
DESA
The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environmental data and information on which States Members of the United Nations draw to review common problems and take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities.
Note
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The designations developed and developing countries and more developed and less developed regions are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. The term country as used in the text of this publication also refers, as appropriate, to territories or areas. This publication has been issued without formal editing.
ST/ESA/SER.A/293
UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. E.09.XIII.14 ISBN 978-92-1-151467-4
Copyright United Nations, 2010 All rights reserved
PREFACE
This report delineates Governments views and policies concerning population and development for 195 countries. In particular, it itemizes policies in the areas of population size and growth, population age structure, fertility and family planning, health and mortality, spatial distribution and internal migration, and international migration. Previous editions of World Population Policies were issued as World Population Policies 2007 (Sales No. E.08.XIII.8), World Population Policies 2005 (Sales No. E.06.XIII.5) and World Population Policies 2003 (Sales No. E.04.XIII.3). Prior to 2003, the publication was issued as National Population Policies 2001 (Sales No. E.02.XIII.12) and National Population Policies 1998 (Sales No. E.99.XIII.3). Before 1998, the data were published as the Global Review and Inventory of Population Policies (GRIPP). All the United Nations international population conferences held since 1974 have emphasized monitoring the implementation of their goals and recommendations. In particular, the International Conference on Population and Development held at Cairo in 1994 recommended that actions be taken to measure, assess, monitor and evaluate progress towards meeting the goals of its Programme of Action.1 The Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is responsible for providing the international community with up-to-date, accurate and scientifically objective information on population and development. The Population Division provides guidance to the United Nations General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, and the Commission on Population and Development on population and development issues. In addition, the Division undertakes studies on population levels and trends, population estimates and projections, population policies, and population and development interrelationships. The monitoring of population policies at the international level began after the World Population Plan of Action2 was adopted at the World Population Conference held at Bucharest in 1974. The Plan of Action, the first global intergovernmental instrument on population policy, called upon the United Nations to monitor national population policies. Responsibility for World Population Policies 2009 rests with the Population Division. Preparation of this publication was facilitated by the cooperation of Member States and non-member States of the United Nations, the regional commissions, and the agencies, funds and programmes of the United Nations system. The Population Division is particularly grateful to the Statistics Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs for its continuing cooperation. The data presented in this publication are also being released in electronic form on a CD-ROM. An order form is included in this volume. This publication, as well as other population information, may be accessed on the Population Division website at: http://www.unpopulation.org. Questions and comments concerning this publication may be addressed to the Office of the Director, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Secretariat, New York, NY 10017, fax number 212-963-2147.
______________
1 Report of the International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo, 5-13 September 1994 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.95.XIII.18), chap. I, resolution 1, annex, para. 13.6. 2 Report of the United Nations World Population Conference, Bucharest, 19-30 August 1974 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.75.XIII.3), chap. I.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs/Population Division
iii
CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................. EXPLANATORY NOTES........................................................................................................................ INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................
iii xiii 1
PART ONE. GOVERNMENT VIEWS AND POLICIES

I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. MAJOR POPULATION CONCERNS .......................................................................................... POPULATION SIZE AND GROWTH ........................................................................................... POPULATION AGE STRUCTURE .............................................................................................. FERTILITY AND FAMILY PLANNING ....................................................................................... HEALTH AND MORTALITY ..................................................................................................... SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND INTERNAL MIGRATION ............................................................ INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION ................................................................................................ REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 7 8 10 12 17 27 32 39
BOXES
1. 2. 3. 4. Sources for monitoring government views and policies on population ................................ Major population concerns of Governments in 2009............................................................ Countries with legal measures to prohibit AIDS-related discrimination in 2009 by rate of adult HIV prevalence ................................................................................... Countries that liberalized or restricted grounds on which abortion is permitted between 1996 and 2009 ........................................................................................
FIGURES
3 7 22 26
I. II. III. IV. V. VI.
Distribution of Governments according to their level of concern about population ageing, 2009 .......................................................................................................................... Governments in Africa according to their views on the level of fertility, 1976 and 2009 .... Government policies on the level of fertility, 1976, 1986, 1996 and 2009........................... Governments in Europe according to their views on the level of fertility, 1976 and 2009 .. Percentage of Governments providing direct support to facilitate access to modern contraceptive methods, 1976, 1986, 1996 and 2009 ............................................................. Government policies on providing access to contraceptive methods, Africa, 1976 and 2009 ................................................................................................................................
10 13 13 14 15 16
Page
VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV.
Developing countries that view their mortality level as acceptable, 1976, 1986, 1996 and 2009 ....................................................................................................................... Distribution of countries according to the implementation of measures to respond to the HIV/AIDS epidemic, 2009 ................................................................................................... Countries with legal measures to prohibit AIDS-related discrimination, 2009 .................... Grounds on which abortion is permitted by level of development in 1980, 1996 and 2009 ....................................................................................................................... Countries by grounds on which abortion is permitted, 2009 ................................................ Government views on the spatial distribution of their population, 2009 .............................. Government policies on immigration, 1996 and 2009 .......................................................... Government policies on the immigration of highly skilled workers, 2009...........................
17 20 21 24 25 28 35 36
TABLES
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Government views on the rate of population growth: 1976, 1986, 1996 and 2009 .............. Government policies on the rate of population growth: 1976, 1986, 1996 and 2009 ........... Government level of concern about the ageing of the population, 2009 .............................. Government level of concern about the size of the population of working-age, 2009 ......... Government views on the level of fertility: 1976, 1986, 1996 and 2009.............................. Government policies on the level of fertility: 1976, 1986, 1996 and 2009........................... Government policies on providing access to contraceptive methods: 1976, 1986, 1996 and 2009 ....................................................................................................................... Government level of concern about adolescent fertility, 1996 and 2009.............................. Government policies and programmes addressing adolescent fertility, 1996 and 2009 ....... Government views on the acceptability of the mortality level: 1976, 1986, 1996 and 2009 ................................................................................................................................ Government views on the acceptability of the level of under-five mortality, 1996 and 2009 ................................................................................................................................ Government views on the acceptability of the level of maternal mortality, 2009 ................ Government level of concern about HIV/AIDS, 1996 and 2009 .......................................... Government measures implemented in response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic, 2009 ............ Government views on the spatial distribution of the population: 1976, 1986, 1996 and 2009 ................................................................................................................................ Government policies on internal migration from rural areas to urban areas, 2009 ............... Government policies on internal migration into urban agglomerations: 1976, 1986, 1996 and 2009 ....................................................................................................................... Government policies on internal migration from urban areas to urban areas, 2009 ............. Government policies on internal migration from urban areas to rural areas, 2009 ............... Government views on the level of immigration: 1976, 1986, 1996 and 2009 ...................... 44 46 48 49 50 52 54 56 57 58 60 61 62 63 64 66 67 69 70 71
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Page
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.
Government policies on immigration: 1976, 1986, 1996 and 2009 ...................................... Government policies on immigration for permanent settlement, 2009................................. Government policies on immigration of highly skilled workers, 2009 ................................ Government policies on immigration of temporary workers, 2009 ...................................... Government policies on immigration for family reunification, 2009 ................................... Government policies on integration of non-citizens, 2009 ................................................... Government views on the level of emigration: 1976, 1986, 1996 and 2009 ........................ Government policies on emigration: 1976, 1986, 1996 and 2009 ........................................ Government policies on encouraging the return of citizens, 2009........................................
73 75 76 77 78 79 80 82 84
PART TWO. COUNTRY PROFILES

VIII. DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES .................................................................................................. A. GLOSSARY ...................................................................................................................... 1. GOVERNMENT VIEWS AND POLICIES........................................................................... 2. DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS ....................................................................................... B. SOURCES ......................................................................................................................... C. ORDERING THE DATA ON CD-ROM ................................................................................ PROFILES OF NATIONAL POPULATION POLICIES ....................................................................
Afghanistan ................................................................................................................................. Albania .................................................................................................................................. Algeria .................................................................................................................................. Andorra ................................................................................................................................. Angola ................................................................................................................................... Antigua and Barbuda ............................................................................................................ Argentina .............................................................................................................................. Armenia ................................................................................................................................ Australia ................................................................................................................................ Austria ................................................................................................................................... Azerbaijan ............................................................................................................................. Bahamas ................................................................................................................................ Bahrain .................................................................................................................................. Bangladesh ............................................................................................................................ Barbados ............................................................................................................................... Belarus .................................................................................................................................. Belgium .................................................................................................................................
87 87 87 94 95 97 99
100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 118 120 122 124 126 128 130 132
IX.
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Page
Belize ................................................................................................................................... Benin ................................................................................................................................... Bhutan ................................................................................................................................... Bolivia (Plurinational State of) ............................................................................................. Bosnia and Herzegovina ....................................................................................................... Botswana ............................................................................................................................... Brazil ................................................................................................................................... Brunei Darussalam ................................................................................................................ Bulgaria ................................................................................................................................. Burkina Faso ......................................................................................................................... Burundi ................................................................................................................................. Cambodia .............................................................................................................................. Cameroon .............................................................................................................................. Canada .................................................................................................................................. Cape Verde ........................................................................................................................... Central African Republic ...................................................................................................... Chad ................................................................................................................................... Chile ................................................................................................................................... China ................................................................................................................................... Colombia ............................................................................................................................... Comoros ................................................................................................................................ Congo ................................................................................................................................... Cook Islands ......................................................................................................................... Costa Rica ............................................................................................................................. Cte dIvoire ......................................................................................................................... Croatia ................................................................................................................................... Cuba ................................................................................................................................... Cyprus ................................................................................................................................... Czech Republic ..................................................................................................................... Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea ............................................................................... Democratic Republic of the Congo....................................................................................... Denmark................................................................................................................................ Djibouti ................................................................................................................................. Dominica ............................................................................................................................... Dominican Republic ............................................................................................................. Ecuador ................................................................................................................................. Egypt ................................................................................................................................... El Salvador ............................................................................................................................ Equatorial Guinea ................................................................................................................. Eritrea....................................................................................................................................
134 136 138 140 142 144 146 148 150 152 154 156 158 160 162 164 166 168 170 172 174 176 178 180 182 184 186 188 190 192 194 196 198 200 202 204 206 208 210 212
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Page
Estonia .................................................................................................................................. Ethiopia ................................................................................................................................. Fiji ......................................................................................................................................... Finland .................................................................................................................................. France.................................................................................................................................... Gabon .................................................................................................................................... Gambia .................................................................................................................................. Georgia.................................................................................................................................. Germany................................................................................................................................ Ghana .................................................................................................................................... Greece ................................................................................................................................... Grenada ................................................................................................................................. Guatemala ............................................................................................................................. Guinea ................................................................................................................................... Guinea-Bissau ....................................................................................................................... Guyana .................................................................................................................................. Haiti ...................................................................................................................................... Holy See ................................................................................................................................ Honduras ............................................................................................................................... Hungary ................................................................................................................................ Iceland ................................................................................................................................... India ...................................................................................................................................... Indonesia ............................................................................................................................... Iran (Islamic Republic of) ..................................................................................................... Iraq ........................................................................................................................................ Ireland ................................................................................................................................... Israel...................................................................................................................................... Italy ....................................................................................................................................... Jamaica.................................................................................................................................. Japan ..................................................................................................................................... Jordan .................................................................................................................................... Kazakhstan ............................................................................................................................ Kenya .................................................................................................................................... Kiribati .................................................................................................................................. Kuwait ................................................................................................................................... Kyrgyzstan ............................................................................................................................ Lao Peoples Democratic Republic ...................................................................................... Latvia .................................................................................................................................... Lebanon ................................................................................................................................ Lesotho..................................................................................................................................
214 216 218 220 222 224 226 228 230 232 234 236 238 240 242 244 246 248 250 252 254 256 258 260 262 264 266 268 270 272 274 276 278 280 282 284 286 288 290 292
ix
Page
Liberia ................................................................................................................................... Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ........................................................................................................ Liechtenstein ......................................................................................................................... Lithuania ............................................................................................................................... Luxembourg .......................................................................................................................... Madagascar ........................................................................................................................... Malawi .................................................................................................................................. Malaysia ................................................................................................................................ Maldives................................................................................................................................ Mali ....................................................................................................................................... Malta ..................................................................................................................................... Marshall Islands .................................................................................................................... Mauritania ............................................................................................................................. Mauritius ............................................................................................................................... Mexico .................................................................................................................................. Micronesia (Federated States of) .......................................................................................... Moldova ................................................................................................................................ Monaco ................................................................................................................................. Mongolia ............................................................................................................................... Montenegro .......................................................................................................................... Morocco ................................................................................................................................ Mozambique ......................................................................................................................... Myanmar ............................................................................................................................... Namibia ................................................................................................................................. Nauru .................................................................................................................................... Nepal ..................................................................................................................................... Netherlands ........................................................................................................................... New Zealand ......................................................................................................................... Nicaragua .............................................................................................................................. Niger ..................................................................................................................................... Nigeria .................................................................................................................................. Niue ....................................................................................................................................... Norway.................................................................................................................................. Oman ..................................................................................................................................... Pakistan ................................................................................................................................. Palau...................................................................................................................................... Panama .................................................................................................................................. Papua New Guinea................................................................................................................ Paraguay................................................................................................................................ Peru .......................................................................................................................................
294 296 298 300 302 304 306 308 310 312 314 316 318 320 322 324 326 328 330 332 334 336 338 340 342 344 346 348 350 352 354 356 358 360 362 364 366 368 370 372
Page
Philippines ............................................................................................................................ Poland ................................................................................................................................... Portugal ................................................................................................................................. Qatar...................................................................................................................................... Republic of Korea ................................................................................................................. Romania ................................................................................................................................ Russian Federation ................................................................................................................ Rwanda ................................................................................................................................. Saint Kitts and Nevis ............................................................................................................ Saint Lucia ............................................................................................................................ Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ......................................................................................... Samoa.................................................................................................................................... San Marino ............................................................................................................................ Sao Tome and Principe ......................................................................................................... Saudi Arabia ......................................................................................................................... Senegal .................................................................................................................................. Serbia .................................................................................................................................... Seychelles ............................................................................................................................. Sierra Leone .......................................................................................................................... Singapore .............................................................................................................................. Slovakia ................................................................................................................................ Slovenia ................................................................................................................................ Solomon Islands .................................................................................................................... Somalia ................................................................................................................................. South Africa .......................................................................................................................... Spain ..................................................................................................................................... Sri Lanka ............................................................................................................................... Sudan .................................................................................................................................... Suriname ............................................................................................................................... Swaziland .............................................................................................................................. Sweden .................................................................................................................................. Switzerland ........................................................................................................................... Syrian Arab Republic............................................................................................................ Tajikistan .............................................................................................................................. Thailand ................................................................................................................................ The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ...................................................................... Timor-Leste .......................................................................................................................... Togo ...................................................................................................................................... Tonga .................................................................................................................................... Trinidad and Tobago .............................................................................................................
374 376 378 380 382 384 386 388 390 392 394 396 398 400 402 404 406 408 410 412 414 416 418 420 422 424 426 428 430 432 434 436 438 440 442 444 446 448 450 452
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Tunisia .................................................................................................................................. Turkey ................................................................................................................................... Turkmenistan ........................................................................................................................ Tuvalu ................................................................................................................................... Uganda .................................................................................................................................. Ukraine ................................................................................................................................. United Arab Emirates ........................................................................................................... United Kingdom ................................................................................................................... United Republic of Tanzania ................................................................................................ United States of America ...................................................................................................... Uruguay ................................................................................................................................ Uzbekistan ............................................................................................................................ Vanuatu ................................................................................................................................. Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) ..................................................................................... Viet Nam .............................................................................................................................. Yemen ................................................................................................................................. Zambia ................................................................................................................................. Zimbabwe .............................................................................................................................
454 456 458 460 462 464 466 468 470 472 474 476 478 480 482 484 486 488
xii
EXPLANATORY NOTES
World Population Policies 2009 provides information on 195 countries, including all 192 Member States and three non-member States (Cook Islands, Holy See and Niue) of the United Nations. Countries and areas are grouped geographically into six major areas: Africa; Asia; Europe; Latin America and the Caribbean; Northern America; and Oceania. Those major areas are further divided geographically into 21 regions. In addition, the regions are classified as belonging, for statistical convenience, to either of two general groups: more developed and less developed regions. The less developed regions include all regions of Africa, Asia (excluding Japan), Latin America and the Caribbean, Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. The more developed regions comprise Northern America and Europe and the following countries: Australia, Japan and New Zealand. The group of least developed countries currently comprises 49 countries: Afghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, the Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kiribati, Lao Peoples Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sudan, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania, Vanuatu, Yemen and Zambia. Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Various symbols have been used in the tables throughout this report, as follows: Two dots (..) indicate that data are not available or are not separately reported. A hyphen (-) indicates that the item is not applicable. A minus sign (-) before a figure indicates a decrease. A full stop (.) is used to indicate decimals. Years given begin with 1 July. Use of a hyphen (-) between years, for example, 2005-2010, signifies the full period involved, from 1 July of the beginning year to 1 July of the end year. Percentages in tables and figures do not necessarily add to 100 per cent because of rounding. World Population Policies 2009 uses estimates and projections of demographic indicators from the most recent 2008 Revision of World Population Prospects. This may result in minor discrepancies from World Population Policies 2007 that used the 2006 Revision of World Population Prospects. For any newly-formed States, Government views and policies are not available for previous time points, but estimates of population indicators are provided using the 2008 World Population Prospects.
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INTRODUCTION
All the United Nations international population conferences held since 1974 have emphasized the need to monitor the implementation of their goals and recommendations. Thus, the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) held at Cairo in 1994 recommended that actions be taken to measure, assess, monitor and evaluate progress towards meeting the goals of its Programme of Action.1 The overriding goal of the ICPD Programme of Action, to improve human welfare and promote sustainable development, is fully consistent with the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) contained in the Millennium Declaration of 2000.2 Some goals in the Programme of Action are identical to the MDGs, including those pertaining to the reduction of child mortality, the improvement of maternal health and the achievement of universal primary education (United Nations, 2005). The Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs is responsible for global monitoring of the implementation of the Programme of Action adopted by the 1994 ICPD, as it was for that of the World Population Plan of Action of the 1974 World Population Conference. In carrying out this task, it adhered to the principles of objectivity and neutrality. Reports on advances made in the implementation of the Programme of Action have been descriptive and concise, focusing on analytical comparisons among countries and regions over time. This report is part of the effort of the Population Division to disseminate the information resulting from its monitoring activities. It provides an overview of population policies and dynamics for the 195 countries for
1 Report of the International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo, 5-13 September 1994 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.95.XIII.18), chap. I, resolution 1, annex, para. 13.6. 2 General Assembly Resolution, A/RES/55/2.
which data referring to the middle of the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s decades are available that is, data relate approximately to the times in which the United Nations population conferences were convened at Bucharest, Mexico City and Cairo as well as for 2009. Successive monitoring reports have documented significant changes since 1974 in government views on population issues as well as in the formulation, implementation and evaluation of population policy. Monitoring itself contributes to such evolution by increasing global awareness of population and development issues and the need for appropriate and timely policy responses. Types of population policy questions addressed The basic information relative to the monitoring of population policies encompasses three basic components. They are listed below together with the types of questions used to elicit the views of Governments. Government views on population size and growth, population age structure and spatial distribution, and on the demographic components fertility, mortality and migration that affect them: For each variable, the following questions were posed to Governments: Is the level or trend viewed as a significant policy issue? Is the prevailing level or rate of change considered too high, too low, acceptable or satisfactory in relation to other social and economic conditions? Government objectives with respect to each variable: Is the objective of the Government to raise or to lower the level of the variable or to maintain its current level? Government policies concerning interventions to influence each variable: Does the Government consider intervention to alter levels and trends as a legitimate exercise of its authority? Has the Government actively intervened to influence the variable?
Major sources of information In order to compile the requisite information for monitoring the implementation of the World Population Plan of Action and later the ICPD Programme of Action, the Population Division established the Population Policy Data Bank. The major sources of information contained in the Data Bank are of four broad types (see box 1). The first type of information comprises official government responses to the United Nations Inquiry among Governments on Population and Development, of which there have been ten separate rounds since 1963. The first and second rounds of the Inquiry were conducted prior to the 1974 World Population Conference. The eighth Inquiry, the first directed towards the ICPD Programme of Action, was initiated in 1997. The Ninth Inquiry was sent to Governments in 2003. The Tenth Inquiry was sent to Governments in 2008. Each round of the Inquiry has consisted of a detailed request for information sent to all Member States and non-member States of the United Nations. The second type of information consists of publications, documents, statements and other materials issued by Governments, including development plans, laws, regulations and proclamations. These materials are a particularly important source of data because they reflect the official positions taken by Governments. The third category of information consists of materials provided by international organizations, such as regional commissions, funds, programmes and agencies of the United Nations system, as well as other regional intergovernmental organizations. Because countries collectively are the source of these materials, an official status is attached to them. The fourth type of information consists of non-governmental materials, including clippings from the world press, articles in academic journals, proceedings of conferences and seminars, reports and studies prepared by research centres and non-governmental organizations, as well as correspondence and personal communications with experts.
Organization of the report The report is divided into two parts. Part One provides a global perspective on the evolution of selected aspects of population policies between 1976 and 2009 with respect to each of the major population variables and is based on six major topics. The first topic is government views and policies on population size and growth. The second topic covers government views and policies on the changing age distribution of population. The third topic is government views and policies on fertility, family planning and adolescent fertility. Government views and policies on health and mortality, including life expectancy at birth, child mortality and maternal mortality and the HIV/AIDS epidemic are included in the fourth topic. The fifth topic covers government views and policies on the spatial distribution of population and internal migration. The sixth and last topic reviews government views and policies on international migration, including permanent and temporary migration, family reunification and migration of skilled workers. Special attention is given to the reduction of child mortality, improvement of maternal health and government responses to the HIV/AIDS epidemic due to their importance in achieving the health-related MDGs. This chapter also provides useful information for the forty-third session of the United Nations Commission on Population and Development (12 to 16 April 2010) whose special theme was Health, morbidity, mortality and development and to the High-level Plenary Meeting of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly (20-22 September 2010), which will focus on accelerating progress towards the achievement of the MDGs by 2015 (resolution A/64/L.36). The grounds on which induced abortion is permitted are also examined under the fourth topic. The views and policies of Governments on emigration and the return migration of citizens are also examined. Government views and policies on international migration are also a key focus of this report in order to document how Member States have reacted to the management of international
migration when faced with the ongoing global economic and financial crises. Part Two presents for each country the evolution from 1976 to 2009 of government views and policies with respect to population size and growth, population age structure, fertility and family planning, health and mortality, the spatial distribution of the population, internal migration, and international migration. Country profiles are presented for each of the 192 Member States and
three non-member States (Cook Islands, Holy See and Niue) of the United Nations. The material is presented in the form of data sheets, containing population policy information for each country referring to 1976, 1986, 1996 and 2009 or dates close to those years, as well as population indicators for those years. The data included in this report are based on information available as of December 2009.
BOX 1. SOURCES FOR MONITORING GOVERNMENT VIEWS AND POLICIES ON POPULATION
SOURCES UNITED NATIONS

POPULATION INQUIRIES AMONG GOVERNMENTS
GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS, DOCUMENTS AND OTHER SOURCES
INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATIONS, DOCUMENTS AND OTHER SOURCES
NON-GOVERNMENTAL
PUBLICATIONS AND RELATED MATERIALS
POPULATION POLICY DATABASE
PUBLICATIONS (PRINTED AND ELECTRONIC)
WORLD POPULATION MONITORING
WORLD POPULATION POLICIES
SPECIAL POLICY STUDIES
WALL CHARTS
OTHER POPULATION REPORTS
Source: Trends in Population Policy (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.89.XIII.13).
PART ONE GOVERNMENT VIEWS AND POLICIES
I. MAJOR POPULATION CONCERNS

HIV/AIDS was the most common population concern of Governments in 2009, with 87 per cent considering it a major concern (box 2). Population ageing was the most common concern in developed countries, where 79 per cent of the Governments considered it a major concern in 2009. Other major population concerns in developed countries were HIV/AIDS, low fertility and a relatively small or declining number of persons of working age. In developing countries, 90 per cent of the Governments considered HIV/AIDS as a major concern. High infant and child mortality and high maternal mortality were the second and third most common concerns in developing countries after HIV/AIDS. Governments of developing countries were also concerned about their population of working age but mainly because they needed to create sufficient jobs for their growing working-age population.
BOX 2. MAJOR POPULATION CONCERNS OF GOVERNMENTS IN 2009: ISSUES OF SIGNIFICANCE TO AT LEAST HALF OF ALL GOVERNMENTS IN 2009,
BY LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT Percentage of Governments reporting it is significant
Region and Issues
World HIV/AIDS Infant and child mortality Maternal mortality Size of the population of working age Adolescent fertility Low life expectancy at birth Population ageing Pattern of spatial distribution More developed regions Population ageing HIV/AIDS Low fertility Size of the population of working age Less developed regions HIV/AIDS Infant and child mortality Maternal mortality Adolescent fertility Size of the population of working age Low life expectancy at birth Pattern of spatial distribution High fertility 87 70 66 62 57 55 55 51
79 77 61 59
90 81 79 65 63 62 58 50
II. POPULATION SIZE AND GROWTH

High population growth remains a salient concern in the developing world. Many Governments in developing countries have realized the importance of reducing high rates of population growth in order to ease mounting pressure on renewable and non-renewable resources, combat climate change, prevent food shortages and provide decent employment and basic social services to all their inhabitants. Many of these Governments have also realized that effective implementation of population policy requires the creation of an institutional framework that ensures the integration of population variables into development planning with adequate mechanisms for monitoring and evaluation. Although rates of population growth in developing countries continued to decline, from an average annual rate of 2.4 per cent in 1970-1975 to 1.4 per cent in 2005-2010 (United Nations, 2009a), nearly half of the Governments of developing countries still viewed their population growth as too high in 2009 (table 1). Among the least developed countries, the percentage of countries that viewed population growth as too high rose from 50 per cent in 1986 to 76 per cent in 2009. Africa has the highest percentage of countries whose Governments consider their population growth as too high: 68 per cent of Governments in Africa did so in 2009, up from 35 per cent in 1976 (table 1). In Asia, where most countries have experienced substantial declines in fertility, 34 per cent of Governments view population growth as too high. Latin America and the Caribbean is the only region where the percentage of Governments that view population growth as too high has been decreasing steadily, from 48 per cent in 1986 to 21 per cent in 2009. To a large extent, concerns about the detrimental consequences of high population growth have been translated into policy interventions. In 2009, 46 per cent of developing countries and 71 per cent of the least developed countries had policies aimed at reducing their population growth rate (table 2). One of the most significant developments since the mid-1970s has been a continued rise in the number of Governments in Africa that reported having policies aimed at reducing the rapid growth of their respective populations: 64 per cent in 2009, up from 60 per cent in 1996, 39 per cent in 1986 and 25 per cent in 1976. Conversely, the percentage of Governments in Africa that did not intervene to influence population growth continued to decline, from 60 per cent in 1976 to 21 per cent in 2009. In contrast to Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean has a rising percentage of Governments that did not intervene to influence the population growth rate: 52 per cent in 1996 and 61 per cent in 2009. In developed countries, the persistence of low population growth has led to growing concerns about its consequences, such as shrinking labour force and growing proportions of the elderly. In 2009, 47 per cent of the Governments of developed countries considered their population growth to be too low, up from 18 per cent in 1986 (table 1), while the percentage of developed countries with policies aimed at raising the growth of their population climbed from 24 per cent in 1986 to 45 per cent in 2009 (table 2). All but one of the 23 developed countries whose Governments viewed their population growth as too low are in Europe. The percentage of Governments in Europe with policies aimed at raising their population growth rate increased from 28 per cent in 1986 to 48 per cent in 2009. The changes in government views and policies described above have been matched by a slowdown in population growth in many countries. Whereas in 1970-1975, 35 countries had population growth rates of 3 per cent or more and 71 countries had growth rates ranging between 2 per cent and 3 per cent, the corresponding figures for 2000-2005 were 17 and 42, respectively (United Nations, 2009a). Nevertheless, six countries with population growth rates below 1 per cent in 2005-2010 still considered their growth rates as too high in 2009. Eight countries whose
Governments considered the rate of population growth as too high in 2009 did not have policies to influence it and seven countries whose Governments viewed population growth as too low also did not intervene. Among the 19
countries with negative population growth in 2005-2010, the Governments of 16 felt that the growth rate of their populations was too low in 2009 and 15 had implemented policies to raise it.
III. POPULATION AGE STRUCTURE

One of the inevitable consequences of the unprecedented transformation brought about by the transition from a regime of high mortality and high fertility to one of low mortality and low fertility has been population ageing. Many societies, particularly those in developed countries, have attained older population age structures than have ever existed in the past. In developed countries, 22 per cent of the population was aged 60 years or over in 2009 and in 2050, 33 per cent of the population is expected to be in that age range (United Nations, 2009b). The number of older persons in the more developed regions is already larger than the number of children under age 15, and in 2050, there will likely be two older persons for every child. Developing countries in the midst of the demographic transition have experienced rapid shifts in the proportions of children, the working age population and the population of older persons. In developing countries, the population of older persons is expected to climb from 8 per cent in 2009 to 20 per cent in 2050 (United Nations, 2009b). In 2009, more than half of the Governments considered population ageing as a major concern (table 3, figure I). Among developed countries, 79 per cent of Governments identified population ageing as a major concern. Among developing countries, 46 per cent of Governments had a similar assessment of population ageing. In Latin America and the Caribbean, one of the major areas in the developing world where population ageing is most advanced, 70 per cent of Governments considered population ageing as a major concern (table 3). Another important concern was the size of the working-age population, identified as such by 62 per cent of all reporting Governments (table 4). However, whereas developed countries were worried because their working age populations were small and growing slowly, if at all, developing countries were concerned about their large and rapidly growing labour force and about the challenge of providing decent jobs for all.
Figure I. Distribution of Governments according to their level of concern about population ageing, 2009
90 80 70 79
Percentage of countries
60 50
55 50 46 42
40 30 21 20 10 0 World More developed regions Less developed regions
Major concern
Minor concern
10
Concerned by population ageing and the unsustainability of pension programmes, many Governments are modifying the parameters of those programmes, introducing mandatory fullyfunded schemes, increasing the statutory retirement age, eliminating incentives for early retirement, reducing benefits and encouraging more women to enter the labour force. Thus, between 2002 and 2009, 43 countries out of the 165 having a statutory retirement age increased that age. As a result, men were eligible for full pension benefits at age 65 or over in 62 per cent of developed countries, while women were eligible for the same benefits at age 65 or over in 42 per cent of developed countries. In 24 developed countries, the statutory retirement age was higher for men than for women, although women are expected to live longer than men (United Nations, 2009c). In the European Union, half of the men in the labour force retired before age 61 and half of women before age 60 (EUROSTAT, 2007). The situation is similar in the United States of America, where more than half of working men and women opted for early retirement at an average age of 62 (Turner, 2007).
In addition, low-fertility countries have adopted family-friendly measures that support parents in combining work and parental roles. Countries with slowly growing labour force have also shown increasing willingness to rely on international migration, often of a temporary nature, to address unmet short-term labour demand. Developing countries with high fertility are grappling with the challenge of providing decent work for their growing labour force. In 2009 there were 212 million unemployed persons, an increase of 21 per cent since 1999, and that number has continued to rise as a result of the recent economic crisis (ILO, 2010). The highest rates of unemployment and underemployment are found in the poorest countries. There is a general recognition that employment generation in developing countries requires employmentintensive economic growth combined with a coherent set of employment and human development policies.
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IV. FERTILITY AND FAMILY PLANNING

The wealth of information collected on fertility trends provides evidence of the decline in fertility in most parts of the world. From 1975 to 2005, the number of countries with total fertility exceeding four children per woman decreased from 127 to 52. As a consequence, global total fertility declined from 4.3 children per woman in 1970-1975 to 2.7 children per woman in 20052010. For the period 2005-2010, fertility remains above five children per woman in 26 of the 150 developing countries. In contrast, fertility has reached below-replacement level in 26 developing countries (United Nations, 2009a). Concerns of developing countries Governments views and policies concerning fertility have influenced the fertility decline in developing countries. In 1976, 47 per cent of Governments of the developing countries viewed their fertility as too high. This figure rose to 59 per cent in 1996. By 2009, fertility was viewed as too high in 50 per cent of developing countries, including most parts of Africa, South-central Asia and South-eastern Asia. Among the least developed countries, 86 per cent of Governments held the view that their fertility was too high in 2009 (table 5). Figure II shows the evolution of government views on fertility in Africa. In 1976, just 38 per cent of the Governments of countries in Africa viewed fertility as too high but by 2009, 75 per cent of them did so (table 5). While in the past Governments that considered fertility to be too high did not necessarily adopt policies to influence fertility levels, by 2009, almost all Governments of developing countries that viewed fertility as too high intervened to lower it. Governments have implemented a variety of measures to reduce fertility levels either directly or indirectly. These measures include integrating family planning and safe motherhood programmes into primary health care systems; providing access to reproductive health services; promoting the responsibility of men in sexual and reproductive health; raising the minimum legal age at marriage; improving female education and employment opportunities; discouraging son preference, and providing lowcost, safe and effective contraception. In 1976, half of the Governments of developing countries did not intervene to modify the level of fertility and only 34 per cent intervened to lower fertility. In 2009, the percentage of developing countries lacking policies to influence fertility had fallen to 25 per cent and those having interventions to lower fertility amounted to 51 per cent (table 6, figure III). One of the most significant developments in population policy in the wake of the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development was the increase in the number of Governments in Africa that reported having policies to reduce fertility. In 1976, 25 per cent of Governments in Africa had policies aimed at lowering fertility. By 2009, 70 per cent of Governments in the continent had interventions to promote lower fertility (table 6). Concerns of developed countries The persistence of low fertility was a concern for many developed countries. Fertility in developed countries as a group has been well below replacement level for some time and averaged 1.6 children per woman in 2005-2010. Whereas in 1976, only 21 per cent of Governments in developed countries felt that the fertility of their populations was too low, 61 per cent held that view in 2009 (table 5). The trend in the percentage of Governments that viewed fertility of their populations as too low was similar in Europe (figure IV).
12
Figure II. Governments in Africa according to their views on the level of fertility, 1976 and 2009
1976 2009
Figure III. Government policies on the level of fertility, 1976, 1986, 1996 and 2009
60
55
50
56 51
Percentage of countries
42
40
33
30
34
24 21
20
10
0
19 76 19 76 19 86 19 96 20 09 19 86 19 96 20 09
More developed regions (To raise fertility) Less developed regions (To lower fertility)
13
Among the 47 countries in the world that viewed fertility as too low in 2009, 85 per cent had policies to increase fertility. To raise fertility, Governments have used a number of measures including baby bonuses, family allowances, maternal and paternal leave, subsidized child care, tax incentives, subsidized housing, flexible work schedules, and campaigns to promote the sharing of parenting and household work between spouses. Although a number of countries, mostly in Europe, that adopted such measures have experienced modest increases in fertility between 2000-2005 and 2005-2010 (United Nations 2009a), the evidence on the effectiveness of these measures is not sufficient to ascertain their impact. For instance, a public opinion poll conducted by the European Unions Eurobarometer in 2004 revealed that 84 per cent of the men surveyed either had not taken parental leave or did not intend to do so, even when informed of their rights (European Commission, 2004). A more recent Eurobarometer survey in
2006 confirmed that women still undertook most household work (European Commission, 2007). In Eastern Europe, the profound economic and political changes that followed the end of the communist era were accompanied by a sharp decline in fertility, resulting in some of the lowest fertility levels in the world. Factors accounting for this trend include: fear of the future induced by political instability that resulted in a reluctance to have children; declining per capita income and living standards, and major transformations in family formation and dissolution (United Nations, Economic Commission for Europe, 2002). Access to modern contraceptive methods Government policies regarding access to modern contraceptive methods have been an important determinant of reproductive behaviour, as well as of maternal and child health. Direct support entails the provision of family planning services through Government-run facilities, such as hospitals, clinics, health posts and health
Figure IV. Governments in Europe according to their views on the level of fertility, 1976 and 2009
1976 2009
14
centres and through government fieldworkers. Government support for increased access to methods of contraception has steadily increased. In 2009, 91 per cent of countries supported contraceptive provision, either directly (75 per cent) or indirectly (16 per cent) by supporting non-governmental activities, such as those operated by family planning associations (table 7). During the last three decades, most developing countries have strengthened their support for increasing access to contraceptive methods (table 7, figure V). In Africa, in 2009 only two countries did not provide support to increase access to contraceptive methods, down from 14 countries in 1976 (table 7, figure VI). Even previously pronatalist Governments, which in the past had wanted to maintain or even increase population growth, have gradually modified their stance and accepted family planning and contraception as integral components of maternal and child health programmes. Such countries include Cambodia,
Cameroon, Cte dIvoire, the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic, Oman and the United Arab Emirates. Despite widespread government support for increasing access to contraceptives, there is evidence that demand outstrips supply, particularly in the least developed countries. Thus, an estimated 110 million women in developing countries, who are married or in union, lack ready access to safe and effective means of contraception (United Nations, 2009d). More developed countries, particularly in Europe, have weakened their support for modern contraceptive methods, with only 39 per cent providing direct support in 2009, down from 62 per cent in 1976 (table 7, figure V). Such a change is likely a response to the low fertility levels of their populations or an acknowledgement that the private sector can meet the demand for contraception, making government subsidies less necessary.
Figure V. Percentage of Governments providing direct support to facilitate access to modern contraceptive methods, 1976, 1986, 1996 and 2009
100 87 80 Percentage of countries 62 60 56 58 64 75 82
40
39
20
0
1976 1986 1996 2009 1976 1986 1996 2009 More developed regions Less developed regions
15
Figure VI. Government policies on providing access to contraceptive methods, Africa, 1976 and 2009
1976 2009
Adolescent fertility Many Governments expressed concern about high levels of adolescent fertility. Early childbearing increases risk of maternal death or physical impairment. Furthermore children born to young mothers have higher levels of morbidity and mortality. Among the 191 Governments whose views regarding fertility among adolescents were known in 2009, 87 per cent expressed concern about the level of adolescent fertility (table 8). They included virtually all countries in Latin America and the Caribbean and most countries in Africa. While 31 per cent of developed countries viewed the level of adolescent fertility as a major concern, 65 per cent of developing countries did so.
Of the 191 countries with information available, 82 per cent reported having policies and programmes to address adolescent fertility (table 9). These programmes usually focus on providing assistance to public facilities and nongovernmental organizations in order to provide in-school and out-of-school youth with life skills and ensure that they get appropriate information on reproductive health and sex education. Innovative educational approaches, including peer counseling for youth and orientation for parents, have also been promoted. Population education in non-formal educational settings, vocational training institutes or youth clubs has also been strengthened.
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V. HEALTH AND MORTALITY

Life expectancy at birth The pursuit of health and longevity is not only a basic human desire but also one of the fundamental pillars of development. In most of the world, life expectancy at birth has increased markedly since 1950, particularly as focussed health interventions, increased education and economic development have led to significant reductions in infant and child mortality (Riley, 2001). Correspondingly, the percentage of Governments in developing countries that viewed their mortality level as acceptable increased from 24 per cent to 38 per cent between 1976 and 2009 (table 10, figure VII). However, there are still wide gaps between developed and developing countries. During 2005-2010, life expectancy at birth was 77 years in developed countries and 66 years in developing countries. In the least developed countries, life expectancy at birth was a low 56 years (United Nations, 2009a). Owing to the expansion of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, internal conflicts, economic crises and deficiencies in health systems, the transition to low mortality has stagnated or even been reversed in a number of countries, especially those in sub-Saharan Africa and in the successor States of the former USSR (McMichael et al. 2004; Moser et al., 2005; Vallin and Mesl, 2004). Consequently, Governments views regarding the mortality levels to which their populations are subject differ markedly according to development level. In 2009, 67 per cent of developed countries considered the level of life expectancy at birth of their populations to be acceptable, whereas only 38 per cent of developing countries had that view. Not a single Government among those of the least developed countries felt that the life expectancy of its population was acceptable (table 10). While 111 countries, representing 53 per cent of the worlds population, met the ICPD Programme of Actions goal of reaching a life expectancy at birth higher than 70 years in 2005, 24 countries had reached a life expectancy at birth between 65 and 70 years, and 61 countries still had a life expectancy at birth below 65 years. Among these countries, 45 had life expectancies
Figure VII. Developing countries that view their mortality level as acceptable, 1976, 1986, 1996 and 2009
40 38
35 32 30 Percentage of countries 25
25
24
20
15
10
0 1976 1986 1996 2009
17
below 60 years and thus fell far short of the goal set in the Programme of Action. These countries account for 12 per cent of world population and are located mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. (United Nations, 2009b). Key factors responsible for the slow increases in life expectancy or the declines observed in a few cases include the expansion of the HIV/AIDS epidemic; the persistence of major infectious diseases, such as malaria and diarrhoea; the re-emergence of others, such as tuberculosis and cholera; military and political conflict; economic crises; socio-economic restructuring; and unhealthy lifestyles. Low levels of health expenditure per capita are at the root of inadequate coverage of the population in developing countries by basic health services (WHO, 2008). In 2006, health expenditures per capita averaged US$ 113 among all developing countries and just US$20 in the least developed countries (World Bank, 2009). In many developing countries, the deficiencies in health coverage have been aggravated by the inability of health systems to absorb additional resources efficiently and by the shortages of health personnel exacerbated by inadequate salaries, poor working conditions and emigration (WHO, 2006; Connell et al., 2007). Under-five mortality
near stagnation during the 1990s in many developing countries. Whereas under-five mortality has declined globally, the pace of progress has been uneven across regions and countries. In many countries, lack of basic sanitation, access to safe drinking water and adequate nutrition accounted for an important part of the high death toll among children. According to the MDGs, under-five mortality should be reduced by two thirds between 1990 and 2015. As of 2008, 44 developing countries had already reduced their under-five mortality by more than half since 1990 and another 65 countries had achieved reductions ranging from 30 per cent to 50 per cent. However, progress was slow in 41 countries, 73 per cent of which are located in Africa (United Nations, 2009b). Globally, it is estimated that in 2008 the number of children dying before age five had fallen below 9 million per year, a marked improvement from the 12.5 million deaths of children under five estimated for 1990 (You et al., 2009). Despite these improvements, two thirds of child deaths are caused by preventable diseases, including acute respiratory infections, diarrhoea, measles and malaria (UNICEF, 2008). Maternal mortality
At the world level, infant and child mortality and maternal mortality ranked as the second and third most commonly cited concerns of Governments after the HIV/AIDS epidemic. In 2009, an overwhelming majority of Governments of developing countries (81 per cent) cited the level of under-five mortality in their respective populations as unacceptable, whereas just 37 per cent of Governments of developed countries had that view. In developed countries, dissatisfaction among Governments with the level of infant and child mortality decreased between 1996 and 2009, dropping from 54 per cent to 37 per cent. In contrast, the proportion of Governments concerned over the level of infant and child mortality remained virtually unchanged in developing countries (table 11), mainly because the rapid reductions in child mortality recorded in developing countries prior to 1990 gave way to
Maternal mortality is a major concern for many developing countries. The inclusion of maternal mortality in the MDGs has heightened awareness among Governments about the need to provide reproductive health services to all women of reproductive age. The MDGs set a target of reducing maternal mortality by three quarters between 1990 and 2015 (United Nations 2005). Among the 195 countries considered, the Governments of 129, representing 66 per cent of the Governments of all countries, considered the level of maternal mortality in their populations as unacceptable (table 12). The Governments of 79 per cent of developing countries and of 94 per cent of the least developed countries were dissatisfied with the level of maternal mortality in their populations.
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Each year, more than half a million women die from causes related to pregnancy and childbirth, 80 per cent of these causes are preventable. Almost all of those deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa and in South-central Asia (UNICEF, 2008). Among developed countries, health concerns revolve around the prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases, especially cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, respiratory disorders and Alzheimers disease. Associated with such concerns are the prevalence of disability and the cost of providing health and long-term care for older persons. In some countries, concerns remain about communicable diseases, especially tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS. Concerns about ensuring the adequacy of health systems to address the increasing burden of noncommunicable diseases are especially prevalent among countries with economies in transition (WHO, 2009; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2004 and 2009a). HIV/AIDS Controlling the HIV/AIDS epidemic and providing treatment for those who need it remain some of the major challenges confronting the international community in 2009. HIV/AIDS was the most often cited demographic concern by Governments of developing countries, 90 per cent of which viewed it as a major concern. Among Governments of developed countries, 77 per cent considered HIV/AIDS a major concern (box 2, table 13). These government views echo those of public opinion. In 2007, the Kaiser/Pew Global Health Survey, conducted in 47 countries, indicated that preventing and treating HIV/AIDS was a major concern among people in all countries, especially those in countries in subSaharan Africa and Asia (Kaiser Family Foundation and Pew Global Attitudes Project, 2007). Although current estimates indicate that the epidemic peaked globally in 1996, the number of deaths due to AIDS only started to decline in 2004. Since the disease was first diagnosed in 1981, nearly 60 million people have been
infected with HIV and 25 million people have died of HIV-related causes. In 2008, over 33 million people were living with HIV, an estimated 2.7 million new HIV infections occurred that year and 2 million persons died of AIDS-related illnesses (UNAIDS and WHO, 2009a and 2009b). Overall, the epidemic has erased decades of progress in reducing mortality in the most affected countries and has had a devastating impact on people and families in terms of increased morbidity and lost productivity and wages. Moreover, the epidemic has undermined households and families, enterprises and agriculture, and the education and health sectors in the most affected countries. Although some Governments began formulating policies to address the spread of HIV and its consequences in the mid-to-late 1980s, these policies were often fragmented and had a narrow health focus. More recently, the epidemic has spawned an unprecedented array of global, regional and national responses. Governments have pursued a multi-pronged strategy to combat HIV/AIDS by focusing on the triad of prevention, care and treatment; ensuring protection from discrimination and stigmatization; developing multisectoral strategies; creating HIV/AIDS coordination bodies; and building of partnerships with civil society, including groups of people living with HIV/AIDS, community-based groups, non-governmental organizations and the private sector (United Nations, 2004a; UNAIDS and WHO, 2008). Prevention is the foundation of measures to respond to the HIV/AIDS epidemic and most Governments have adopted prevention strategies at the same time they have worked to provide the needed care, support and treatment. Governments have raised public awareness about how to prevent HIV infection through information, education and communication (IEC) programmes using print media, theatre, radio, television and other means of transmitting key messages. The participation of non-governmental organizations, people living with HIV, religious institutions, and international and bilateral donors has been critical to the success of those efforts. However, much remains to be done to improve the effectiveness
19
of government strategies to ensure the elimination of risky sexual behaviour, especially in the most affected countries. In 2009, condom distribution was widespread: 86 per cent of Governments in both developed and developing countries promoted condom use to protect against sexual transmission of HIV (table 14, figure VIII). The lowest proportion of Governments supporting condom distribution is found in Oceania (69 per cent). Nevertheless, despite the stated support for programmes to distribute condoms, supply shortages and poor quality of the items distributed remain a concern. The global supply of condoms still falls short of what is needed to ensure adequate protection for the sexually active population (UNFPA, 2005 and 2009). In 2009, 189 of the 195 Governments considered reported screening national blood
supplies and blood products for HIV. Little difference was seen between developed and developing countries regarding blood screening. In 2009, 98 per cent of the Governments in Africa had implemented such measures. The percentage of Governments having implemented blood screening measures was lowest in Oceania, at 81 per cent (table 14). Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can significantly prolong life and alleviate suffering among people living with HIV. In 2009, 91 per cent of Governments 98 per cent of developed-country Governments and 89 per cent of developing-country Governments had programmes to provide ART. Despite most countries having policies aimed at the provision of ART, the MDG goal of achieving universal access to ART by 2010 for all those who need it remains elusive as ART coverage remains low in most developing countries. At the end of 2008,
Figure VIII. Distribution of countries according to the implementation of measures to respond to the HIV/AIDS epidemic, 2009
20
Figure IX. Countries with legal measures to prohibit AIDS-related discrimination, 2009
No Yes No data available
only 42 per cent of adults and children in need of treatment were receiving ART, and 45 per cent of pregnant women living with HIV got antiretroviral drugs to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Despite the remarkable progress made since the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS (UNGASS) in 2006 the number of people receiving ART in low- and middle-income countries doubled from 2 million in 2006 to 4 million in late 2008 more than 5 million people needing ART still did not have access to it, and more than half of all people living with HIV are unaware of their infection status (WHO, UNAIDS and UNICEF, 2009; UNICEF, UNAIDS, WHO and UNFPA, 2009). Governments have increasingly enacted laws to protect people living with HIV. In 2009, 58 per cent of the reporting Governments had adopted legal measures to prohibit AIDS-related
discrimination. The Governments of 65 per cent of developed countries had implemented such policies, whereas only 55 per cent of the Governments of developing countries had done so (table 14, figure VIII). In Africa, where the epidemic is most widespread, only 53 per cent of the Governments had adopted laws preventing discrimination on the basis of HIV status. Among the countries most affected by the epidemic in Eastern and Southern Africa, all except Cameroon, Gabon and Swaziland, had nondiscriminatory policies (figure IX). Among the 52 countries experiencing a generalized HIV/AIDS epidemic, that is, those where adult HIV prevalence was at least 1 per cent in 2007, 23 still did not have legal provisions prohibiting AIDSrelated discrimination in 2009 (box 3). Only three of those countries Belize, the Central African Republic and Malawi had adopted legislation during 2005-2009 barring discrimination on the basis of HIV status.
21
BOX 3. COUNTRIES WITH LEGAL MEASURES TO PROHIBIT AIDS-RELATED DISCRIMINATION IN 2009 BY RATE OF ADULT HIV PREVALENCE
Adult HIV prevalence rate (per cent) in 2007 (UNAIDS, 2008) Less than 1 per cent (n=69) Legal measures to prohibit AIDS-related discrimination in 2009 No 17 countries: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, Gambia, Indonesia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritania, Myanmar, Panama, Paraguay, Senegal, Singapore, Somalia and Sri Lanka Yes 52 countries: Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Cambodia, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Fiji, Georgia, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, the Republic of Korea, the Republic of Moldova, Romania, Tajikistan, Tunisia, the United States of America, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) and Viet Nam 17 countries: Angola, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Burundi, the Dominican Republic, Ghana, Guinea, Guyana, Mali, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, the Russian Federation, Rwanda, Togo and Ukraine
1 to 5 per cent (n=37)
20 countries: Burkina Faso, Chad, Congo, Cte dIvoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Jamaica, Liberia, Mauritius, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Suriname, Thailand, and Trinidad and Tobago 2 countries: Cameroon and Gabon
5 to 10 per cent (n=6) 10 to 20 per cent (n=6) 20 per cent or more (n=3)
4 countries: The Central African Republic, Kenya, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania 6 countries: Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe 2 countries: Botswana and Lesotho
1 country: Swaziland
22
Induced abortion In 2003, an estimated 42 million induced abortions occurred in the world, almost half of which were carried out using unsafe procedures (WHO, 2007; Sedgh et al., 2007a and 2007b; Singh et al., 2009). In 2009, almost all Governments, 96 per cent in developed countries and 97 per cent in developing countries, permitted abortion to save the womans life (figure X). Only the Governments of Chile, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, the Holy See, Malta and Nicaragua did not permit abortion under any circumstances. Over the past three decades, since the United Nations began monitoring legal provisions regarding abortion (United Nations, 1982), the trend has been towards expanding the grounds on which abortion is permitted. Between 1980 and 2009, the percentage of Governments permitting abortion to save the womans life increased from 85 per cent to 97 per cent. The percentage of Governments allowing abortion to preserve the physical health of a woman increased from 44 per cent to 67 per cent. The proportion of those allowing it in order to preserve the mental health of a woman rose from 21 per cent to 63 per cent. The proportion allowing abortion in cases of rape or incest increased from 17 per cent to 49 per cent, and the share of those permitting abortion in cases of foetal impairment rose from 23 per cent to 47 per cent. Abortion on the grounds of economic or social reasons became legal in 34 per cent of countries, up from 15 per cent in 1980, and 29 per cent of countries legalized abortion upon request, up from 10 per cent in 1980. Clearly, the conditions under which abortion may be performed legally varied considerably among countries.
Whereas in an increasing number of developed and developing countries the number of grounds on which abortion is allowed has been rising since the early 1980s, abortion laws and policies continue to be significantly more restrictive in developing countries on all grounds, except to save the womans life (figure X). In 2009, 80 per cent of developed countries permitted abortion on economic or social grounds and in 69 per cent it was permitted upon request. In contrast, 19 per cent of developing countries permitted abortion on economic or social grounds and 16 per cent allowed abortion upon request. As figure XI shows, many developing countries have restrictive laws and policies towards abortion, allowing it on the basis of very few grounds. Thus, 19 countries in Africa, 15 in Asia, 9 in Latin America and 7 in Oceania allow abortion only to save the woman's life, and another 38 developing countries allow abortion to preserve physical or mental health. Overall only 43 developing countries, located mostly in Eastern Asia, South-central Asia and Southern Africa, allow abortion on five grounds or more. Between 1996 and 2009, 46 countries (18 in Africa, 10 in Latin America and the Caribbean, 8 in Asia, 6 in Europe and 4 in Oceania) increased the number of grounds for abortion, while 11 countries (6 in Latin America, 3 in Asia and 2 in Africa) restricted the number of grounds on which abortion is permitted. The Dominican Republic and Nicaragua that previously allowed abortion to save the womans life no longer allow abortion on any grounds (box 4).
23
Figure X. Grounds on which abortion is permitted by level of development in 1980, 1996 and 2009 A. More developed countries
B. Less developed countries
24
Figure XI. Countries by grounds on which abortion is permitted, 2009 A. To save the woman's life B. To preserve physical health
C. To preserve mental health
D. Rape or incest
E. Foetal impairment
F. Economic or social reasons
G. On request
H. Number of grounds on which abortion is permitted
0 1-2 3-4 5-7 No data
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BOX 4. COUNTRIES THAT LIBERALIZED OR RESTRICTED GROUNDS ON WHICH ABORTION IS PERMITTED BETWEEN 1996 AND 2009
Grounds on which abortion is permitted a. To save the womans life b. To preserve physical health c. To preserve mental health
Liberalized Andorra , Timor-Leste Benin, Chad, Colombia, Equatorial Guinea, Kenya, Lao Peoples Dem. Republic, Mexico, Mozambique, Nepal, Nigeria, Panama, Swaziland, Togo Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia (Plurinational State of) , Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Colombia, Comoros, Costa Rica, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Nigeria, Peru, Poland, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Swaziland, Thailand, Uruguay, Vanuatu Bahrain, Benin, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Colombia, Cook Islands, Ethiopia, Fiji, Guinea, Mali, Nepal, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Switzerland, Togo, Uruguay Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, Colombia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Guinea, Jordan, Mexico, Nepal, Oman, Swaziland, Switzerland, Togo Bahrain, Mexico, Nepal, Portugal, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Switzerland Australia, Bahrain, Belgium, Cape Verde, Italy, Mexico, Nepal, Portugal, Switzerland
Restricted Dominican Republic, Nicaragua Argentina, Congo, Iraq, Qatar Iraq, Japan
d. Rape or incest
Algeria, Belize, Ecuador, Iraq Iraq, Panama, Qatar -
e. Foetal impairment f. Economic or social reasons g. On request
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VI. SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND INTERNAL MIGRATION
During the twentieth century, urbanization has been a major transforming force in most countries of the world. Between 1950 and 2009, the worlds urban population more than quadrupled, growing from 732 million to 3.4 billion. Currently, there are just slightly more urban dwellers than rural dwellers and in 2050 the world population is expected to be 69 per cent urban, with 6.3 billion people living in urban areas. The projected 2.9 billion increase in the urban population will occur almost entirely in the less developed regions, particularly in Africa and Asia where currently the majority of people still live in rural areas. Despite the visibility of mega-cities, that is, cities with at least 10 million inhabitants such as Tokyo, So Paulo, Mexico City and New York in order of population size, the 21 mega-cities currently in existence account for only 9 per cent of the worlds urban population. The majority of urban dwellers (52 per cent) live in small urban centres with fewer than half a million inhabitants (United Nations, 2010). The change in the spatial distribution of the population is primarily due to economic growth and technological advances and has both positive and negative aspects. Generally, because of their economic dynamism and the economies of scale associated with higher population densities, urban centres can offer better economic and social prospects than rural areas. Cities often offer better access to health care, education and other services than rural areas and, within the city hierarchy, larger cities offer better access to social services than smaller ones. In both the more developed and less developed regions, countries with higher levels of urbanization have tended to have higher per capita incomes, more stable economies and stronger political institutions (OECD, 2007; UNHABITAT, 2006). Urbanization not only changes the spatial distribution of the population, it also modifies the distribution of poverty. Currently, the majority of the worlds poor still reside in rural areas. However, the proportion of the population living in poverty is increasing faster in urban areas than
in rural areas. Between 1993 and 2002, the number of urban poor is estimated to have increased by 50 million, while the number of rural poor declined by 150 million (Ravallion, Chen and Sangraula, 2007). Accompanying this growth is the expansion of slums in urban areas, which are characterized by precarious housing, inadequate sanitation and overcrowding. In 2005, an estimated 37 per cent of the urban population in developing countries lived in slums (UN-HABITAT, 2008). Often, periurban areas or transitional zones between the countryside and already established cities bear the brunt of rapid urban population growth which, when urban planning is lacking and there is inadequate investment in infrastructure, contributes to rising poverty levels, the depletion of natural resources and pollution (UNFPA, 2007; Torres, Alves and De Oliveira, 2007). Addressing the challenges posed by the spatial distribution of rapidly growing populations is key to reaching the MDGs. In many countries, rural areas have lagged behind urban areas in the achievement of various internationally agreed development goals. In order to halve by 2015 the proportion of people living in extreme poverty, Governments must improve the plight of the poor in urban areas. Concerns about the spatial distribution of the population and policies to address them Faced with the opportunities and challenges that growing urbanization brings, an increasing number of policymakers have focused on the populations spatial distribution. In 2009, 83 per cent of Governments expressed concern about their countrys pattern of population distribution, a percentage comparable to those recorded in the 1970s and 1980s (table 15). The Governments of the least developed countries were particularly concerned, with 74 per cent considering that the spatial distribution of their respective populations needs a major change and 22 per cent calling for a minor change.
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Among developed countries, the percentage of Governments dissatisfied with the spatial distribution of the population was lower, with 29 per cent and 43 per cent of Governments calling for a major or minor change, respectively (table 15). Dissatisfaction with patterns of population distribution was highest in Africa and Asia, where 75 per cent and 57 per cent, respectively, of Governments desired major changes in their population distribution (table 15). This outcome is not surprising given that the most rapid urban population growth has occurred and will continue to occur in those two regions (United Nations, 2010). In Europe, Oceania, and Latin America and the Caribbean, where urban population growth has been slower, the proportion of Governments desiring major changes in the spatial distribution
of the population is lower at 30 per cent, 44 per cent and 36 per cent, respectively (figure XII). In general, natural increase has accounted for 60 per cent or more of the population growth in urban areas (United Nations, 2008). However, net migration from rural to urban areas and the transformation of rural settlements into urban places are also important components of urban growth. According to current projections, it is likely that between 400 million and 600 million people in developing countries will become urban dwellers between 2009 and 2025 because of internal migration or re-classification of rural areas into urban areas. Aware of these trends, as of 2009, the majority of Governments had implemented measures to leverage the opportunities offered by urbanization and address the challenges it poses.
Figure XII. Government views on the spatial distribution of their population, 2009
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Rural to urban migration At the global level, 67 per cent of the Governments with the required information for 2009 had implemented policies to reduce rural out-migration (table 16). Africa had the highest percentage of Governments seeking to stem migration from rural to urban areas (81 per cent) and Asia was the only region with a considerable percentage of Governments seeking to raise rural to urban migration (17 per cent). Reducing or even reversing the flow of migrants from rural areas to cities has been the most common type of policy intervention pursued by Governments. Rural to urban migration can erode traditional lifestyles and accelerate the ageing of rural communities as younger people migrate to cities in search of employment. However, as noted earlier, migration to urban areas also has benefits. China, for example, seeks to raise rural to urban migration and improve the management of rural out-migration in order to reduce rural-urban inequities. Historically, Governments have adopted different strategies in order to retain population in rural areas including establishing internal migration controls, undertaking land redistribution and creating regional development zones. In recent years, a new rural paradigm has emerged in developed countries, based on the recognition of the interdependence between rural and urban areas. This approach has led to the promotion of rural diversification and competitiveness; the mobilization of investment instead of subsidies; greater coherence and effectiveness of public expenditure; and improvements in the lives of rural dwellers. In more than one third of OECD countries, rural areas experienced the highest rate of employment creation (OECD, 2006a). Migration to urban agglomerations Another common type of policy has been to reduce the flow of internal migrants into large urban agglomerations. In many countries, especially those in the less developed regions, the
inflow of large numbers of migrants to large cities has strained the ability of local governments to provide basic services, such as clean water, sanitation and public transportation. Between 1975 and 2009, the number of megacities climbed from 3 to 21. In 2025, there are expected to be 28 mega-cities. Nonetheless, 84 per cent of the worlds urban population currently lives in cities with fewer than 5 million inhabitants. The concentration of urban dwellers in small and medium-sized cities is not expected to change much by 2025 (United Nations, 2010). Since the 1970s, a growing proportion of Governments of developing countries have implemented policies aimed at reducing internal migration into large urban agglomerations, increasing from 44 per cent in 1976 to 72 per cent in 2009 (table 17). In contrast, the percentage of Governments of developed countries seeking to reduce flows into urban agglomerations declined from 55 per cent in 1976 to 26 per cent 2003, but has risen to 34 per cent since then. In 2009, 62 per cent of Governments worldwide had implemented policies to reduce the inflow of migrants to large urban agglomerations. Among the Governments of the least developed countries, 76 per cent had adopted such policies. Oceania had the highest percentage of Governments seeking to stem migration to large urban agglomerations (83 per cent), followed by Africa (77 per cent), Latin America and the Caribbean (68 per cent) and Asia (66 per cent) (table 17). Urban to urban migration Only 15 per cent of Governments have implemented policies to encourage urban to urban migration, whereas another 15 per cent wish to maintain levels of urban to urban migration as they are and 66 per cent do not intervene to raise or lower urban to urban migration (table 18). Such policies usually promote movements from large urban agglomerations to small and medium-sized cities or to new settlements. The rationale for such interventions is that, while large urban agglomerations can foster innovation and
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entrepreneurship by attracting highly skilled workers and generating economies of scale, cities beyond a certain size become less efficient and productive (OECD, 2006b). The policy of encouraging urban dwellers to move from large urban settlements to smaller cities has been particularly common in countries where a large percentage of the urban population is concentrated in one or two large urban agglomerations. In 2009, the region with the highest percentage of Governments promoting urban to urban migration was Latin America and the Caribbean (29 per cent). In addition to promoting urban to urban migration, a number of countries have also attempted to foster internal migration by building new cities or relocating the capital. Urban to rural migration Other types of policies used to shape the spatial distribution of the population are less common. As of 2009, 33 per cent of Governments had adopted policies to promote out-migration from cities and large urban agglomerations into rural areas (table 19). These policies were intended to relieve population pressure on city infrastructure as well as to reduce urban unemployment, and to encourage the return of migrants to their communities of origin. As with measures aimed at reducing migration into large urban agglomerations, policies to promote urban to rural migration were more common in developing countries (38 per cent) than in developed countries (23 per cent). The regions with the highest percentage of countries that promoted urban to rural migration were Africa and Asia, with 48 per cent and 44 per cent of Governments in those regions, respectively, pursuing such policies. A few developed countries have implemented measures to stem out-migration from cities and large urban agglomerations to rural areas. These types of interventions have tended to focus on the environmental costs of urban sprawl. Pollution, traffic congestion and commuting times are factors that Governments frequently consider when devising measures to limit the encroachment of urban settlements into the rural areas bordering large cities. In Asia, 9 per cent of Governments
have implemented policies to reduce migration from urban to rural areas. Urbanization policies In addition to policies aimed at influencing patterns of internal migration, Governments have also undertaken initiatives to improve the quality of life and the sustainability of cities. These policies are generally of two main types: regulatory and positivist (World Bank, 2005). Regulatory policies include controls on urban growth, regulations on zoning and land subdivision, and the adoption of building codes and standards. Positivist policies focus on public land acquisition and allocation, investment in public infrastructure and facilities, and publicprivate partnerships to undertake urban development projects. Most cities manage their development with various combinations of regulatory and positivist policies. An example of such a combined policy is PlaNYC: A Greener, Greater New York (City of New York, 2007). The plan for New York City proposes ambitious goals to create housing for an additional million people, increase access to parklands, update the water network, modernize power plants, and reduce water pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. The plan also included a proposal to introduce congestion pricing to reduce traffic in the central business district that has not been implemented. Such pricing schemes have been implemented in the cities of Bergen, London, Malta, Oslo, Singapore, Stockholm and Trondheim to reduce congestion. In developing countries, where city dwellers often lack access to adequate infrastructure, including water and sanitation, transport, solid waste collection and disposal, safe housing and other basic services, many Governments have undertaken initiatives to improve the quality of life in poor urban areas. In India, for example, the Ministry of Urban Development and the Ministry of Housing and Poverty Alleviation designed a new programme for developing basic urban infrastructure and urban slum development in 63 cities in India. The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission was launched in 2005 and has as one of
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its objectives to provide services to the urban poor. Most of its funding (80 per cent) comes from national funds (Government of India, 2009). In Burkina Faso, with financial assistance from the French Agency for Development, the Government has undertaken initiatives to improve roadways and access to water and sanitation for the nearly one million inhabitants of Ouagadougou, the countrys capital, 40 per cent of whom lived in peri-urban shantytowns. For the urban poor, access to secure land tenure is of particular concern. With the costs of land and housing rising rapidly in many cities of the developing world, a growing proportion of people are forced to live in marginalized areas where lack of secure land tenure provides residents with little incentive to improve their
housing. The threat of eviction and lack of public services results in the maintenance of poor physical conditions in such settlements and contributes to accelerate the environmental degradation of the lands available to the poor. Public authorities are often reluctant to recognize the residents of informal urban settlements as legal occupants of the land they live in. Lack of legal tenure is often a barrier to access basic services such as water, sanitation, electricity and waste collection. Moreover, without a formal title, the poor are unable to use the property as collateral for loans to develop income-generating activities. In addition, lacking secure tenure and a right of ownership, the poor do not benefit from rising property prices as members of the middle-class often do.
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VII. INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION

In 2010, the world is expected to have 214 million international migrants, i.e., people living in countries other than their country of birth, accounting for 3.1 per cent of the world population. Six of every 10 international migrants reside in developed countries and the majority of international migrants living in developed countries originate in developing countries (United Nations, 2009e). International migration has become an increasingly important component of population growth in countries experiencing low fertility and rapid population ageing. In 2005-2010, net international migration in 11 countries or areas counterbalanced completely or in part the excess of deaths over births, and in another nine countries or areas it accounted for more than double the contribution of natural increase to population growth (United Nations, 2009f). Over the next forty years, the major countries of destination for international migrants are projected to be the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, Germany, Australia, and France, in order of significance. The major countries of origin are projected to be Mexico, China, India, the Philippines, Pakistan, Indonesia and Bangladesh, also in order of importance (United Nations 2009f). In managing international migration flows, Governments focus on different types of international migrants, of which the most salient are migrant workers, refugees and asylum seekers, highly skilled migrants, and migrants in an irregular situation. Increasing attention is being paid to transnational communities or diasporas, because of their potential role in the development prospects of countries of origin. There is general agreement that the contribution of international migrants to both their countries of destination and their countries of origin depends crucially on safeguarding their human rights and ensuring that they are not subject to discrimination or xenophobia. The economic and financial crises of recent years have underscored the importance of these concerns and made more urgent the effective implementation of policies that maximize the benefits of international migration while minimizing its negative aspects. International dialogue Global attention to international migration has been rising. In 2006, the General Assembly of the United Nations conducted for the first time a High-level Dialogue on International Migration and Development and a second Dialogue will take place in 2013. An outcome of the first High-level Dialogue was the creation of a State-led, informal and non-decision-making Global Forum on Migration and Development, which has been meeting every year since 2007. The annual meetings of the Global Forum are organized and hosted by Governments on a voluntary basis. The Governments of Belgium, the Philippines and Greece hosted the first, second and third meetings of the Global Forum, respectively. In 2010, the Government of Mexico will host the fourth meeting of the Global Forum and the Governments of Spain and Morocco are expected to host meetings in 2011 and 2012. The most recent meeting of the Global Forum, held in Athens, Greece, in November 2009, brought together representatives of about 140 countries and 35 international organizations. The meeting had as overarching theme Integrating migration policies into development strategies for the benefit of all and served to discuss how the linkages between international migration and development could be leveraged to accelerate the achievement of key MDGs, including the reduction of poverty. Other topics of discussion included the integration of international migrants in the host society, the reintegration of returning migrants in countries of origin, ways of engaging the diaspora in the development process of countries of origin, circulation as a type of migration allowing to maintain useful linkages between countries of origin and destination, an assessment of progress made in achieving coherence between development policy and international migration policy, and the role of partnerships between different migration actors.
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Impact of the global economic and financial crises on international migration and policies in response Because the majority of international migrants move in search of better economic opportunities, the economic crisis triggered by the unprecedented financial crisis that affected the world economy in 2008 is thought to have had a dampening effect on international migration flows. According to recent estimates and projections of the international migrant stock, the increase in the number of international migrants in developed countries declined in absolute terms between 2000-2005 and 2005-2010, from a 13 million net increase during the first period to 11 million during the second. The average annual growth rate of the number of international migrants in developed countries declined from 2.3 per cent in 2000-2005 to 1.7 per cent in 20052010. At the world level, however, the average annual growth rate of the international migrant stock remained unchanged between 2000-2005 and 2005-2010, at 1.8 per cent, largely because of the increase in the number of refugees during 2005-2010. Excluding refugees, the growth rate of the rest of the international migrants globally decreased from 2.2 per cent in 2000-2005 to 1.7 per cent in 2005-2010 (United Nations, 2009g). In the United States, the country hosting one in every five international migrants, the total number of international migrants has remained nearly unchanged, at about 37 million, since early 2007. In addition, the number of migrants living in the United States and born in Mexico has also stabilized or even declined slightly. Estimates of unauthorized migration to the United States indicate that it started falling in 2007 and that the reduction accelerated in 2008 (Passel and Cohn, 2009). At the same time, the number of persons returning to Mexico has remained stable at about half a million per year. Overall, the number of Mexican migrants, both legal and unauthorized, immigrating annually to the United States is down by about 75 per cent from the peak reached in 2005 (Passel and Cohn, 2009). In the United States, unauthorized migration responds to economic cycles, with steep increases in the flow towards the end of an economic expansion and significant decreases during economic downturns.
In the European Union, newly available data indicate that, because of rising unemployment caused by the crisis, the number of unauthorized migrants working in the European Union has been decreasing and so has the number denied entry at the border. In addition, more unauthorized migrants have been leaving the European Union (Frontex, 2009). There is also evidence of reductions in flows of legal migrants to key receiving countries. In Spain, for instance, the net number of admissions under the employer-nominated programme fell by about a third between 2007 and 2008. In Australia, employer applications for hiring foreign skilled migrants went down by 11 per cent between 2008 and 2009, and in the United Kingdom, worker registrations at the end of 2008 were down by 45 per cent compared to the end of 2007 (OECD, 2009b). One expected consequence of the economic crisis was an increase in the number of international migrants returning to their countries of origin. However, the evidence available so far suggests that, except for a few cases in the European Union, increases in return migration have not materialized. One exception has been the return of Eastern European migrants, particularly Polish migrants, from Ireland and the United Kingdom to their countries of origin. The return of Polish workers was prompted both because of the recession in the countries of destination and better economic prospects in Poland. Because most international migrants have emigrated years or decades ago and are well established in the countries of destination, they are expected to weather the crisis in the countries of destination. Furthermore, international migrants for whom returning to the country of origin deprives them of the right to re-enter the country of destination as migrants are usually less likely to return in response to deteriorating economic conditions. For that reason, the global number of international migrants is unlikely to decline as a result of the current crisis, particularly if the economic downturn is not prolonged. Although the current economic crisis has likely dampened international migration flows to
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developed countries, it has not stopped or reversed them. Moreover, the major economic and demographic asymmetries that persist will remain powerful generators of international migration over the medium term. Reflecting the resilience of migration and its most immediate impact on countries of origin, estimates by the World Bank on the amount of remittances sent by migrants to developing countries during 2009 show only a modest decline with respect to 2008, amounting to between 5 per cent and 8 per cent (Ratha and Mohapatra, 2009). Increases in unemployment in some of the major countries of destination are especially acute among international migrants because they are overrepresented in the sectors that have been most affected by the crisis, including construction, manufacturing and services. In Spain, for instance, 20 per cent of international migrants were unemployed in late 2008 when unemployment stood at 11.2 per cent among natives (OECD, 2009b). Rising unemployment generally results in pressure on policymakers to limit inflows of foreign workers. In developed countries, policymakers have used some of the following mechanisms to adjust inflows to changing conditions: (a) modify numerical quotas; (b) adopt more stringent labour market tests; (c) limit the possibilities that migrants have to change status or renew work permits; (d) apply supplementary conditions to non-discretionary flows; and (e) promote return migration (OECD, 2009b). Spain, for instance, has reduced its quota for nonseasonal migrant workers, Italy reduced its quota for entries and Canada has maintained constant its migration quota. In addition, Canada has introduced more stringent advertising requirements for job openings before considering applications for the entry of temporary foreign workers. The Republic of Korea stopped recruitment of temporary migrant workers under its Employment Permit System in 2008. The United Kingdom introduced a stricter test for the admission of skilled migrants. In the United States, employers of persons with temporary worker visas are not allowed to apply for new migrant workers if they lay off similar workers
over a certain period, a condition that is likely to dampen migrant worker admissions in the future. Some countries have been promoting voluntary return migration. The Czech Republic and Spain have offered incentives to promote the return of migrants to their home countries. Incentives include covering the return passage and lump sum payments to assist in the reestablishment of migrants in the home country (OECD, 2009b; ILO, 2009). In most developed countries, international migration policy is complex and revolves around several categories of international migrants whose admission has become non-discretionary (for instance, migrants admitted under family reunification or commitments on the resettlement of refugees). OECD estimates that just 20 per cent of flows to developed countries are discretionary and therefore amenable to shortterm modification in response to changed conditions (OECD, 2009b). Therefore, policymakers have relatively few tools to tailor migration to the changing economic situation. Furthermore, while the current crisis may justify restrictions on labour migration in the short term, over the medium and longer term, international migration is likely to be an important mechanism to address labour shortages in specific sectors and to counteract the effects of population ageing. Government views and policies on immigration In 2009, 78 per cent of Governments were satisfied with their immigration levels and 73 per cent wished to maintain their current levels of immigration or did not intervene to change them (tables 20 and 21). This level of satisfaction represented a major increase from the situation in 1996 when only 55 per cent of Governments wanted to maintain current immigration levels or did not intervene to change them and a further 41 per cent wished to lower immigration levels (table 21, figure XIII). In both Europe and Latin America and the Caribbean, 82 per cent of Governments wished to maintain current immigration levels in 2009 or did not intervene to change them. In Asia, just 55 per cent of Governments had those policies and a further 30
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per cent wished to reduce their immigration levels. At the world level, the percentage of Governments wishing to raise immigration levels doubled from 4 per cent in 1996 to 8 per cent in 2009 (table 21, figure XIII). The trend toward less restrictive immigration has been especially pronounced in developed countries, where the percentage of Governments having policies to lower immigration fell from 60 per cent in 1996 to 8 per cent in 2009 (table 21). In 2009, only four developed countries Denmark, France, the Netherlands and the Russian Federation wished to reduce immigration, whereas six developed countries Australia, Canada, Estonia, Finland, New Zealand and Sweden wished to increase immigration in line with their labour demands. Sweden introduced significant reforms in 2008 to ease the process of recruiting migrant workers abroad (OECD, 2009b). The shift towards somewhat less restrictive immigration policies can be attributed to a number of factors including an improved understanding of the consequences of international migration; a growing recognition by Governments of the need to manage international migration better, rather than to limit it; the persistence of labour shortages in certain sectors of the economies of countries of
destination; a global economy that was expanding until 2008; and the acceleration of population ageing in many developed countries. Permanent settlement With the advent of less costly and more rapid forms of transport, countries have become more diverse with respect to immigration policies and, in particular, to the length of stay of international migrants. At the world level, 74 per cent of countries desired to maintain the current level of admissions of permanent settlers or did not intervene, while 19 per cent of countries wanted to lower it. In developed countries, 77 per cent of Governments wished to maintain their levels of settler migration or did not intervene and 13 per cent had policies to lower those levels (table 22). Highly skilled migrants Migration policies in countries of destination have become more selective, favouring the admission of international migrants with skills considered to be in short supply. In 2009, 27 per cent of Governments reported promoting the admission of highly skilled workers. Among developed countries, the Governments of 47 per cent wanted to increase the number of admissions
Figure XIII. Government policies on immigration, 1996 and 2009
80 Percentage of Countries 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Raise 4 8 55
73
41
18
Maintain/no intervention 1996 2009
Lower
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of highly skilled workers compared to only 19 per cent of those of developing countries (table 23, figure XIV). Labour migration has become increasingly selective, with the skills of migrants determining to a large extent the likelihood of their being admitted into countries of destination. Many countries amended their laws in the late 1990s to facilitate the entry of skilled migrants and launched specific recruitment programmes to attract them. Yet, in 2009, seven countries Australia, Serbia, Botswana, Bhutan, Jordan, the Philippines and Saudi Arabia reported that they wished to reduce the number of highly skilled migrants admitted in order to improve the employment prospects of their citizens. Temporary workers Although countries of destination have focused mainly on attracting highly skilled migrants, population ageing and rising job expectations have produced labour shortages in low-skilled sectors of the economy, sectors such as agriculture, construction and domestic services. Demand for low-skilled workers has
generally been filled by temporary migrant workers. Several countries of destination have established annual quotas and signed bilateral agreements with countries of origin to recruit such migrants. Those bilateral agreements usually cover seasonal workers, contract and projectlinked workers, guest workers and cross-border workers. Many of those workers are admitted on the basis of temporary contracts for a fixed period without the expectation of ever obtaining permanent resident status. In 2009, 71 per cent of Governments wished to maintain the number of temporary migrants already present in their countries or did not intervene in this regard (table 24). In Asia and Oceania, however, 33 per cent and 50 per cent, respectively, of Governments wished to reduce the number of temporary migrants in their countries. Family reunification Most countries of destination allow migration for family reunification under specific conditions. However, family reunification is not universally accepted as a right. Most migrant workers moving
Figure XIV. Government policies on the immigration of highly skilled workers, 2009
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Temporary workers under temporary contracts are not allowed to be accompanied by family members. In a number of countries of destination, debate has focused on the cost of providing migrants dependants with health and education services or welfare benefits. Since the 1980s, family reunification has been the major basis for immigration in many countries, particularly in Europe. A majority of legal migrants to Canada, Denmark, France, Norway, Sweden and the United States have been admitted under family reunification. High levels of immigration for family reunification have been a contentious issue in a number of European countries. In recent years, several European countries have sought to limit admissions of family members, including Denmark, France, Ireland and Italy. While family reunification ensures the integrity of the family unit, it is a form of international migration that is open to potential abuse through fake marriages or adoptions. Such abuses have led some countries to tighten requirements for the immigration of spouses by, for instance, raising the minimum age required for spouses or granting permanent status to the migrant spouse only after a few years of stay and proof of successful integration. Among the 153 countries having information on policies on international migration for family reunification in 2009, 6 per cent wished to lower immigration for that purpose, 87 per cent wished to maintain it or did not intervene, and 7 per cent had policies to raise it (table 25). Integration policies The successful integration of international migrants is a major concern for most countries of destination. The number of Governments that reported programmes to integrate non-citizens increased from 52 in 1996 to 82 in 2009 (table 26). Developed countries are increasingly recognizing and promoting the benefits of diversity and 89 per cent of the Governments of those countries have explicit integration policies. Many countries have adopted nondiscrimination provisions to protect religious
freedom and the use of other languages in addition to those of host countries. Developed countries have undertaken initiatives to make it easier for international migrants to become a part of society, in particular through language training and by providing courses to inform immigrants about the life and culture of the host country. The aim of such programmes is to offer support during the integration process, while instituting stricter requirements for admission. The integration process has not always been smooth, particularly in countries where foreigners experience higher unemployment than citizens and are thus more dependent on welfare. To improve the access of international migrants to labour markets, many countries have expanded and improved education and employment training programmes for international migrants and their children. In most countries, foreigners do not enjoy the same rights as citizens, especially with regard to political representation. Many countries have historically not regarded themselves as countries of immigration and thus have not encouraged foreigners to obtain permanent residence or to naturalize. In some countries, citizenship laws may disadvantage migrant women or women marrying foreigners (United Nations, 2004b). A growing number of countries both of destination and origin allow dual citizenship. By allowing naturalized citizens to maintain their original nationality, links with the country of origin are more likely to be maintained. Emigration The proportion of Governments that considered their level of emigration as too high has been increasing consistently, from 13 per cent in 1976 to 30 per cent in 2009 (table 27). This increase has been more pronounced in developing countries than in developed countries. In 2009, more than one-half of the Governments in Latin America and the Caribbean considered their level of emigration as too high, compared with less than one-third in other world regions. Despite the increasing proportion of Governments considering their level of emigration as too high, the proportion of
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Governments wishing to lower emigration has remained nearly constant, varying between 22 per cent and 23 per cent since the mid-1980s (table 28). While a number of developed and developing countries are concerned about the level of emigration, especially when it involves highly skilled workers, Governments of 10 developing countries, 7 of which are in Asia, have policies to increase emigration. These are countries with young populations, high unemployment, particularly among young people, and a tradition of emigration. Several countries, including Bangladesh, the Philippines, Thailand and Viet Nam, have established government units to manage emigration flows or entered into bilateral agreements with receiving States to protect the rights of their citizens while abroad. The sharp rise in the emigration of skilled workers has prompted many countries to address the challenges posed by the brain drain, particularly through initiatives to encourage the return of skilled citizens living abroad. In 2009, 89 countries had policies and programmes to encourage their citizens to return (table 29), up from 59 countries in 1996. The Philippines has established an Expatriate Livelihood Support Fund to provide loans for returnees wishing to start businesses. In addition, the Department of
Labour of the Philippines has extensive programmes to assist returnees in finding employment (Awad, 2009). Emigration generates both opportunities and challenges for developing countries. Concerns have often been raised about the loss of highly skilled workers whose absence may hinder the development process. The provision of medical care in Africa has been particularly affected by the emigration of significant numbers of health workers. The negative effects of such emigration are not being counterbalanced by the remittances sent back by emigrants, although such financial flows play an important role in supporting national and local economies in some countries. A number of Governments have undertaken initiatives to facilitate remittance transfers and promote the investment of remittances in development projects. Furthermore, more Governments are working to leverage the potential of emigration for the transfer of knowhow and technology to countries of origin as well as for the generation of trade and investment. Governments are offering incentives to encourage their citizens abroad to invest in the countries of origin and to participate in transnational knowledge networks.
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_______ (2004b). 2004 World Survey on the Role of Women in Development: Women and Migration. United Nations publication, Sales No. E.04.IV.4. _______ (2005). Population Challenges and Development Goals. United Nations publication, Sales No. E.05.XIII.8. _______ (2006). World Urbanization Prospects. The 2005 Revision. Working Paper. ESA/P/WP/200. New York: United Nations Population Division. _______ (2010). World Urbanization Prospects. The 2009 Revision. Highlights. New York: United Nations Population Division. _______ (2009a). World Population Prospects. The 2008 Revision, vol. 1, Comprehensive Tables. United Nations publication, Sales No. E.10.XIII.2. _______ (2009b). World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision. CD-ROM Edition Extended Dataset in Excel and ASCII formats. United Nations publication, Sales No. E.09.XII.6. _______ (2009c). World Population Ageing and Development 2009 Wall Chart, United Nations publication, Sales No. E.09.XIII.10. _______ (2009d) World Contraceptive Use 2009 Wall Chart. United Nations publication, Sales No. E.09.XIII.7. _______ (2009e). International Migration 2009 Wall Chart. United Nations publication, Sales No. E.09.X111.8 _______ (2009f). World Population Prospects 2008 Wall Chart. United Nations publication, Sales No. E.09.X111.2 _______ (2009g). Trends in International Migrant Stock: 2008 Revision. United Nations database, POP/DB/MIG/Stock/ Rev.2008.
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_______ (2007). Unsafe Abortion: Global and Regional Estimates of the Incidence of Unsafe Abortion and Associated Mortality in 2003, Fifth edition. Geneva: WHO. _______ (2008). The World Health Report 2008: Primary Health Care Now More than Ever. Geneva: WHO.
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42
TABLES 1-29
TABLE 1. GOVERNMENT VIEWS ON THE RATE OF POPULATION GROWTH: 1976, 1986, 1996 AND 2009 A. By level of development
Year Too low (Number of countries) Satisfactory Too high Total Too low (Percentage) Satisfactory Too high Total
World 1976 1986 1996 2009 34 26 31 43 67 73 83 84 49 65 79 68 150 164 193 195 23 16 16 22 45 45 43 43 33 40 41 35 100 100 100 100
More developed regions 1976 1986 1996 2009 11 6 13 23 22 28 34 26 1 0 1 0 34 34 48 49 32 18 27 47 65 82 71 53 3 0 2 0 100 100 100 100
Less developed regions 1976 1986 1996 2009 23 20 18 20 45 45 49 58 48 65 78 68 116 130 145 146 20 15 12 14 39 35 34 40 41 50 54 47 100 100 100 100
Least developed countries 1976 1986 1996 2009 6 4 2 0 25 20 11 12 11 24 36 37 42 48 49 49 14 8 4 0 60 42 22 24 26 50 73 76 100 100 100 100
44
TABLE 1. (CONTINUED) B. By major area

(Number of countries) Year Too low Satisfactory Too high Total Too low Satisfactory Too high Total (Percentage)
Africa 1976 1986 1996 2009 7 3 1 2 24 18 13 15 17 30 39 36 48 51 53 53 Asia 1976 1986 1996 2009 11 13 11 14 12 13 16 17 14 12 19 16 37 38 46 47 Europe 1976 1986 1996 2009 11 6 13 22 18 23 29 22 0 0 1 0 29 29 43 44 38 21 30 50 62 79 67 50 0 0 2 0 100 100 100 100 30 34 24 30 32 34 35 36 38 32 41 34 100 100 100 100 15 6 2 4 50 35 25 28 35 59 74 68 100 100 100 100
Latin America and the Caribbean 1976 1986 1996 2009 4 3 2 1 10 14 18 25 13 16 13 7 27 33 33 33 15 9 6 3 37 42 55 76 48 48 39 21 100 100 100 100
1976 1986 1996 2009
0 0 0 0
2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0
Northern America 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 Oceania
100 100 100 100
0 0 0 0
100 100 100 100
1976 1986 1996 2009
1 1 4 4
1 3 5 3
5 7 7 9
7 11 16 16
14 9 25 25
14 27 31 19
71 64 44 56
100 100 100 100
45
TABLE 2. GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON THE RATE OF POPULATION GROWTH: 1976, 1986, 1996 AND 2009 A. By level of development
Year Raise (Number of countries) Maintain Lower No intervention Total Raise Maintain (Percentage) Lower No intervention Total
World 1976 1986 1996 2009 28 26 25 36 0 12 16 33 39 53 71 67 83 73 81 59 150 164 193 195 19 16 13 18 0 7 8 17 26 32 37 34 55 45 42 30 100 100 100 100
More developed regions 1976 1986 1996 2009 8 8 11 22 0 8 6 8 0 0 1 0 26 18 30 19 34 34 48 49 24 24 23 45 0 24 12 16 0 0 2 0 76 53 62 39 100 100 100 100
1976 1986 1996 2009
20 18 14 14
0 4 10 25
39 53 70 67
57 55 51 40
Less developed regions 116 17 130 14 145 10 146 10
0 3 7 17
34 41 48 46
49 42 35 27
100 100 100 100
1976 1986 1996 2009
5 4 1 0
0 3 1 3
6 14 27 35
Least developed countries 31 42 12 27 48 8 20 49 2 11 49 0
0 6 2 6
14 29 55 71
74 56 41 23
100 100 100 100
46

(Number of countries) Year Raise Maintain Lower No intervention Total Raise Maintain Lower No intervention Total (Percentage)
Africa 1976 1986 1996 2009 7 4 2 2 0 3 2 6 12 20 32 34 29 24 17 11 48 51 53 53 Asia 1976 1986 1996 2009 9 13 8 11 0 1 5 12 14 12 18 18 14 12 15 6 37 38 46 47 Europe 29 29 43 44 24 34 17 23 0 3 11 26 38 32 39 38 38 32 33 13 100 100 100 100 15 8 4 4 0 6 4 11 25 39 60 64 60 47 32 21 100 100 100 100
1976 1986 1996 2009
8 8 11 21
0 6 6 8
0 0 1 0
21 15 25 15
28 28 26 48
0 21 14 18
0 0 2 0
72 52 58 34
100 100 100 100
1976 1986 1996 2009
3 0 1 0
0 0 2 6
9 15 13 7
Latin America and the Caribbean 15 27 11 0 18 33 0 0 17 33 3 6 20 33 0 18 Northern America 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 Oceania 7 11 16 16
33 45 39 21
56 55 52 61
100 100 100 100
1976 1986 1996 2009
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0
2 1 2 2
0 50 0 0
0 0 0 0
100 50 100 100
100 100 100 100
1976 1986 1996 2009
1 1 3 2
0 1 1 1
4 6 7 8
2 3 5 5
14 9 19 13
0 9 6 6
57 55 44 50
29 27 31 31
100 100 100 100
47
TABLE 3. GOVERNMENT LEVEL OF CONCERN ABOUT THE AGEING OF THE POPULATION, 2009
(Number of countries) Minor Not a concern concern (Percentage) Minor Not a concern concern
Major concern
Total
Major concern
Total
A. By level of development
World 98 76 5 179 55 42 3 100
38
10
More developed regions 48 79 Less developed regions 131 46 Least developed countries 39 26
21
100
60
66
50
100
10
27
69
100
B. By major area
Africa 16 28 2 46 Asia 22 23 2 47 Europe 35 8 0 43 81 19 0 100 47 49 4 100 35 61 4 100
23
Latin America and the Caribbean 33 70 27 Northern America 2 100 Oceania
100
100
100
100
48
TABLE 4. GOVERNMENT LEVEL OF CONCERN ABOUT THE SIZE OF THE POPULATION OF WORKING-AGE, 2009
Major concern
Total
Major concern
Total
World 103 47 16 166 62 28 10 100
27
10
More developed regions 46 59 Less developed regions 120 63 Least developed countries 35 77
22
20
100
76
37
31
100
27
23
100
B. By major area
Africa 27 11 0 38 Asia 31 12 2 45 Europe 24 10 7 41 59 24 17 100 69 27 4 100 71 29 0 100
12
13
17
100
100
10
70
10
20
100
49
TABLE 5. GOVERNMENT VIEWS ON THE LEVEL OF FERTILITY: 1976, 1986, 1996 AND 2009 A. By level of development
World 1976 1986 1996 2009 16 22 28 47 79 75 78 75 55 67 87 73 150 164 193 195 11 13 15 24 53 46 40 38 37 41 45 37 100 100 100 100
Least developed countries 1976 1986 1996 2009 3 2 0 0 26 20 11 7 13 26 38 42 42 48 49 49

.
7 4 0 0
62 42 22 14
31 54 78 86
100 100 100 100
50

(Number of countries) Year Too low Satisfactory Too high Total Too low (Percentage) Satisfactory Too high Total
1976 1986 1996 2009
2 3 1 1
9 15 14 22
Latin America and the Caribbean 16 27 7 15 33 9 18 33 3 10 33 3 Northern America 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 50 Oceania
33 45 42 67
59 45 55 30
100 100 100 100
1976 1986 1996 2009
0 0 0 1
2 2 2 1
0 0 0 0
100 100 100 50
0 0 0 0
100 100 100 100
1976 1986 1996 2009
0 0 1 4
3 4 7 4
4 7 8 8
7 11 16 16
0 0 6 25
43 36 44 25
57 64 50 50
100 100 100 100
51
TABLE 6. GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON THE LEVEL OF FERTILITY: 1976, 1986, 1996 AND 2009 A. By level of development
World
1976 1986 1996 2009 13 19 27 43 19 16 19 28 40 54 82 74 78 75 65 50 150 164 193 195 9 12 14 22 13 10 10 14 27 33 42 38 52 46 34 26 100 100 100 100
1976 1986 1996 2009
7 8 16 27
7 6 4 8
0 0 1 0
20 20 27 14
More developed regions 34 21 34 24 48 33 49 55
21 18 8 16
0 0 2 0
59 59 56 29
100 100 100 100
1976 1986 1996 2009
6 11 11 16
12 10 15 20
40 54 81 74
Less developed regions 58 116 5 55 130 8 38 145 8 36 146 11 Least developed countries 33 42 2 27 48 4 14 49 0 9 49 0
10 8 10 14
34 42 56 51
50 42 26 25
100 100 100 100
1976 1986 1996 2009
1 2 0 0
2 4 3 3
6 15 32 37
5 8 6 6
14 31 65 76
79 56 29 18
100 100 100 100
52

(Number of countries) Year Raise Maintain Lower No intervention Total Raise Maintain (Percentage) Lower No intervention Total
Africa 1976 1986 1996 2009 2 3 2 1 2 3 3 5 12 21 36 37 32 24 12 10 48 51 53 53 Asia 1976 1986 1996 2009 2 8 7 13 9 6 9 8 14 13 19 18 12 11 11 8 37 38 46 47 5 21 15 28 24 16 20 17 38 34 41 38 32 29 24 17 100 100 100 100 4 6 4 2 4 6 6 9 25 41 68 70 67 47 23 19 100 100 100 100
1976 1986 1996 2009
7 8 16 25
7 6 4 7
0 0 1 0
15 15 22 12
Europe 29 24 29 28 43 37 44 57
24 21 9 16
0 0 2 0
52 52 51 27
100 100 100 100
1976 1986 1996 2009
2 0 1 1
0 0 0 5
10 15 18 10
Latin America and the Caribbean 15 27 7 0 18 33 0 0 14 33 3 0 17 33 3 15 Northern America 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 Oceania 7 0 11 0 16 6 16 19
37 45 55 30
56 55 42 52
100 100 100 100
1976 1986 1996 2009
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
100 100 100 100
100 100 100 100
1976 1986 1996 2009
0 0 1 3
1 1 3 3
4 5 8 9
2 5 4 1
14 9 19 19
57 45 50 56
29 45 25 6
100 100 100 100
53
TABLE 7. GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON PROVIDING ACCESS TO CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS: 1976, 1986, 1996 AND 2009 A. By level of development
Year Limits (Number of countries) Indirect No support support Direct support Total Limits No support (Percentage) Indirect Direct support support Total
World 1976 1986 1996 2009 10 7 2 1 28 18 26 17 17 22 18 31 95 117 143 146 150 164 189 195 7 4 1 1 19 11 14 9 11 13 10 16 63 71 76 75 100 100 100 100
Less developed regions 1976 1986 1996 2009 7 4 1 0 24 14 14 5 11 14 11 14 74 98 115 127 116 130 141 146 6 3 1 0 21 11 10 3 9 11 8 10 64 75 82 87 100 100 100 100
Least developed countries 1976 1986 1996 2009 4 2 0 0 14 4 3 0 6 7 3 5 18 35 42 44 42 48 48 49 10 4 0 0 33 8 6 0 14 15 6 10 43 73 88 90 100 100 100 100
54

(Number of countries) Year Limits No support Indirect support Direct support Total Limits No support (Percentage) Indirect support Direct support Total
Africa 1976 1986 1996 2009 3 0 0 0 14 7 4 2 7 6 5 4 24 38 43 47 48 51 52 53 Asia 1976 1986 1996 2009 3 4 1 0 7 5 9 3 2 4 3 5 25 25 32 39 37 38 45 47 Europe 1976 1986 1996 2009 3 3 1 1 4 4 12 12 5 6 6 14 17 16 24 17 29 29 43 44 10 10 2 2 14 14 28 27 17 21 14 32 59 55 56 39 100 100 100 100 8 11 2 0 19 13 20 6 5 11 7 11 68 66 71 83 100 100 100 100 6 0 0 0 29 14 8 4 15 12 10 8 50 75 83 89 100 100 100 100
Latin America and the Caribbean 1976 1986 1996 2009 1 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 2 4 3 3 21 27 29 30 27 33 33 33 4 0 0 0 11 6 3 0 7 12 9 9 78 82 88 91 100 100 100 100
Northern America 1976 1986 1996 2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 Oceania 1976 1986 1996 2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 4 6 9 13 12 7 11 14 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 18 7 25 86 82 93 75 100 100 100 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 100 100 50 100 100 100 100
55
TABLE 8. GOVERNMENT LEVEL OF CONCERN ABOUT ADOLESCENT FERTILITY, 1996 AND 2009
Year
Major concern
Total
Major concern
Total
World 1996 2009 59 108 39 59 30 24 128 191 46 57 30 31 23 13 100 100
More developed regions 1996 2009 9 15 12 21 12 12 33 48 27 31 36 44 36 25 100 100
Less developed regions 1996 2009 50 93 27 38 18 12 95 143 53 65 28 27 19 8 100 100
Least developed countries 1996 2009 16 32 9 13 8 2 33 47 48 68 27 28 24 4 100 100
B. By major area
Africa 1996 2009 24 33 8 16 9 3 41 52 Asia 1996 2009 7 21 12 15 8 10 27 46 Europe 1996 2009 7 13 9 19 12 11 28 43 25 30 32 44 43 26 100 100 26 46 44 33 30 22 100 100 59 63 20 31 22 6 100 100
Latin America and the Caribbean 1996 2009 18 31 6 2 1 0 25 33 72 94 24 6 4 0 100 100
Northern America 1996 2009 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 2 Oceania 1996 2009 2 9 3 6 0 0 5 15 40 60 60 40 0 0 100 100 50 50 50 50 0 0 100 100
56
TABLE 9. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES ADDRESSING ADOLESCENT FERTILITY, 1996 AND 2009
Year (Number of countries) Yes No Total Yes (Percentage) No Total
World 1996 2009 76 156 51 35 127 191 60 82 40 18 100 100
1996 2009
16 34
15 14
More developed regions 31 52 48 71
48 29
100 100
Less developed regions 1996 2009 60 122 36 21 96 143 63 85 38 15 100 100
1996 2009
18 42
12 5
Least developed countries 30 60 47 89
40 11
100 100
B. By major area
Africa 1996 2009 24 44 14 8 38 52 Asia 1996 2009 16 34 13 12 29 46 Europe 1996 2009 13 30 15 13 28 43 46 70 54 30 100 100 55 74 45 26 100 100 63 85 37 15 100 100
1996 2009
18 33
6 0
Latin America and the Caribbean 24 75 33 100
25 0
100 100
1996 2009
2 2
0 0
Northern America 2 100 2 Oceania 100
0 0
100 100
1996 2009
3 13
3 2
6 15
50 87
50 13
100 100
57
TABLE 10. GOVERNMENT VIEWS ON THE ACCEPTABILITY OF THE MORTALITY LEVEL: 1976, 1986, 1996 AND 2009 A. By level of development
Year (Number of countries) Acceptable Unacceptable Total Acceptable (Percentage) Unacceptable Total
World 1976 1986 1996 2009 55 60 77 88 95 104 116 107 150 164 193 195 37 37 40 45 63 63 60 55 100 100 100 100
More developed regions 1976 1986 1996 2009 27 27 30 33 7 7 18 16 34 34 48 49 79 79 62 67 21 21 38 33 100 100 100 100
Less developed regions 1976 1986 1996 2009 28 33 47 55 88 97 98 91 116 130 145 146 24 25 32 38 76 75 68 62 100 100 100 100
Least developed countries 1976 1986 1996 2009 2 3 1 0 40 45 48 49 42 48 49 49 5 6 2 0 95 94 98 100 100 100 100 100
58

(Number of countries) Year Acceptable Unacceptable Total Acceptable Unacceptable Total (Percentage)
Africa 1976 1986 1996 2009 2 4 7 6 46 47 46 47 48 51 53 53 Asia 1976 1986 1996 2009 13 15 19 23 24 23 27 24 37 38 46 47 Europe 1976 1986 1996 2009 22 22 28 29 7 7 15 15 29 29 43 44 76 76 65 66 24 24 35 34 100 100 100 100 35 39 41 49 65 61 59 51 100 100 100 100 4 8 13 11 96 92 87 89 100 100 100 100
Latin America and the Caribbean 1976 1986 1996 2009 11 13 17 21 16 20 16 12 27 33 33 33 41 39 52 64 59 61 48 36 100 100 100 100
Northern America 1976 1986 1996 2009 2 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 Oceania 1976 1986 1996 2009 5 4 5 8 2 7 11 8 7 11 16 16 71 36 31 50 29 64 69 50 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 50 0 0 50 50 100 100 100 100
59
TABLE 11. GOVERNMENT VIEWS ON THE ACCEPTABILITY OF THE LEVEL OF UNDER-FIVE MORTALITY, 1996 AND 2009
Year (Number of countries) Acceptable Unacceptable Total Acceptable (Percentage) Unacceptable Total
World 1996 2009 26 59 87 136 113 195 23 30 77 70 100 100
More developed regions 1996 2009 13 31 15 18 28 49 46 63 54 37 100 100
Less developed regions 1996 2009 13 28 72 118 85 146 15 19 85 81 100 100
Least developed countries 1996 2009 0 0 34 49 34 49 0 0 100 100 100 100
B. By major area
Africa 1996 2009 2 2 39 51 41 53 Asia 1996 2009 8 14 17 33 25 47 Europe 1996 2009 13 29 11 15 24 44 54 66 46 34 100 100 32 30 68 70 100 100 5 4 95 96 100 100
Latin America and the Caribbean 1996 2009 3 8 16 25 19 33 16 24 84 76 100 100
Northern America 1996 2009 0 1 1 1 1 2 Oceania 1996 2009 0 5 3 11 3 16 0 31 100 69 100 100 0 50 100 50 100 100
60
TABLE 12. GOVERNMENT VIEWS ON THE ACCEPTABILITY OF THE LEVEL OF MATERNAL MORTALITY, 2009
(Number of countries) Acceptable Unacceptable Total Acceptable (Percentage) Unacceptable Total
World 66 129 195 34 66 100
More developed regions 36 13 49 73 27 100
Less developed regions 30 116 146 21 79 100
Least developed countries 3 46 49 6 94 100
B. By major area
Africa 1 52 53 Asia 14 33 47 Europe 33 11 44 75 25 100 30 70 100 2 98 100
Latin America and the Caribbean 8 25 33 24 76 100
Northern America 1 1 2 Oceania 9 7 16 56 44 100 50 50 100
61
TABLE 13. GOVERNMENT LEVEL OF CONCERN ABOUT HIV/AIDS, 1996 AND 2009
Year (Number of countries) Minor Not a concern concern (Percentage) Minor Not a concern concern
Major concern
Total
Major concern
Total
World 1996 2009 89 169 34 24 2 1 125 194 71 87 27 12 2 1 100 100
More developed regions 1996 2009 21 37 12 11 0 0 33 48 64 77 36 23 0 0 100 100
Less developed regions 1996 2009 68 132 22 13 2 1 92 146 74 90 24 9 2 1 100 100
Least developed countries 1996 2009 26 49 8 0 0 0 34 49 76 100 24 0 0 0 100 100
B. By major area
Africa 1996 2009 34 48 7 4 0 1 41 53 Asia 1996 2009 17 39 7 8 2 0 26 47 Europe 1996 2009 17 32 11 11 0 0 28 43 61 74 39 26 0 0 100 100 65 83 27 17 8 0 100 100 83 91 17 8 0 2 100 100
Latin America and the Caribbean 1996 2009 16 32 8 1 0 0 24 33 67 97 33 3 0 0 100 100
Northern America 1996 2009 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 2 Oceania 1996 2009 3 16 1 0 0 0 4 16 75 100 25 0 0 0 100 100 100 100 0 0 0 0 100 100
62
TABLE 14. GOVERNMENT MEASURES IMPLEMENTED IN RESPONSE TO THE HIV/AIDS EPIDEMIC, 2009
(Number of countries) Access to IEC campaigns Blood Screening condoms treatment Non IEC campaigns Blood Screening policies condoms Distribution of antiretroviral discriminatory (Percentage) Provision of treatment Non policies Distribution of antiretroviral discriminatory
World 193 189 167 178 113 99 97 86 91 58
More developed regions 49 47 42 48 32 100 96 86 98 65
144
142
125
130
Less developed regions 81 99 Least developed countries
97
86
89
55
48
47
42
42
19
98
96
85
85
39
B. By major area
Africa 52 52 46 50 28 Asia 47 47 38 38 29 Europe 44 42 37 43 27 100 95 84 98 61 100 100 81 81 62 98 98 87 94 53
33
33
33
33
100
100
64
100
100
100
100
15
13
11
12
94
81
69
75
38
63
TABLE 15. GOVERNMENT VIEWS ON THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE POPULATION: 1976, 1986, 1996 AND 2009 A. By level of development
Year (Number of countries) Major change Minor change Satisfactory desired desired Total Major change desired (Percentage) Minor change Satisfactory desired Total
1976 1986 1996 2009
78 75 80 99
55 71 57 62
17 18 55 34
World 150 164 192 195
52 46 42 51
37 43 30 32
11 11 29 17
100 100 100 100
64

Year (Number of countries) Major change Minor change Satisfactory desired desired Total Major change desired (Percentage) Minor change Satisfactory desired Total
1976 1986 1996 2009
36 34 33 40
12 17 13 11
0 0 6 2
Africa 48 51 52 53 Asia
75 67 63 75
25 33 25 21
0 0 12 4
100 100 100 100
1976 1986 1996 2009
14 11 17 27
19 24 18 11
4 3 11 9
37 38 46 47 Europe
38 29 37 57
51 63 39 23
11 8 24 19
100 100 100 100
1976 1986 1996 2009
2 2 10 13
17 15 13 18
10 12 20 13
29 29 43 44
7 7 23 30
59 52 30 41
34 41 47 30
100 100 100 100
1976 1986 1996 2009
0 0 0 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 2 1
Northern America 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 Oceania 7 11 16 16
50 50 0 50
50 50 100 50
100 100 100 100
1976 1986 1996 2009
4 4 4 7
2 6 6 6
1 1 6 3
57 36 25 44
29 55 38 38
14 9 38 19
100 100 100 100
65
TABLE 16. GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON INTERNAL MIGRATION FROM RURAL AREAS TO URBAN AREAS, 2009
(Number of countries) Raise Maintain Lower No intervention Total Raise Maintain (Percentage) Lower No intervention Total
World 10 2 116 45 173 6 1 67 26 100
93
26
Less developed regions 129 6 Least developed countries 43 5
72
20
100
32
74
16
100
B. By major area
Africa 0 0 39 9 48 Asia 7 2 27 6 42 17 5 64 14 100 0 0 81 19 100
21
16
Europe 39 5
54
41
100
20
Latin America and the Caribbean 10 30 0 0 Northern America 2 0 Oceania 12 8
67
33
100
100
100
75
17
100
66
TABLE 17. GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON INTERNAL MIGRATION INTO URBAN AGGLOMERATIONS: 1976, 1986, 1996 AND 2009 A. By level of development
World 1976 1986 1996 2009 4 2 3 6 0 1 5 7 39 50 55 109 40 41 60 53 83 94 123 175 5 2 2 3 0 1 4 4 47 53 45 62 48 44 49 30 100 100 100 100
1976 1986 1996 2009
2 1 0 4
0 0 2 4
28 42 47 94
33 32 43 29
Less developed regions 63 3 75 1 92 0 131 3 Least developed countries 26 0 26 0 34 0 42 0
0 0 2 3
44 56 51 72
52 43 47 22
100 100 100 100
1976 1986 1996 2009
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
11 7 17 32
15 19 17 9
0 0 0 2
42 27 50 76
58 73 50 22
100 100 100 100
67

(Number of countries) Year Raise Maintain Lower No intervention Total Raise Maintain (Percentage) Lower No intervention Total
Africa 1976 1986 1996 2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 18 16 22 36 19 17 18 11 37 33 41 47 Asia 1976 1986 1996 2009 1 1 0 4 0 0 0 4 4 12 18 29 0 6 9 7 5 19 27 44 20 5 0 9 0 0 0 9 80 63 67 66 0 32 33 16 100 100 100 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 49 48 54 77 51 52 44 23 100 100 100 100
1976 1986 1996 2009
2 1 3 2
0 1 3 3
11 8 7 13
6 6 13 21
Europe 19 11 16 6 26 12 39 5
0 6 12 8
58 50 27 33
32 38 50 54
100 100 100 100
1976 1986 1996 2009
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
6 13 8 21
Latin America and the Caribbean 13 20 5 0 6 19 0 0 15 23 0 0 10 31 0 0 Northern America 1 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 Oceania 1 0 5 0 4 0 12 0
30 68 35 68
65 32 65 32
100 100 100 100
1976 1986 1996 2009
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
1 2 2 2
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
100 100 100 100
100 100 100 100
1976 1986 1996 2009
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 10
1 4 3 2
0 0 25 0
0 20 0 83
100 80 75 17
100 100 100 100
68
TABLE 18. GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON INTERNAL MIGRATION FROM URBAN AREAS TO URBAN AREAS, 2009
World 19 19 5 85 128 15 15 4 66 100
17
17
54
Less developed regions 92 18
18
59
100
15
Least developed countries 26 19 19
58
100
B. By major area
Africa 5 5 2 19 31 Asia 4 11 2 18 35 11 31 6 51 100 16 16 6 61 100
26
Europe 31 6
84
100
67
100
100
100
80
100
69
TABLE 19. GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON INTERNAL MIGRATION FROM URBAN AREAS TO RURAL AREAS, 2009
World 39 9 5 66 119 33 8 4 55 100
30
40
Less developed regions 80 38 Least developed countries 22 41
50
100
11
50
100
B. By major area
Africa 13 1 0 13 27 Asia 14 3 3 12 32 44 9 9 38 100 48 4 0 48 100
22
Europe 34 24
65
100
68
100
100
100
20
80
100
70
TABLE 20. GOVERNMENT VIEWS ON THE LEVEL OF IMMIGRATION: 1976, 1986, 1996 AND 2009 A. By level of development
World 1976 1986 1996 2009 11 6 4 9 129 125 148 152 10 33 41 34 150 164 193 195 7 4 2 5 86 76 77 78 7 20 21 17 100 100 100 100
71

1976 1986 1996 2009
0 0 0 1
2 1 2 1
0 1 0 0
Northern America 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 50 Oceania
100 50 100 50
0 50 0 0
100 100 100 100
1976 1986 1996 2009
1 0 1 2
5 10 12 12
1 1 3 2
7 11 16 16
14 0 6 13
71 91 75 75
14 9 19 13
100 100 100 100
72
TABLE 21. GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON IMMIGRATION: 1976, 1986, 1996 AND 2009 A. By level of development
(Number of countries) Year Raise Maintain/No intervention Lower Total Raise (Percentage) Maintain/No intervention Lower Total
World 1976 1986 1996 2009 11 6 8 16 129 125 107 143 10 33 78 36 150 164 193 195 7 4 4 8 86 76 55 73 7 20 41 18 100 100 100 100
73

(Number of countries) Year Raise Maintain/No intervention Lower Total Raise (Percentage) Maintain/No intervention Lower Total
Northern America 1976 1986 1996 2009 0 0 0 1 2 2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2 2 2 2 Oceania 1976 1986 1996 2009 1 0 1 2 5 11 13 12 1 0 2 2 7 11 16 16 14 0 6 13 71 100 81 76 14 0 13 13 100 100 100 100 0 0 0 50 100 100 50 50 0 0 50 0 100 100 100 100
74
TABLE 22. GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON IMMIGRATION FOR PERMANENT SETTLEMENT, 2009

World 12 90 32 35 169 7 53 19 21 100
57
26
31
47
21
26
100
19
34
26
17
57
100
B. By major area
Africa 0 12 9 20 41 Asia 5 19 10 8 42 12 45 24 19 100 0 29 22 49 100
31
Europe 43 7
72
14
100
Latin America and the Caribbean 1 23 5 3 32 3 72 16 9 100
Northern America 1 1 0 0 2 Oceania 2 4 2 1 9 22 44 22 11 100 50 50 0 0 100
75
TABLE 23. GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON IMMIGRATION OF HIGHLY SKILLED WORKERS, 2009

World 42 83 6 27 158 27 53 4 17 100
21
67
21
59
19
100
11
13
28
11
39
46
100
B. By major area
Northern America 2 0 0 0 2 100 Oceania 2 5 1 1 9 22 56 11 11 100 0 0 0 100
76
TABLE 24. GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON IMMIGRATION OF TEMPORARY WORKERS, 2009

World 11 97 39 28 175 6 55 22 16 100
66
33
24
Less developed regions 127 3
52
26
19
100
15
14
Least developed countries 36 3 41
17
39
100
B. By major area
77
TABLE 25. GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON IMMIGRATION FOR FAMILY REUNIFICATION, 2009

World 11 98 9 35 153 7 64 6 23 100
64
31
60
29
100
18
28
32
64
100
B. By major area
Africa 1 12 2 20 35 Asia 4 25 2 7 38 11 66 5 18 100 3 34 6 57 100
32
Europe 41 7
78
100
78
TABLE 26. GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON INTEGRATION OF NON-CITIZENS, 2009

(Number of countries) Yes No Total Yes (Percentage) No Total
World 82 49 131 63 37 100
B. By major area
79
TABLE 27. GOVERNMENT VIEWS ON THE LEVEL OF EMIGRATION: 1976, 1986, 1996 AND 2009
World 1976 1986 1996 2009 6 9 5 7 125 124 133 130 19 31 55 58 150 164 193 195 4 5 3 4 83 76 69 67 13 19 28 30 100 100 100 100
80

Africa 1976 1986 1996 2009 1 3 2 2 44 41 40 36 3 7 11 15 48 51 53 53 Asia 37 38 46 47 Europe 29 29 43 44 2 6 4 4 92 80 75 68 6 14 21 28 100 100 100 100
1976 1986 1996 2009
4 3 2 4
31 28 31 32
2 7 13 11
11 8 4 9
84 74 67 68
5 18 28 23
100 100 100 100
1976 1986 1996 2009
1 1 1 0
23 26 31 34
5 2 11 10
3 3 2 0
79 90 72 77
17 7 26 23
100 100 100 100
1976 1986 1996 2009
0 2 0 0
18 17 18 16
Latin America and the Caribbean 9 27 0 14 33 6 15 33 0 17 33 0 Northern America 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 Oceania 7 11 16 16
67 52 55 48
33 42 45 52
100 100 100 100
1976 1986 1996 2009
0 0 0 0
2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0
100 100 100 100
0 0 0 0
100 100 100 100
1976 1986 1996 2009
0 0 0 1
7 10 11 10
0 1 5 5
0 0 0 6
100 91 69 63
0 9 31 31
100 100 100 100
81
TABLE 28. GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON EMIGRATION: 1976, 1986, 1996 AND 2009 A. By level of development
(Number of countries) Year Raise Maintain/ No intervention Lower Total Raise (Percentage) Maintain/ No intervention Lower Total
World 1976 1986 1996 2009 6 8 6 10 125 120 142 142 19 36 45 43 150 164 193 195 4 5 3 5 83 73 74 73 13 22 23 22 100 100 100 100
82

(Number of countries) Year Raise Maintain/ No intervention Lower Total Raise (Percentage) Maintain/ No intervention Lower Total
Northern America 1976 1986 1996 2009 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 Oceania 1976 1986 1996 2009 0 0 0 1 7 10 13 11 0 1 3 4 7 11 16 16 0 0 0 6 100 91 81 69 0 9 19 25 100 100 100 100 0 0 0 0 100 100 100 100 0 0 0 0 100 100 100 100
83
TABLE 29. GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON ENCOURAGING THE RETURN OF CITIZENS, 2009

(Number of countries) Yes No Total Yes (Percentage) No Total
World 89 65 154 58 42 100
B. By major area
84
PART TWO COUNTRY PROFILES
VIII. DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES

A. GLOSSARY 1. GOVERNMENT VIEWS AND POLICIES Population size and growth View on growth Government views on the level of the total populations prevailing rate of growth Too high Satisfactory Too low The Government has indicated that the rate of population growth is too high; The Government has indicated that the rate of population growth is acceptable or has not expressed a view; The Government has indicated that the rate of population growth is too low.
Policy on growth Government policies on the rate of population growth Raise Maintain Lower No intervention Population age structure Size of the working-age population Government level of concern regarding the current size of the working age population in relation to the domestic labour market Major concern Minor concern Not a concern .. The Government has expressed serious concern that the working-age population is either too small or too large for the present labour market; The Government has expressed some concern that the working-age population is either too small or too large for the present labour market; The Government has indicated that the size of the working-age population is not a concern; The Governments view on the working-age population is not known. The Government has policies in place to raise population growth; The Government has policies in place to maintain population growth; The Government has policies in place to lower population growth; The Government does not intervene with regard to population growth.
Ageing of the population Government level of concern regarding the transformation of the age structure of the population, especially the growing proportion of the elderly population Major concern The Government has expressed serious concern about the ageing of the population or increased burden on health and welfare provisions due to the growing proportion of the elderly population; The Government has expressed some concern about the ageing of the population or increased burden on health and welfare provisions due to the growing proportion of the elderly population; The Government has indicated that population ageing is not a concern; The Governments view on population ageing is not known.
Minor concern
Not a concern ..
87
Fertility and family planning View on fertility level Government views on the level of fertility Too high Satisfactory Too low The Government has indicated that the fertility level is too high; The Government has indicated that the fertility level is acceptable or has not expressed a view; The Government has indicated that the fertility level is too low.
Policy on fertility Government policies on the level of fertility Raise Maintain Lower No intervention The Government has policies in place to raise fertility levels; The Government has policies to maintain fertility levels; The Government has policies in place to lower fertility levels; The Government does not intervene with regard to fertility levels.
Access to contraceptive methods Government level of support for modern methods of contraception (e.g. the pill, IUD, injectables, hormonal implants, condoms and female barrier methods) Direct support Indirect support No support The Government directly supports the dissemination of information, guidance and materials through Government facilities; The Government indirectly supports provision of information, guidance and materials by non-governmental sources; The Government permits the provision of information, guidance and materials by non-governmental sources but provides no support to such organizations; The Government prevents access to information, guidance and materials in respect to modern methods of contraception.
Limits
Adolescent fertility Government level of concern regarding the fertility of women under 20 years of age Major concern Minor concern Not a concern .. The Government has expressed serious concern about the level of adolescent fertility; The Government has expressed some concern about the level of adolescent fertility; The Government has indicated that adolescent fertility is not a concern; The Governments view on adolescent fertility is not known.
Policies and programmes addressing adolescent fertility Government policies and programmes that support activities to lower fertility among women under 20 years of age Yes The Government has policies or programmes in place to lower adolescent fertility rates (e.g. counselling and family planning services, education programmes); The Government has no policies or programmes in place to lower adolescent fertility rates; It is not known whether the Government has policies or programmes in place to lower adolescent fertility rates.
No ..
88
Health and mortality View on the level of expectation of life Government views on the current level of life expectancy at birth Acceptable Unacceptable The Government considers the present life expectancy at birth as acceptable; The Government considers the present life expectancy at birth as unacceptable.
View on the level of under-five mortality Government views on the current level of mortality of children under five years of age Acceptable Unacceptable The Government considers the present level of under-five mortality as acceptable; The Government considers the present level of under-five mortality as unacceptable.
View on the level of maternal mortality Government views on the current level of maternal mortality Acceptable Unacceptable The Government considers the present maternal mortality level as acceptable; The Government considers the present maternal mortality level as unacceptable.
View on the level of HIV/AIDS Government level of concern regarding the prevalence of HIV/AIDS Major concern Minor concern Not a concern .. The Government has expressed serious concern about the level of HIV/AIDS or the risk that it poses to the country; The Government has expressed some concern about the level of HIV/AIDS or the risk that it poses to the country; The Government has indicated that HIV/AIDS is not a concern; The Governments view on HIV/AIDS is not known.
Measures implemented to control HIV/AIDS Government policies on selected approaches to respond to the HIV/AIDS epidemic 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Blood screening Information, education and communication (IEC) campaigns Provision of antiretroviral treatment (ART) Nondiscriminatory policies Distribution of condoms
Grounds on which abortion is permitted Legally permissible grounds for granting an abortion 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. To save the womans life; To preserve the physical health of the woman; To preserve the mental health of the woman; Rape or incest; Foetal impairment; Economic or social reasons; On request.
89
Spatial distribution and internal migration View on spatial distribution Government views on modifying the spatial distribution of population Major change desired Minor change desired Satisfactory The Government has indicated a desire to significantly alter the spatial distribution of the population; The Government has indicated a desire to somewhat alter the spatial distribution of the population; The Government has indicated that the spatial distribution of the population is acceptable, or has not expressed a view.
Policy on internal migration from rural to urban areas Government policies to alter internal migration from rural to urban areas Raise Maintain Lower No intervention .. The Government has policies in place to raise internal migration from rural to urban areas; The Government has policies in place to maintain internal migration from rural to urban areas; The Government has policies in place to lower internal migration from rural to urban areas; The Government does not intervene to alter internal migration from rural to urban areas; It is not known whether the Government intervenes to alter internal migration from rural to urban areas.
Policy on internal migration from rural to rural areas Government policies to alter internal migration from rural to rural areas Raise Maintain Lower No intervention .. The Government has policies in place to raise internal migration from rural to rural areas; The Government has policies in place to maintain internal migration from rural to rural areas; The Government has policies in place to lower internal migration from rural to rural areas; The Government does not intervene to alter internal migration from rural to rural areas; It is not known whether the Government intervenes to alter internal migration from rural to rural areas;
Policy on internal migration from urban to rural areas Government policies to alter internal migration from urban to rural areas Raise Maintain Lower No intervention .. The Government has policies in place to raise internal migration from urban to rural areas; The Government has policies in place to maintain internal migration from urban to rural areas; The Government has policies in place to lower internal migration from urban to rural areas; The Government does not intervene to alter internal migration from urban to rural areas; It is not known whether the Government intervenes to alter internal migration from urban to rural areas.
90
Policy on internal migration from urban to urban areas Government policies to alter internal migration from urban to urban areas Raise Maintain Lower No intervention .. The Government has policies in place to raise internal migration from urban to urban areas; The Government has policies in place to maintain internal migration from urban to urban areas; The Government has policies in place to lower internal migration from urban to urban areas; The Government does not intervene to alter internal migration from urban to urban areas; It is not known whether the Government intervenes to alter internal migration from urban to urban areas.
Policy on internal migration into urban agglomerations Raise Maintain Lower No intervention .. The Government has policies in place to raise internal migration into urban agglomerations; The Government has policies in place to maintain internal migration into urban agglomerations; The Government has policies in place to lower internal migration into urban agglomerations; The Government does not intervene to alter internal migration into urban agglomerations; It is not known whether the Government intervenes to alter internal migration into urban agglomerations.
International migration View on immigration Government views on the level of documented immigration into the country, including immigration for permanent settlement, temporary and highly skilled work and family reunification. Government views towards asylum-seekers, refugees and undocumented migrants are not reflected in this variable. Too high Satisfactory Too low The Government has indicated that the level of immigration is too high; The Government has indicated that the level of immigration is satisfactory or has not expressed a view; The Government has indicated that the level of immigration is too low.
Policy on immigration - Government policies regarding the overall level of immigration Raise Maintain Lower No intervention The Government has policies in place to raise the overall level of immigration; The Government has policies in place to maintain the overall level of immigration; The Government has policies in place to lower the overall level of immigration; The Government does not intervene with regard to the overall level of immigration.
91
Policy on permanent settlement Government policies on immigration for the purpose of permanent settlement Raise Maintain Lower No intervention .. The Government has policies in place to raise immigration for permanent settlement; The Government has policies in place to maintain immigration for permanent settlement; The Government has policies in place to lower immigration for permanent settlement; The Government does not intervene with regard to immigration for permanent settlement; It is not known whether the Government intervenes with regard to immigration for permanent settlement.
Policy on temporary workers Government policies on immigration of temporary workers Raise Maintain Lower No intervention .. The Government has policies in place to raise immigration of temporary workers; The Government has policies in place to maintain immigration of temporary workers; The Government has policies in place to lower immigration of temporary workers; The Government does not intervene with regard to immigration of temporary workers; It is not known whether the Government intervenes with regard to immigration of temporary workers.
Policy on highly skilled workers Government policies on immigration of highly skilled workers Raise Maintain Lower No intervention .. The Government has policies in place to raise immigration of highly skilled workers; The Government has policies in place to maintain immigration of highly skilled workers; The Government has policies in place to lower immigration of highly skilled workers; The Government does not intervene with regard to immigration of highly skilled workers; It is not known whether the Government intervenes with regard to immigration of highly skilled workers.
Policy on family reunification Government policies concerning immigration for the purpose of family reunification Raise Maintain Lower No intervention .. The Government has policies in place to raise immigration for family reunification; The Government has policies in place to maintain immigration for family reunification; The Government has policies in place to lower immigration for family reunification; The Government does not intervene with regard to immigration for family reunification; It is not known whether the Government intervenes with regard to immigration for family reunification.
92
Integration of non-citizens Government policies or programmes to foster the integration of non-citizens into society Yes No .. The Government has policies or programmes to foster the integration of noncitizens (e.g. language classes, provision of social services); The Government has no policies or programmes to foster the integration of non-citizens; It is not known whether the Government has a policy or programme to foster the integration of non-citizens.
View on emigration Government views of the current level of emigration from the country Too high Satisfactory Too low The Government has indicated that the level of emigration is too high; The Government has indicated that the level of emigration is satisfactory, or has not expressed a view; The Government has indicated that the level of emigration is too low.
Policy on emigration Government policies towards citizens leaving to establish residency outside of the country Raise Maintain Lower No intervention The Government has policies in place to raise emigration; The Government has policies in place to maintain emigration; The Government has policies in place to lower emigration; The Government does not intervene with regard to emigration.
Policy on encouraging the return of citizens Government policies designed to encourage citizens to return to the country Yes No .. The Government has policies to encourage citizens to return (e.g. tax incentives, financial inducements); The Government has no policies to encourage citizens to return; It is not known whether the Government has a policy to encourage citizens to return.
93
2. DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS Annual population growth rate: The exponential average annual rate of population growth expressed as a percentage. Total fertility:Average number of children that would be born per woman if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years and if a given set of age-specific fertility rates remained constant during their childbearing years. Adolescent fertility rate: The number of births to women aged 15 to19 years over a year per 1,000 women in that age group during that year. Percentage of married women using contraception: The percentage of women aged 15 to 49 years who are in a marital or consensual union and using a modern contraceptive method (sterilization, the pill, injectables, IUD, condom, vaginal barrier method or implant) or any method (modern contraceptive method, rhythm, withdrawal or other traditional methods). Life expectancy at birth: The expected average number of years to be lived by a newly born baby if current age-specific mortality rates were to remain constant. Infant mortality rate: The probability of dying before age 1 expressed per 1,000 live births. Under-five mortality: The probability of dying before age 5 expressed per 1,000 live births. Maternal mortality ratio: The annual number of deaths of women occurring during pregnancy or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, regardless of the cause of death, per 100,000 live births in the reference year. People living with HIV: The estimated number of people infected with HIV, alive at the end of 2007. For additional information, see Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic, 2008. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Geneva. Adult HIV prevalence: The percentage of adults aged 15 to 49 years living with HIV at the end of 2007. Urban population: The estimated population living in urban areas at mid-year as a percentage of the total mid-year population in a country. Migrant stock: The estimated number of persons born outside the country at mid-year.
94
B. SOURCES Population indicators. Sources: World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision, vol. I, Comprehensive Tables (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.10.XIII.2); World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision, vol. II, Sex and Age Distribution of the World Population (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.10.XIII.3); World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision. CD-ROM Edition - Extended Dataset in Excel and ASCII formats (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.09.XII.6); and World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision (United Nations publication, ESA/P/WP/205); World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision. CD-ROM Edition Data in digital form (POP/DB/WUP/Rev.2007). As regards demographic indicators, the period indicators, such as annual growth rate, total fertility and the infant mortality rate, the percentages of births to women under age 20 or those aged 35 or over, and life expectancy at birth are average values for the periods 1970-1975, 1980-1985, 1990-1995 and 2005-2010. Contraceptive prevalence. Source: World Contraceptive Use 2009 (United Nations Population Division, POP/DB/CP/Rev.2009). Annual indicators are given for 1975, 1985, 1995 and 2005, or the closest year. Migrant stock. Source: Database on Trends in Total Migrant Stock: The 2008 Revision (United Nations Population Division, POP/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2008). Annual indicators are given for 1975, 1985, 1995 and 2005, or the closest year. Maternal mortality ratio. Source: Maternal Mortality in 2005: Estimates developed by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA and the World Bank (2007). World Health Organization. Geneva. HIV/AIDS. Source: Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic, 2008. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Geneva. Aug. 2008. UNAIDS/08.25E/JC1510E. http://www.unaids.org /en/KnowledgeCentre/HIVData/GlobalReport/2008/2008_Global_report.asp. (accessed 28 December 2008). See online table: Adult (15-49) HIV prevalence percent by country, 1990-2007 (with 95% confidence intervals), and; Estimated number of people living with HIV by country, 1990-2007. http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2008/20080813_gr08_prev1549_1990_2007_en.xls http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2008/20080818_gr08_plwh_1990_2007_en.xls
95
C. ORDERING THE DATA ON CD-ROM
UNITED NATIONS Department of Economic and Social Affairs POPULATION DIVISION
World Population Policies 2009 Data in Digital Form

Copyright United Nations 2009 All rights reserved
Date _____________________
Order form
World Population Policies 2009 (data formatted for Windows 95 or higher) One CD-ROM disk Unit price (in US$) $100.00 Quantity Total price (in US$)
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Notes 1. Data contained in the above data sets are copyrighted by the United Nations. No portion of the data files contained on disk can be reproduced, distributed or used to prepare derivative works or for commercial purposes without the express permission of the United Nations, to be obtained from the Secretary of the United Nations Publications Board. For further information, please contact the Director, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations (Room DC2-1950), New York, NY 10017, United States of America; fax number (212) 963-2147. 2. The order form should be accompanied by a cheque or an international money order in United States dollars drawn on a United States bank for the correct amount, payable to the UNITED NATIONS POPULATION DIVISION, and mailed to: The Director, Population Division/DESA, United Nations, DC2-1950, New York, NY 10017, USA. Credit cards are not accepted.
98
IX. PROFILES OF NATIONAL POPULATION POLICIES
AFGHANISTAN
Government views and policies

.
Population policy variable

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
Population size and growth View on growth Policy on growth Population age structure Level of concern about Size of the working-age population Ageing of the population Fertility and family planning View on fertility level Policy Access to contraceptive methods Adolescent fertility Level of concern Policies and programmes Health and mortality View Life expectancy at birth Under-five mortality Maternal mortality Level of concern about HIV/AIDS Measures to respond to HIV/AIDS* Grounds on which abortion is permitted** Spatial distribution and internal migration View on spatial distribution Policies on internal migration From rural to urban areas From rural to rural areas From urban to rural areas From urban to urban areas Into urban agglomerations International migration Immigration View Policy Permanent settlement Temporary workers Highly skilled workers Family reunification Integration of non-citizens Emigration View Policy Encouraging the return of citizens
.
Satisfactory No intervention
Too high No intervention
.. .. Too high No intervention Direct support .. ..
Minor concern Minor concern Too high No intervention Direct support Major concern Yes
Unacceptable .. .. .. .. .. Minor change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable .. .. .. .. .. Minor change desired .. .. .. .. No intervention
Unacceptable .. .. .. .. 1 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,5 1 Major change desired Lower .. .. .. Lower
Satisfactory Maintain .. .. .. .. .. Satisfactory Maintain Yes
Satisfactory Maintain .. .. .. .. .. Too high Lower ..
Satisfactory Maintain .. Maintain .. .. .. Satisfactory Maintain Yes
* Measures implemented to respond to HIV/AIDS: (1) blood screening; (2) information/education campaigns; (3) antiretroviral treatment; (4) non-discriminatory policies; (5) distribution of condoms. ** Grounds on which abortion is permitted: (1) to save the woman's life; (2) to preserve physical health; (3) to preserve mental health; (4) rape or incest; (5) foetal impairment; (6) economic or social reasons; (7) on request.
100
AFGHANISTAN
Population indicators
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
Population size and growth Population size (thousands) Annual growth rate (percentage)* Population age structure Percentage of population under age 15 Percentage of population aged 60 or over Fertility and family planning Total fertility (children per woman)* Adolescent fertility rate (per 1,000 women, aged 15 - 19)* Percentage of births to women under age 20* Percentage of births to women aged 35 or over* Percentage of married women using contraception Modern methods All methods Health and mortality Life expectancy at birth (years)* Males Females Both sexes combined Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)* Under-five mortality (per 1,000 live births)* Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births) (2005) HIV/AIDS People living with HIV/AIDS (thousands) Adult prevalence (percentage) Spatial distribution Population density (per sq. km) Urban population (percentage) Annual urban population growth rate (percentage) Annual rural population growth rate (percentage) International migration Migrant stock Number of migrants (thousands) As percentage of total population
.
13 329 ..
12 293 -2.5
18 084 7.3
28 150 3.4
45 4
46 4
47 4
46 4
7.7 .. .. .. 2a 2a
7.8 .. .. .. .. ..
8.0 150.0 9 29 4b 5b
6.6 121.0 9 18 16c 19c
36 36 36 212 .. .. .. ..
40 40 40 184 275 .. .. ..
42 42 42 171 256 .. .. ..
44 44 44 157 235 1 800 .. ..
20 13 5.7 1.3
19 17 -0.4 -2.3
28 20 5.4 3.5
43 24 5.3 3.1
57 0.4
56 0.5
70 0.4
91** 0.3**
For the periods 1970-1975, 1980-1985, 1990-1995 and 2005-2010. For 2010. For 1973. b For 2000. c For 2006.
* a **
101
ALBANIA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Satisfactory Maintain
.. .. Satisfactory Maintain Direct support .. ..
Minor concern Minor concern Satisfactory Maintain Direct support Minor concern Yes
Acceptable .. .. .. .. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Major change desired Lower .. .. .. Lower
Satisfactory Maintain .. .. .. .. .. Satisfactory Maintain ..
Satisfactory Maintain .. .. .. .. .. Satisfactory No intervention ..
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain No Satisfactory Maintain Yes
102
ALBANIA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
2 401 2.3
2 957 2.0
3 134 -1.0
3 155 0.4
40 7
35 7
32 9
24 13
4.7 .. .. .. .. ..
3.4 .. .. .. .. ..
2.8 16.0 3 13 15a 58a
1.9 14.0 4 10 22b 60b
66 70 68 58 .. .. .. ..
68 73 70 45 55 .. .. ..
69 75 72 31 37 .. .. ..
73 80 76 16 18 92 .. ..
84 33 2.8 1.9
103 35 3.3 2.1
109 39 0.5 -1.8
110 47 1.9 -0.6
57 2.4
63 2.1
71 2.3
89** 2.8**
For the periods 1970-1975, 1980-1985, 1990-1995 and 2005-2010. For 2010. For 2000. b For 2005.
* a **
103
ALGERIA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
.. .. Satisfactory No intervention Direct support .. ..
.. .. Too high Lower Direct support .. ..
.. .. Too high Lower Direct support Not a concern No
Major concern Minor concern Too high Lower Direct support Minor concern No
Unacceptable .. .. .. .. .. Major change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable .. .. .. .. .. Major change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,3,4 Major change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Minor concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3 Major change desired Lower .. .. Raise Lower
Satisfactory Maintain .. .. .. .. .. Too low Raise ..
Satisfactory Maintain .. .. .. .. .. Satisfactory Lower ..
Satisfactory Maintain .. .. .. .. .. Satisfactory Lower Yes
Too high Maintain .. Maintain .. Maintain .. Too high No intervention Yes
104
ALGERIA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
16 018 3.1
22 097 3.2
28 265 2.2
34 895 1.5
48 6
45 5
40 6
27 7
7.4 .. .. .. .. ..
6.5 .. .. .. 31a 36a
4.1 24.0 3 31 49 57
2.4 7.0 2 26 52b 61b
54 56 55 131 .. .. .. ..
60 63 61 84 106 .. .. ..
67 69 68 54 61 .. <1 ..
71 74 72 31 33 180 21c 0.1c
7 40 3.6 2.9
9 48 4.8 1.2
12 56 3.1 0.0
15 66 2.4 -0.3
160 1.0
289 1.3
299 1.1
242** 0.7**
For the periods 1970-1975, 1980-1985, 1990-1995 and 2005-2010. For 2010. For 1986/1987. b For 2006. c For 2007.
* a **
105
ANDORRA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
.. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. Satisfactory Maintain No support .. ..
Not a concern Minor concern Satisfactory Maintain No support Minor concern Yes
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable .. .. .. .. Not permitted Satisfactory .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 2,3 1 Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain .. .. .. .. Satisfactory Maintain ..
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain No intervention Maintain Yes Satisfactory Maintain No
106
ANDORRA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
31 4.8
47 4.8
65 4.1
86 1.7
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
66 87 5.1 -5.5
101 95 2.8 -0.9
138 94 1.2 5.2
183 88 -0.4 3.7
19 60.1
32 68.1
44 68.3
56** 64.4**
**
For the periods 1970-1975, 1980-1985, 1990-1995 and 2005-2010. For 2010.
107
ANGOLA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. Too high No intervention Direct support Major concern Yes
.. Minor concern Too high Maintain Direct support Major concern Yes
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Minor concern .. 1 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. No intervention
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1 Major change desired No intervention .. .. .. No intervention
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention .. No intervention Yes Satisfactory No intervention No
Satisfactory No intervention .. .. .. .. .. Satisfactory No intervention No
108
ANGOLA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
6 815 2.3
9 331 3.4
12 539 3.2
18 498 2.7
46 5
47 4
48 4
45 4
7.2 .. .. .. .. ..
7.2 .. .. .. .. ..
7.1 226.0 16 20 4a 8a
5.8 124.0 11 23 5b 6b
36 40 38 173 .. .. .. ..
39 43 41 154 269 .. .. ..
41 44 42 145 253 .. 46 0.7
45 49 47 117 205 1 400 190c 2.1c
5 19 7.4 1.3
7 30 6.9 0.8
10 44 4.9 0.8
15 58 4.3 0.7
31 0.5
109 1.2
38 0.3
65** 0.3**
* a **
109
ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
Too high Lower
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. Major concern Satisfactory No intervention Indirect support Minor concern Yes
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable .. .. .. .. 1 Major change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1 Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain .. .. Too high No intervention Yes
110
ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
76 2.0
68 -1.3
68 1.9
88 1.2
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. 51a 53a
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
173 34 0.2 -0.2
153 35 -1.8 -2.2
154 34 1.5 3.1
198 30 1.1 1.1
8 10.4
10 15.5
14 20.3
21** 23.6**
* a
**
For the periods 1970-1975, 1980-1985, 1990-1995 and 2005-2010. For 2010. For 1988.
111
ARGENTINA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
.. .. Too low Raise Limits .. ..
.. .. Satisfactory No intervention No support .. ..
.. .. Satisfactory No intervention No support Major concern Yes
Not a concern Not a concern Satisfactory No intervention Direct support Major concern Yes
Acceptable .. .. .. .. .. Major change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Minor concern .. 1,2 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. No intervention
Acceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Minor concern 1,2,3,4,5 1 Minor change desired Lower No intervention Raise Raise Lower
Too low Raise .. .. .. .. .. Satisfactory Maintain Yes
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain .. Lower Yes Satisfactory No intervention No
Satisfactory Raise Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain Yes Satisfactory Lower Yes
112
ARGENTINA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
26 012 1.6
30 227 1.4
34 772 1.4
40 276 1.0
29 12
31 13
29 14
25 15
3.1 .. .. .. .. ..
3.2 .. .. .. .. ..
2.9 73.0 13 15 .. ..
2.3 57.0 13 16 64a 65a
64 71 67 48 .. .. .. ..
67 74 70 32 38 .. .. ..
69 76 72 24 28 .. 68 0.4
72 79 75 13 16 77 120b 0.5b
9 81 2.1 -0.5
11 85 2.0 -1.3
13 89 1.6 -1.5
14 92 1.2 -1.4
2 064 7.9
1 780 5.9
1 588 4.6
1 449** 3.6**
* a **
113
ARMENIA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
.. ..
Too low Raise
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. Satisfactory Raise Direct support .. No
Minor concern Major concern Too low Raise Indirect support Minor concern Yes
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable .. .. .. .. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Major change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Major change desired Lower No intervention Raise No intervention Maintain
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention .. No intervention No Too high Lower No
Too low Raise Raise Maintain Maintain No intervention Yes Too high Lower Yes
114
ARMENIA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
2 826 2.3
3 339 1.5
3 223 -1.9
3 083 0.2
34 8
30 8
29 13
20 14
3.0 .. .. .. .. ..
2.4 .. .. .. .. ..
2.4 76.0 16 6 25a 56a
1.7 36.0 10 6 19b 53b
68 74 71 63 .. .. .. ..
68 74 71 53 63 .. .. ..
65 72 68 44 53 .. .. ..
70 77 74 25 28 76 2.4c 0.1c
95 64 2.9 0.3
112 67 2.0 1.1
108 66 -1.9 -0.8
103 64 -0.2 -0.1
.. 0.0
.. 0.0
682 21.1
324** 10.5**
* a **
115
AUSTRALIA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. .. Satisfactory No intervention Indirect support .. ..
.. .. Satisfactory No intervention Indirect support Minor concern ..
Not a concern Minor concern Too low Raise Indirect support Minor concern Yes
Acceptable .. .. .. .. .. Major change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,3,4,5,6 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. No intervention
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Minor change desired Lower No intervention No intervention No intervention Lower
Too low Raise .. .. .. .. .. Satisfactory Maintain ..
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain .. Maintain Yes Satisfactory No intervention No
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Lower Lower Maintain Yes Satisfactory No intervention No
116
AUSTRALIA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
13 625 1.4
15 800 1.5
18 118 1.2
21 293 1.1
28 13
24 15
21 16
19 19
2.5 .. .. .. .. ..
1.9 .. .. .. 72a 76a
1.9 21.0 6 12 64 67
1.8 15.0 4 21 71b 71b
68 75 72 17 .. .. .. ..
72 79 75 10 12 .. .. ..
75 81 78 7 8 .. 8.6 0.1
79 84 81 5 6 4 18c 0.2c
2 86 1.5 0.8
2 85 1.4 1.9
2 86 1.4 -0.1
3 89 1.2 -0.6
2 659 19.5
3 143 19.9
3 854 21.3
4 711** 21.9**
For the periods 1970-1975, 1980-1985, 1990-1995 and 2005-2010. For 2010. For 1986. b For 2001/2002. c For 2007.
* a **
117
AUSTRIA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
.. .. Satisfactory No intervention Direct support Not a concern No
Major concern Major concern Too low Raise No support Minor concern No
Acceptable .. .. .. .. .. Minor change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Acceptable .. .. .. .. .. Minor change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable Acceptable .. Minor concern .. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Minor concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Satisfactory Lower No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
Satisfactory Maintain .. .. .. .. .. Satisfactory Maintain No
Satisfactory Lower .. .. .. .. .. Satisfactory Maintain ..
Too high Lower Lower Lower .. Lower Yes Satisfactory No intervention ..
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Lower Maintain Maintain Yes Satisfactory No intervention Yes
118
AUSTRIA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
7 578 0.3
7 560 0.0
7 936 0.7
8 364 0.4
23 20
18 20
18 20
15 23
2.0 .. .. .. .. ..
1.6 .. .. .. 56a 71a
1.5 22.0 8 9 47b 51b
1.4 13.0 5 14 .. ..
67 74 71 24 .. .. .. ..
69 77 73 13 15 .. .. ..
73 79 76 7 8 .. 2.4 0.1
77 83 80 4 5 4 9.8c 0.2c
90 65 0.0 0.0
90 66 0.3 0.1
95 66 0.4 0.4
100 67 0.6 -0.4
721 9.5
728 9.6
989 12.5
1 310** 15.6**
* a **
119
AZERBAIJAN

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
.. ..
Too low Maintain
Satisfactory Raise
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. Satisfactory Maintain Indirect support .. No
Minor concern Major concern Satisfactory Raise Direct support Major concern Yes
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable .. .. .. .. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Minor change desired Lower .. Maintain .. Lower
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory Maintain No intervention .. .. .. Yes Satisfactory No intervention No
Satisfactory Raise Maintain Maintain Raise Maintain Yes Satisfactory Maintain Yes
120
AZERBAIJAN
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
5 689 1.9
6 670 1.6
7 784 1.5
8 832 1.1
40 8
33 7
34 8
24 9
4.3 .. .. .. .. ..
3.0 .. .. .. .. ..
2.9 54.0 9 8 12a 55a
2.2 34.0 8 8 13b 51b
62 69 66 100 .. .. .. ..
61 69 65 90 113 .. .. ..
61 70 65 82 97 .. .. ..
68 72 70 43 53 82 7.8c 0.2c
66 52 2.0 1.3
77 53 1.9 1.1
90 52 0.6 1.8
102 52 1.1 0.4
.. 0.0
.. 0.0
525 6.7
264** 3.0**
* a **
121
BAHAMAS

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
Minor concern Major concern Satisfactory No intervention Direct support Major concern Yes
Acceptable .. .. .. .. .. Major change desired .. .. .. .. No intervention
Acceptable .. .. Major concern .. 1,2,3 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. No intervention
Acceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3 Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
Too high Maintain .. .. .. .. .. Too low Maintain ..
Too high Lower Lower Lower .. Lower No Satisfactory No intervention No
Too high Lower Lower Maintain Maintain Maintain No Satisfactory No intervention Yes
122
BAHAMAS
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
189 2.1
234 2.1
281 1.9
342 1.2
41 6
36 6
31 7
26 10
3.4 .. .. .. .. ..
3.2 .. .. .. 60a 62a
2.6 69.0 13 14 .. ..
2.0 53.0 13 13 .. ..
63 70 67 38 .. .. .. ..
65 72 68 19 28 .. .. ..
66 73 70 17 25 .. 6.3 3.8
71 76 73 9 13 16 6.2b 3.0b
14 70 3.0 -0.1
17 77 2.7 -1.1
20 81 2.0 0.6
25 84 1.4 -0.1
27 14.4
25 10.9
28 10.1
33** 9.7**
* a **
123
BAHRAIN

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
.. .. Too high No intervention Indirect support .. ..
.. .. Satisfactory Lower Direct support Not a concern No
Minor concern Minor concern Too high Lower Direct support Not a concern No
Unacceptable .. .. .. .. .. Satisfactory .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable .. .. .. .. .. Satisfactory .. .. .. .. Raise
Acceptable Unacceptable .. .. .. 1,2,3,5 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. No intervention
Acceptable Unacceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. ..
Too high Lower .. .. .. .. .. Satisfactory Maintain ..
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention .. No intervention .. Satisfactory No intervention No
Satisfactory Maintain .. Lower .. Maintain .. Satisfactory No intervention ..
124
BAHRAIN
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
272 4.3
413 3.5
578 3.2
791 2.1
43 4
32 4
30 4
26 4
5.9 .. .. .. .. ..
4.6 .. .. .. 30a 54a
3.4 24.0 4 28 31 62
2.3 17.0 4 30 .. ..
62 65 63 50 .. .. .. ..
67 71 69 21 29 .. .. ..
71 75 73 15 20 .. .. ..
74 77 76 10 13 32 <1b ..
392 85 5.3 3.5
596 87 3.7 1.9
832 88 2.6 2.6
1 140 89 1.7 1.2
60 22.1
137 33.1
206 35.7
315** 39.1**
* a **
125
BANGLADESH

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
.. .. Too high Lower Direct support Minor concern Yes
Major concern Major concern Too high Lower Direct support Major concern Yes
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Minor concern .. 1 Major change desired .. .. .. .. No intervention
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,5 1 Satisfactory Lower .. .. Maintain Lower
Satisfactory Lower No intervention No intervention .. No intervention No Satisfactory No intervention No
Satisfactory Lower No intervention Maintain .. Maintain No Too low Raise No
126
BANGLADESH
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
79 049 2.7
102 993 2.6
128 086 2.0
162 221 1.4
45 5
45 5
40 5
31 6
6.9 .. .. .. 5 8
5.9 .. .. .. 18 25
4.0 140.0 18 14 42a 49a
2.4 72.0 15 12 48b 56b
44 45 45 152 .. .. .. ..
49 50 49 124 183 .. .. ..
55 57 56 91 129 .. .. ..
65 67 66 45 57 570 12b ..
549 10 10.8 1.4
715 17 4.9 1.9
890 22 3.8 1.6
1 127 28 3.4 0.9
769 1.0
842 0.8
1 006 0.8
1 085** 0.7**
For the periods 1970-1975, 1980-1985, 1990-1995 and 2005-2010. For 2010. For 1996/1997. b For 2007.
* a **
127
BARBADOS

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
.. .. Satisfactory No intervention Direct support Minor concern Yes
Minor concern Major concern Too low Raise Direct support Major concern Yes
Acceptable .. .. .. .. .. Satisfactory .. .. .. .. No intervention
Acceptable .. .. .. .. .. Satisfactory .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable .. .. .. .. 1,2,3,4,5,6 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable Acceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6 Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
Satisfactory Lower .. .. .. .. .. Satisfactory No intervention No
Satisfactory Maintain Lower Maintain Raise Maintain No Too high No intervention Yes
128
BARBADOS
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
246 0.6
254 0.4
258 -0.1
256 0.3
31 14
27 14
23 13
17 15
2.7 .. .. .. .. ..
1.9 .. .. .. 53a 55a
1.6 47.0 15 11 .. ..
1.5 43.0 14 10 .. ..
67 72 69 33 .. .. .. ..
70 75 73 19 24 .. .. ..
72 77 75 14 16 .. 2 1.2
74 80 77 10 11 16 2.2b 1.2b
571 39 0.9 0.0
592 36 -1.1 2.0
600 34 1.6 0.0
595 40 1.5 -0.6
16 6.5
20 7.9
23 8.9
28** 10.9**
* a **
129
BELARUS

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
.. .. Satisfactory Raise Direct support Major concern No
Major concern Major concern Too low Raise Direct support Major concern Yes
Acceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. Maintain
Unacceptable Unacceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Minor change desired Lower No intervention Raise No intervention Lower
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain .. Maintain No Satisfactory Lower Yes
Satisfactory Raise Raise No intervention Maintain Raise Yes Too high Lower Yes
130
BELARUS
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
9 367 0.7
9 999 0.7
10 270 0.0
9 634 -0.5
26 14
23 15
22 18
15 18
2.3 .. .. .. .. ..
2.1 .. .. .. .. ..
1.7 44.0 13 5 42 50
1.3 21.0 8 7 56a 73a
67 76 72 21 .. .. .. ..
66 75 71 20 24 .. .. ..
64 75 70 15 18 .. 4.2 0.1
63 75 69 9 12 18 13b 0.2b
45 51 3.0 -1.9
48 62 2.3 -2.1
49 68 0.3 -1.5
46 74 0.0 -2.1
.. 0.0
.. 0.0
1 185 11.5
1 090** 11.4**
* a **
131
BELGIUM

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. .. Satisfactory Maintain Indirect support .. ..
Major concern Major concern Satisfactory No intervention Direct support Minor concern Yes
Acceptable Acceptable .. Minor concern .. 1,2,3,4,5,6 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. Raise
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Minor concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Minor change desired No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
Too high Lower Lower Lower .. Lower Yes Satisfactory No intervention No
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain Yes Satisfactory No intervention No
132
BELGIUM
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
9 779 0.3
9 816 0.0
10 084 0.3
10 647 0.5
22 19
19 20
18 21
17 23
2.0 .. .. .. 47a 87a
1.6 .. .. .. 63b 81b
1.6 11.0 3 8 74c 78c
1.8 8.0 2 13 73d 75d
68 75 72 17 .. .. .. ..
71 77 74 10 13 .. .. ..
73 80 76 8 9 .. 9.7 0.2
77 83 80 4 5 8 15e 0.2e
320 94 0.3 -2.0
322 96 0.2 -2.2
330 97 0.3 -2.1
349 97 0.2 -1.0
820 8.4
872 8.9
916 9.1
975** 9.1**
For the periods 1970-1975, 1980-1985, 1990-1995 and 2005-2010. For 2010. For 1976. b For 1983. c For 1991/1992. d For 2004. e For 2007.
* a **
133
BELIZE

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
Too low No intervention
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. Too high No intervention Indirect support Major concern Yes
Minor concern Major concern Too high No intervention Indirect support Major concern Yes
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable .. .. .. .. .. Minor change desired .. .. .. .. No intervention
Acceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,3,4,5,6 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. No intervention
Acceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,5,6 Minor change desired No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Too high Lower Lower Maintain .. Maintain Yes Too high Lower No
Too high Lower Lower Lower Maintain Lower No Satisfactory No intervention No
134
BELIZE
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
134 1.7
165 2.8
220 3.0
307 2.1
47 7
45 6
43 6
35 6
6.3 .. .. .. .. ..
5.4 .. .. .. .. ..
4.3 122.0 14 15 49a 56a
2.9 79.0 13 13 31b 34b
67 68 68 52 .. .. .. ..
70 73 71 34 42 .. .. ..
71 74 72 30 37 .. 2.1 1.9
74 78 76 17 21 52 3.6c 2.1c
6 50 1.0 1.7
7 48 2.2 2.9
10 47 2.9 2.7
13 52 2.9 0.9
11 8.2
26 15.6
38 17.5
47** 15.0**
* a **
135
BENIN

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
.. .. Satisfactory No intervention Direct support Minor concern No
Major concern Minor concern Too high Lower Direct support Major concern Yes
Unacceptable .. .. .. .. .. Major change desired .. .. .. .. No intervention
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1 Major change desired .. .. .. .. No intervention
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5 Major change desired Lower Maintain Raise Maintain Lower
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention .. No intervention No Satisfactory No intervention Yes
Too high No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No Satisfactory Lower No
136
BENIN
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
3 109 2.4
4 122 2.9
5 723 3.5
8 935 3.2
44 7
45 6
45 5
43 5
6.7 .. .. .. .. ..
7.0 .. .. .. 1a 9a
6.6 128.0 10 26 3b 16b
5.5 112.0 10 22 6c 17c
45 48 47 146 .. .. .. ..
50 53 51 126 206 .. .. ..
54 56 55 111 173 .. 25 0.8
60 62 61 85 121 840 64d 1.2d
28 22 7.9 1.2
37 31 5.6 2.2
51 37 4.0 2.7
79 42 4.0 2.2
50 1.6
68 1.6
146 2.6
232** 2.5**
For the periods 1970-1975, 1980-1985, 1990-1995 and 2005-2010. For 2010. For 1982. b For 1996. c For 2006. d For 2007.
* a **
137
BHUTAN

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Satisfactory Lower
Major concern Minor concern Satisfactory Lower Direct support Major concern Yes
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1,3,4 Major change desired Maintain No intervention No intervention Raise Lower
Too high Lower Lower .. .. .. .. Satisfactory Maintain ..
Too high Lower Lower Lower Lower Maintain No Satisfactory Lower No
138
BHUTAN
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
358 3.7
481 2.6
509 -1.5
697 1.7
41 5
43 5
44 6
31 7
6.7 .. .. .. .. ..
6.5 .. .. .. .. ..
5.4 110.0 10 26 19a 19a
2.7 38.0 7 20 31b 31b
41 43 42 149 .. .. .. ..
47 49 48 117 194 .. .. ..
53 56 54 88 140 .. .. ..
64 68 66 44 64 440 <0.5c 0.1c
8 8 8.7 3.1
10 13 8.0 2.5
11 21 4.8 -0.8
15 36 4.5 -0.5
15 4.2
20 4.3
28 5.4
40** 5.7**
* a **
139
BOLIVIA (PLURINATIONAL STATE OF)

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. .. Too low No intervention Indirect support .. ..
Not a concern Major concern Satisfactory No intervention Direct support Major concern Yes
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Minor concern .. 1,2,4 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. No intervention
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4 Major change desired Lower .. .. .. Lower
Too low Raise .. .. .. .. .. Too high Lower ..
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention .. No intervention No Satisfactory No intervention No
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain No intervention Maintain Maintain No Too high No intervention ..
140
BOLIVIA (PLURINATIONAL STATE OF)
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
4 759 2.4
5 966 2.2
7 484 2.3
9 863 1.8
43 6
42 6
41 6
36 7
6.5 .. .. .. .. ..
5.3 .. .. .. 12a 26a
4.8 89.0 9 24 18b 45b
3.5 78.0 11 21 34c 61c
45 49 47 151 .. .. .. ..
52 56 54 109 165 .. .. ..
58 62 60 75 100 .. 2.9 0.1
63 68 66 46 61 290 8.1d 0.2d
4 41 3.2 1.9
5 51 4.2 0.1
7 59 3.0 1.0
9 66 2.4 0.3
57 1.2
59 1.0
70 0.9
146** 1.5**
For the periods 1970-1975, 1980-1985, 1990-1995 and 2005-2010. For 2010. For 1983. b For 1993/1994. c For 2008. d For 2007.
* a **
141
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
.. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Major concern Major concern Too low No intervention Indirect support Minor concern No
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable .. .. .. .. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Major change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Major change desired Lower .. Raise .. Lower
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory No intervention .. .. .. .. .. Too high Lower Yes
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain .. Maintain .. Too high Lower Yes
142
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
3 747 1.0
4 122 1.0
3 332 -5.1
3 767 -0.1
31 8
25 9
22 13
15 19
2.6 .. .. .. .. ..
2.0 .. .. .. .. ..
1.5 33.0 11 7 16a 48a
1.2 16.0 7 9 11b 36b
65 70 67 51 .. .. .. ..
68 73 71 27 30 .. .. ..
56 73 64 22 24 .. .. ..
72 78 75 13 15 3 <0.5c <0.1c
73 31 3.5 -0.3
81 38 2.6 1.2
65 41 0.4 -1.3
74 48 1.2 -1.2
.. 0.0
.. 0.0
73 2.2
28** 0.7**
* a **
143
BOTSWANA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too low Raise
.. .. Too high Lower Direct support Major concern No
.. Minor concern Satisfactory Maintain Direct support Major concern Yes
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,3,4,5 Major change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5 Major change desired Lower .. .. .. Lower
Satisfactory Maintain .. .. .. .. .. Too high Lower No
Too high Lower No intervention Lower Lower No intervention Yes Satisfactory No intervention No
144
BOTSWANA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
817 3.3
1 161 3.3
1 550 2.7
1 950 1.5
47 4
47 4
42 4
33 6
6.5 .. .. .. .. ..
6.0 .. .. .. 32a 33a
4.3 87.0 10 27 .. 48c
2.9 52.0 9 23 42b 44b
54 58 56 90 .. .. .. ..
59 63 61 64 91 .. .. ..
61 65 63 52 71 .. 160 19.0
55 55 55 36 54 380 300d 23.9d
1 12 10.4 2.7
2 27 13.0 -0.7
3 49 4.0 0.6
3 60 2.4 -0.7
13 1.5
20 1.7
39 2.5
115** 5.8**
* a **
145
BRAZIL

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. .. Satisfactory No intervention Direct support Major concern Yes
Unacceptable .. .. .. .. .. Minor change desired .. .. .. .. Raise
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1,4 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,4 Major change desired Lower Raise Raise No intervention Lower
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain .. Maintain No Too high No intervention No
146
BRAZIL
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
108 127 2.4
136 149 2.3
161 692 1.6
193 734 1.0
40 6
37 6
32 7
26 10
4.7 .. .. .. .. ..
3.8 .. .. .. 57a 66a
2.6 84.0 16 13 70b 77b
1.9 76.0 20 11 .. ..
57 62 60 91 .. .. .. ..
60 67 63 63 79 .. .. ..
64 71 67 43 55 .. 530 0.6
69 76 72 23 29 110 730c 0.6c
13 62 4.2 -0.7
16 71 3.1 -0.5
19 78 2.2 -1.0
23 86 1.7 -1.8
1 171 1.1
945 0.7
731 0.5
688** 0.4**
* a **
147
BRUNEI DARUSSALAM

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. Satisfactory No intervention No support Not a concern No
Minor concern Minor concern Too low No intervention No support Not a concern No
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable Acceptable .. Minor concern .. 1 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. No intervention
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3 1 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory Lower Lower Maintain .. Lower No Satisfactory No intervention No
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Raise No intervention No Satisfactory No intervention No
148
BRUNEI DARUSSALAM
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
161 4.3
223 2.9
295 2.8
400 1.9
40 6
38 4
33 4
27 6
5.4 .. .. .. .. ..
3.8 .. .. .. .. ..
3.1 39.0 6 22 .. ..
2.1 25.0 6 20 .. ..
67 70 68 54 .. .. .. ..
70 74 72 14 16 .. .. ..
72 77 74 8 9 .. .. ..
75 80 77 6 7 13 .. ..
28 62 3.3 5.0
39 62 4.0 0.9
51 69 3.3 0.9
69 75 2.5 0.3
41 25.5
61 27.5
87 29.6
148** 36.4**
**
149
BULGARIA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
.. .. Too low Raise Direct support .. ..
.. .. Too low Raise No support Not a concern No
Major concern Major concern Too low Raise Indirect support Major concern No
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Minor concern .. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Major change desired .. .. .. .. No intervention
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Minor change desired Lower Maintain Raise Maintain Maintain
Too high Maintain Maintain Maintain .. Maintain No Too high Lower No
Satisfactory Maintain No intervention Maintain Maintain Maintain Yes Too high Lower Yes
150
BULGARIA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
8 721 0.5
8 960 0.2
8 357 -1.1
7 545 -0.6
22 16
21 17
18 21
13 24
2.2 .. .. .. 8a 76a
2.0 .. .. .. .. ..
1.5 62.0 21 4 46 86
1.4 42.0 15 7 .. ..
69 73 71 26 .. .. .. ..
68 74 71 18 22 .. .. ..
68 75 71 16 20 .. .. ..
70 77 73 12 15 11 .. ..
79 58 2.1 -1.9
81 65 0.6 -1.2
75 68 -0.7 -1.7
68 71 -0.3 -1.8
22 0.2
22 0.2
47 0.6
107** 1.4**
* a
**
151
BURKINA FASO

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
.. .. Too high Lower Direct support Major concern Yes
Minor concern Minor concern Too high Lower Direct support Major concern Yes
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2 Major change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1,2,3,4,5 Minor change desired Lower Lower Maintain No intervention Lower
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No Too high No intervention Yes
152
BURKINA FASO
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
6 173 1.9
7 704 2.3
10 127 2.8
15 757 3.4
45 5
47 5
47 4
46 3
6.7 .. .. .. .. ..
7.1 .. .. .. .. ..
6.7 142.0 11 27 4a 8a
5.9 131.0 11 9 13b 17b
42 43 42 147 .. .. .. ..
45 46 46 121 225 .. .. ..
47 49 48 102 202 .. 97 1.8
52 54 53 80 157 700 130c 1.6c
23 6 7.2 1.9
28 12 6.6 2.1
37 15 4.7 2.5
58 20 5.0 2.3
106 1.7
273 3.5
464 4.6
1 043** 6.4**
* a **
153
BURUNDI

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
.. Minor concern Too high Lower Direct support Not a concern No
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3 Major change desired Lower Raise .. .. Lower
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention .. .. .. No Satisfactory No intervention Yes
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention .. .. .. .. Satisfactory No intervention ..
154
BURUNDI
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
3 680 0.9
4 885 3.4
6 167 1.6
8 303 2.9
45 6
44 5
47 4
38 4
6.8 .. .. .. .. ..
6.8 .. .. .. 1a 9a
6.5 43.0 3 33 .. ..
4.7 19.0 2 30 9b 20b
42 46 44 137 .. .. .. ..
46 49 47 119 206 .. .. ..
43 46 45 129 217 .. 170 5.2
49 52 50 98 166 1 100 110c 2.0c
132 3 8.1 1.4
175 5 7.1 3.2
222 7 3.9 0.9
298 11 6.6 3.3
140 3.8
343 7.0
295 4.8
61** 0.7**
* a **
155
CAMBODIA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Major concern Major concern Too high Lower Direct support Minor concern Yes
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Major change desired Lower Maintain Raise No intervention Lower
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain .. .. .. .. Too high Lower Yes
Satisfactory Maintain No intervention Maintain Maintain No intervention No Satisfactory Maintain Yes
156
CAMBODIA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
7 098 0.5
8 099 3.7
11 380 3.2
14 805 1.6
42 5
43 5
46 4
33 6
5.5 .. .. .. .. ..
6.6 .. .. .. .. ..
5.5 87.0 8 27 7 13
3.0 39.0 7 19 27a 40a
39 42 40 181 .. .. .. ..
49 52 51 116 181 .. .. ..
54 57 56 90 132 .. 100 1.2
59 63 61 62 89 540 75b 0.8b
39 4 -1.3 -1.2
45 13 3.9 3.9
63 14 5.6 2.1
82 22 4.6 0.9
15 0.2
13 0.2
116 1.0
336** 2.2**
For the periods 1970-1975, 1980-1985, 1990-1995 and 2005-2010. For 2010. For 2005 b For 2007.
* a **
157
CAMEROON

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
Too high Lower
.. .. Too high Lower Indirect support Major concern Yes
Minor concern Not a concern Too high No intervention Direct support Major concern Yes
Unacceptable .. .. .. .. .. Minor change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,4 Major change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1,2,3,4 Major change desired Lower Maintain Raise Maintain Lower
Satisfactory Lower Lower Lower .. Maintain Yes Satisfactory No intervention No
Too high Maintain Maintain Maintain Raise Maintain No Too high Lower Yes
158
CAMEROON
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
7 826 2.7
10 509 2.9
14 054 2.8
19 522 2.3
44 6
45 6
45 5
41 5
6.3 .. .. .. 1a 2a
6.4 .. .. .. .. ..
5.7 163.0 14 21 7b 19b
4.7 128.0 14 18 12c 29c
46 48 47 121 .. .. .. ..
51 54 53 93 160 .. .. ..
53 56 54 87 142 .. 320 4.7
50 52 51 87 144 1 000 540d 5.1d
16 27 7.9 1.0
22 36 5.5 1.6
30 45 4.6 0.8
41 58 3.3 0.0
216 2.8
248 2.4
246 1.8
197** 1.0**
* a **
159
CANADA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Major concern Major concern Too low No intervention Indirect support Minor concern Yes
Acceptable .. .. Major concern .. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. No intervention
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Minor change desired No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
Satisfactory Lower Lower Maintain .. Lower Yes Satisfactory No intervention No
Too low Raise Raise Raise Raise Raise Yes Satisfactory No intervention No
160
CANADA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
23 142 1.3
25 843 1.1
29 302 1.1
33 573 1.0
26 12
21 15
20 16
17 20
2.0 .. .. .. .. ..
1.6 .. .. .. 70a 73a
1.7 22.0 6 12 73 75
1.6 13.0 4 16 72b 74b
70 77 73 16 .. .. .. ..
73 80 76 9 11 .. .. ..
75 81 78 6 8 .. 38 0.2
78 83 81 5 6 7 73c 0.4c
2 76 1.0 1.6
3 76 1.5 0.7
3 78 1.3 -0.3
3 80 1.0 0.3
3 518 15.2
3 901 15.1
5 047 17.2
7 202** 21.3**
* a **
161
CAPE VERDE

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
.. .. Too high Lower Direct support .. No
Unacceptable .. .. .. .. 1,2,3,4,5,6 Major change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Minor concern 1,2,3,4 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Major change desired Lower .. .. .. Lower
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention .. .. .. .. Too low Maintain ..
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No Satisfactory Maintain Yes
162
CAPE VERDE
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
278 0.8
318 1.9
398 2.3
506 1.4
47 8
46 7
46 7
36 5
7.0 .. .. .. .. ..
6.1 .. .. .. .. ..
4.9 111.0 11 23 46a 53a
2.8 95.0 17 19 .. 61b
56 59 57 83 .. .. .. ..
61 65 63 58 78 .. .. ..
64 69 67 42 53 .. .. ..
68 74 71 26 31 210 .. ..
69 21 2.3 0.0
79 32 9.4 -1.4
99 49 4.3 0.5
125 60 3.3 0.4
8 2.8
8 2.7
10 2.4
12** 2.4**
* a **
163
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
.. .. Too low No intervention No support .. ..
.. .. Too high No intervention Direct support Not a concern ..
Major concern .. Satisfactory No intervention Indirect support Minor concern Yes
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. No intervention
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4 1 Major change desired Lower .. .. .. Lower
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention .. No intervention No Too high No intervention No
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention .. .. .. .. Too high No intervention ..
164
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
2 016 2.0
2 620 2.9
3 335 2.6
4 422 1.9
42 7
42 6
42 6
41 6
6.0 .. .. .. .. ..
6.0 .. .. .. .. ..
5.7 143.0 13 26 3 15
4.8 107.0 11 30 9a 19a
42 46 44 138 .. .. .. ..
47 52 49 109 190 .. .. ..
46 51 49 110 187 .. 84 4.9
45 48 47 105 180 980 160b 6.3b
3 32 4.1 1.3
4 36 3.4 1.9
5 37 2.7 2.4
7 39 2.4 1.5
52 2.6
59 2.2
67 2.0
80** 1.8**
* a **
165
CHAD

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
.. .. Satisfactory No intervention Limits .. ..
.. .. Too high No intervention Direct support Minor concern Yes
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1,2,5 Minor change desired No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
166
CHAD
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
4 155 2.4
5 222 2.5
7 128 3.1
11 206 2.8
43 6
45 6
46 5
46 4
6.6 .. .. .. .. ..
6.8 .. .. .. .. ..
6.6 196.0 15 20 1a 4a
6.2 164.0 13 18 2b 3b
44 48 46 152 .. .. .. ..
48 51 49 134 223 .. .. ..
49 53 51 127 205 .. 68 2.0
47 50 49 130 211 1 500 200c 3.5c
3 16 7.8 1.1
4 20 4.0 2.7
6 22 4.4 2.9
9 27 4.6 2.0
64 1.5
71 1.4
78 1.1
388** 3.4**
* a **
167
CHILE

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. .. Too low No intervention Direct support .. ..
Acceptable Acceptable .. Minor concern .. Not permitted Minor change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Acceptable Unacceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 Not permitted Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
Satisfactory Maintain No intervention Lower .. .. Yes Satisfactory No intervention Yes
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain Raise Yes Satisfactory Maintain No
168
CHILE
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
10 419 1.7
12 111 1.6
14 410 1.8
16 970 1.0
37 8
31 9
30 10
23 13
3.6 .. .. .. .. ..
2.7 .. .. .. .. ..
2.6 68.0 13 14 .. ..
1.9 60.0 15 16 .. 64a
60 67 64 69 .. .. .. ..
67 74 71 24 28 .. .. ..
71 77 74 14 17 .. 12 0.2
76 82 78 7 9 16 31b 0.3b
14 78 2.2 -1.3
16 83 1.8 0.9
19 84 1.8 -0.2
22 89 1.2 -1.3
86 0.8
90 0.7
136 0.9
320** 1.9**
* a **
169
CHINA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Satisfactory Lower
.. .. Satisfactory Lower Direct support Major concern Yes
Major concern Major concern Satisfactory Maintain Direct support Not a concern No
Acceptable Acceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Minor concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Major change desired Raise No intervention No intervention No intervention Raise
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain .. Maintain .. Satisfactory Maintain No
Satisfactory Raise Raise Maintain Maintain Raise Yes Satisfactory No intervention Yes
170
CHINA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
911 167 2.2
1 053 219 1.4
1 210 969 1.2
1 345 751 0.6
39 7
31 8
28 9
20 12
4.8 .. .. .. .. ..
2.6 .. .. .. 68a 71a
2.0 5.0 1 4 83b 84b
1.8 10.0 3 7 86c 87c
63 64 63 61 .. .. .. ..
65 68 66 40 62 .. .. ..
67 70 69 30 40 .. 130 ..
71 75 73 23 29 45 700d 0.1d
95 17 4.2 1.2
110 23 5.1 0.4
126 31 3.6 -0.2
140 44 2.6 -1.0
298 0.0
324 0.0
437 0.0
686** 0.1**
* a **
171
COLOMBIA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
.. .. Satisfactory No intervention Indirect support Not a concern No
.. Major concern Too high Lower Direct support Major concern Yes
Acceptable .. .. Major concern .. 1 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. No intervention
Acceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5 Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention .. No intervention No Too high Lower Yes
Satisfactory Maintain Lower Raise Raise Maintain Yes Too high Lower Yes
172
COLOMBIA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
23 969 2.3
29 997 2.2
36 459 1.9
45 660 1.5
44 6
38 6
35 7
29 8
5.0 .. .. .. 30a 43a
3.7 .. .. .. 53b 65b
3.0 87.0 15 16 59 72
2.5 74.0 15 14 68c 78c
60 64 62 73 .. .. .. ..
64 70 67 43 59 .. .. ..
65 73 69 28 37 .. 67 0.3
69 77 73 19 26 130 170d 0.6d
21 59 3.5 0.5
26 66 2.9 0.4
32 71 2.2 0.7
40 75 1.6 0.0
85 0.4
97 0.3
109 0.3
110** 0.2**
For the periods 1970-1975, 1980-1985, 1990-1995 and 2005-2010. For 2010. For 1976. b For 1986. c For 2004/2005. d For 2007.
* a **
173
COMOROS

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
.. .. Too high No intervention No support .. ..
Major concern .. Too high Lower Direct support Major concern Yes
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. No intervention
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,4,5 1,2,3 Major change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Too high Maintain .. .. .. .. .. Satisfactory Maintain ..
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention .. .. .. No Satisfactory No intervention No
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention .. .. .. .. Satisfactory No intervention ..
174
COMOROS
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
270 2.6
386 3.2
493 2.4
676 2.3
46 5
47 5
43 5
38 5
7.1 .. .. .. .. ..
7.1 .. .. .. .. ..
5.1 66.0 6 27 11a 21a
4.0 46.0 6 20 19b 26b
47 51 49 127 .. .. .. ..
51 55 53 106 153 .. .. ..
56 60 58 80 113 .. .. <0.1
63 67 65 48 63 400 <0.2c <0.1c
145 21 5.5 3.3
207 25 4.8 2.4
265 28 2.7 2.9
363 28 2.8 2.2
7 2.6
14 3.7
14 2.8
14** 2.0**
* a **
175
CONGO

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Satisfactory Lower Maintain Lower .. Maintain Yes Satisfactory No intervention No
Satisfactory No intervention .. .. .. .. .. Satisfactory No intervention ..
176
CONGO
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
1 551 3.0
2 117 3.1
2 782 2.6
3 683 1.9
45 6
45 6
43 6
40 6
6.3 .. .. .. .. ..
6.0 .. .. .. .. ..
5.2 130.0 13 24 .. ..
4.4 113.0 13 22 13a 44a
54 58 56 82 .. .. .. ..
59 62 60 63 103 .. .. ..
56 60 58 66 106 .. 88 5.8
53 55 54 79 128 740 79b 3.5b
5 43 5.2 1.5
6 52 3.7 2.0
8 56 3.5 1.9
11 62 2.7 1.1
58 3.8
99 4.7
131 4.7
143** 3.8**
* a **
177
COOK ISLANDS

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
.. ..
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. Satisfactory Maintain Direct support Minor concern Yes
Major concern Minor concern Too low Raise Direct support Major concern Yes
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable .. .. .. .. 1,2,3 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4 Satisfactory Raise No intervention No intervention No intervention Lower
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory No intervention .. .. .. .. .. Too high Lower ..
Satisfactory Lower Lower Lower No intervention No intervention Yes Too high Lower Yes
178
COOK ISLANDS
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
20 -0.9
18 0.1
19 0.8
20 0.9
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. 60a 63a
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
87 54 -2.5 -2.8
76 53 -0.3 0.5
78 59 -1.3 -1.5
84 75 -0.6 -6.2
2 7.5
2 13.7
3 14.8
3** 14.1**
* a
**
179
COSTA RICA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Minor concern Major concern Satisfactory Lower Direct support Major concern Yes
Acceptable .. .. .. .. 1,2 Major change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable Acceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3 Minor change desired Lower .. .. Raise Lower
Too high Lower .. .. .. .. .. Too low Maintain ..
Too high Lower Lower Maintain .. Maintain .. Satisfactory No intervention Yes
180
COSTA RICA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
2 052 2.4
2 699 2.8
3 479 2.4
4 579 1.4
41 7
36 7
34 7
26 9
4.3 .. .. .. 54a 64a
3.5 .. .. .. 58b 70b
2.9 94.0 16 15 72c 80c
2.0 67.0 17 12 .. ..
66 70 68 53 .. .. .. ..
72 76 74 19 24 .. .. ..
74 79 76 15 17 .. <1 <0.1
76 81 79 10 11 30 9.7d 0.4d
40 41 3.4 2.0
53 46 4.9 0.8
68 56 4.3 0.2
90 64 2.2 0.0
29 1.4
117 4.3
228 6.6
489** 10.5**
* a **
181
CTE D'IVOIRE

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
Satisfactory Raise
Satisfactory Raise
Too high Lower
.. .. Satisfactory Raise No support .. ..
.. .. Satisfactory Raise Indirect support .. ..
Minor concern Major concern Too high Lower Direct support Major concern Yes
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1 Major change desired Lower Maintain Raise Maintain Lower
Too high Lower .. .. .. .. .. Satisfactory Maintain No
Too high Lower Lower Lower .. Lower No Satisfactory Maintain ..
Too high Lower Lower Lower Maintain Lower No Satisfactory No intervention No
182
CTE D'IVOIRE
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
6 621 4.7
10 476 4.4
14 981 3.4
21 075 2.3
45 4
46 4
43 5
41 6
7.9 .. .. .. .. ..
7.3 .. .. .. 1a 3a
5.9 150.0 13 26 7b 15b
4.6 130.0 14 22 8c 13c
48 51 50 133 .. .. .. ..
55 58 56 106 162 .. .. ..
56 60 57 100 148 .. 430 5.8
56 59 57 87 123 810 480d 3.9d
21 32 8.8 2.6
32 38 4.9 3.8
46 41 3.7 2.3
65 49 3.2 0.6
1 391 21.0
1 662 15.9
1 985 13.3
2 407** 11.2**
* a **
183
CROATIA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
.. ..
Satisfactory Raise
Too low Raise
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. Too low Raise Direct support Not a concern ..
Major concern Major concern Too low Raise Direct support Minor concern Yes
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable .. .. Major concern .. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Major change desired .. .. .. .. No intervention
Acceptable Unacceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Major change desired Lower No intervention Maintain No intervention No intervention
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention .. No intervention .. Too high Lower Yes
Satisfactory Maintain Lower Raise Raise Maintain Yes Too high Lower Yes
184
CROATIA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
4 263 0.4
4 471 0.4
4 669 0.7
4 416 -0.2
21 16
21 16
19 20
15 23
2.0 .. .. .. .. ..
2.0 .. .. .. .. ..
1.5 18.0 6 10 .. ..
1.4 14.0 5 12 .. ..
66 73 70 27 .. .. .. ..
66 75 70 18 20 .. .. ..
68 77 73 11 12 .. .. ..
73 80 76 6 8 7 <0.5a <0.1a
75 45 2.7 -1.3
79 52 0.9 -0.5
83 55 -0.1 -0.6
78 57 0.3 -0.9
.. 0.0
.. 0.0
721 15.4
700** 15.9**
* a
**
185
CUBA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Minor change desired Lower No intervention No intervention No intervention Lower
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain .. Maintain No Satisfactory Maintain No
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain No Satisfactory Maintain No
186
CUBA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
9 439 1.6
10 084 0.5
10 910 0.6
11 204 0.0
37 10
26 11
22 13
18 17
3.6 .. .. .. .. ..
1.8 .. .. .. 67a 70a
1.7 69.0 21 6 .. ..
1.5 45.0 15 9 72b 73b
69 73 71 38 .. .. .. ..
73 76 74 17 21 .. .. ..
73 77 75 15 19 .. .. ..
77 81 79 5 8 45 6.2c 0.1c
85 64 2.3 -1.1
91 71 1.6 -0.8
98 74 0.7 -0.1
101 76 0.0 -0.3
93 1.0
48 0.5
25 0.2
15** 0.1**
* a **
187
CYPRUS

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
.. .. Too low Raise Indirect support Minor concern No
Acceptable .. .. .. .. .. Minor change desired .. .. .. .. Raise
Acceptable Acceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,3,4,5 Major change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5 Major change desired Lower Maintain Raise Maintain Lower
Satisfactory Maintain .. .. .. .. .. Too high Lower Yes
Satisfactory Lower Lower Lower .. No intervention No Satisfactory Lower Yes
Satisfactory Lower Maintain Lower Raise Maintain Yes Satisfactory Maintain Yes
188
CYPRUS
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
609 -0.2
647 1.2
731 1.4
871 1.0
26 14
25 14
25 15
18 18
2.5 .. .. .. .. ..
2.4 .. .. .. .. ..
2.4 16.0 3 11 .. ..
1.5 6.0 2 15 .. ..
70 73 71 29 .. .. .. ..
73 78 75 16 17 .. .. ..
75 79 77 7 8 .. .. ..
77 82 80 5 7 10 <0.5a ..
66 47 4.5 -4.7
70 65 1.7 -0.2
79 68 1.7 1.1
94 70 1.3 0.3
37 6.0
41 6.4
55 7.5
154** 17.5**
* a
**
189
CZECH REPUBLIC

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
.. ..
Too low Raise
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Major concern Major concern Too low Raise Indirect support Not a concern No
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable .. .. .. .. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Minor change desired No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain .. Maintain Yes Satisfactory No intervention ..
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Raise Maintain Yes Satisfactory No intervention No
190
CZECH REPUBLIC
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
10 034 0.5
10 310 0.1
10 319 0.0
10 369 0.4
22 19
23 17
19 18
14 22
2.2 .. .. .. 49a 95a
2.0 .. .. .. .. ..
1.7 41.0 13 4 63b 72b
1.4 11.0 4 12 .. ..
67 74 70 21 .. .. .. ..
67 74 71 15 17 .. .. ..
69 76 73 8 10 .. <1 ..
73 80 76 4 5 4 1.5c ..
127 70 2.1 -3.2
131 75 -0.1 0.1
131 75 -0.3 0.4
131 73 0.0 -0.2
.. 0.0
.. 0.0
454 4.4
453** 4.4**
* a **
191
DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
Too low Maintain
Not a concern Minor concern Too low No intervention Direct support Not a concern No
Acceptable .. .. .. .. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Minor concern 1,2,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Satisfactory Lower Maintain Raise Maintain Maintain
Satisfactory Maintain Lower Lower Maintain Raise No Satisfactory Maintain ..
192
DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
16 072 2.4
18 721 1.6
21 717 1.5
23 906 0.4
38 3
30 6
27 10
22 14
3.7 .. .. .. .. ..
2.9 .. .. .. .. ..
2.4 0.0 0 9 56a 67a
1.9 0.0 0 9 58b 69b
61 66 64 44 .. .. .. ..
65 72 69 30 37 .. .. ..
66 74 70 42 55 .. .. ..
65 69 67 48 63 370 .. ..
133 57 1.7 1.6
155 58 1.8 1.2
180 59 1.6 0.9
198 63 0.9 -0.7
30 0.2
33 0.2
35 0.2
37** 0.2**
* a **
193
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. Minor concern Satisfactory No intervention Direct support Minor concern Yes
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1 Major change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory Lower No intervention Lower .. No intervention Yes Satisfactory No intervention No
Satisfactory Lower .. .. .. .. .. Too high No intervention ..
194
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
23 433 2.9
31 402 2.9
44 921 3.9
66 020 2.8
45 5
46 5
48 4
47 4
6.3 .. .. .. .. ..
6.7 .. .. .. .. ..
7.1 245.0 17 21 2a 8a
6.1 201.0 17 21 6b 21b
43 46 45 135 .. .. .. ..
46 49 47 120 208 .. .. ..
46 49 48 113 198 .. .. ..
46 49 47 117 198 1 100 .. ..
10 30 2.6 3.4
13 28 2.6 3.1
19 28 3.3 2.2
28 35 5.1 2.2
1 218 5.2
725 2.3
1 919 4.3
445** 0.7**
* a **
195
DENMARK

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Major concern Major concern Satisfactory No intervention Indirect support Minor concern Yes
Acceptable Acceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. No intervention
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Minor concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
Too high Lower Lower Maintain Raise Lower Yes Satisfactory No intervention No
196
DENMARK
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
5 060 0.5
5 114 0.0
5 228 0.3
5 470 0.2
23 19
18 20
17 20
18 23
2.0 .. .. .. 60 63
1.4 .. .. .. 72a 78a
1.7 8.0 2 13 .. ..
1.8 6.0 2 17 .. ..
71 76 74 12 .. .. .. ..
72 78 75 8 10 .. .. ..
73 78 75 7 8 .. 2.4 0.1
76 81 78 4 6 3 4.8b 0.2b
117 82 0.9 -2.2
119 84 0.1 -0.7
121 85 0.4 0.2
127 87 0.5 -1.8
139 2.7
196 3.8
297 5.7
484** 8.8**
* a **
197
DJIBOUTI

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
Too high Lower
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. Satisfactory No intervention No support Not a concern ..
Major concern Not a concern Too high No intervention Direct support Minor concern No
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Minor concern .. 1 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. No intervention
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Too high Lower Lower Maintain .. Maintain No Satisfactory No intervention No
Too high Lower Lower Lower Maintain Maintain No Satisfactory No intervention No
198
DJIBOUTI
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
224 6.5
402 3.4
624 2.1
864 1.8
46 4
45 4
43 4
36 5
7.2 .. .. .. .. ..
6.6 .. .. .. .. ..
5.9 68.0 6 29 .. ..
3.9 23.0 3 36 17a 18a
43 46 44 154 .. .. .. ..
47 50 49 127 196 .. .. ..
50 53 52 112 167 .. 4.9 1.5
54 57 55 85 125 650 16b 3.1b
10 67 10.6 5.9
17 75 6.6 6.1
27 80 3.8 -1.1
37 88 2.1 -1.2
29 12.9
67 16.7
105 16.9
114** 13.0**
* a **
199
DOMINICA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Major concern Major concern Satisfactory No intervention Direct support Major concern Yes
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1 Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory Maintain .. .. .. .. .. Too high Maintain ..
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain .. .. .. .. Too high Maintain ..
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain Yes Satisfactory No intervention Yes
200
DOMINICA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
68 1.0
72 -0.4
69 0.0
67 -0.3
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. 48a 50a
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
90 55 4.5 -2.2
95 66 -0.3 -1.9
91 69 0.5 -1.1
89 74 0.3 -1.6
2 2.8
2 2.9
3 4.5
6** 8.3**
* a
**
201
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Minor concern .. 1 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. No intervention
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 Not permitted Major change desired Lower .. .. .. Lower
Too high Lower .. .. .. .. .. Too high Lower ..
Too high Lower No intervention No intervention .. No intervention No Too high No intervention No
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain No Satisfactory No intervention Yes
202
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
5 261 2.7
6 637 2.3
8 124 1.9
10 090 1.4
46 4
40 5
37 7
31 9
5.7 .. .. .. 26 32
4.2 .. .. .. 47a 50a
3.3 114.0 17 11 59b 64b
2.7 109.0 20 9 70c 73c
58 62 60 96 .. .. .. ..
62 66 64 75 89 .. .. ..
66 71 69 48 56 .. 53 1.2
70 75 72 30 33 150 62c 1.1c
108 46 4.9 0.4
137 54 2.5 1.4
167 58 3.4 -0.5
208 70 2.4 -0.9
216 4.1
263 4.0
322 4.0
434** 4.2**
* a **
203
ECUADOR

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Not a concern Minor concern Satisfactory No intervention Direct support Major concern Yes
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Minor concern .. 1,2,4 Major change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2 Major change desired No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
Satisfactory Lower No intervention Lower .. Lower No Satisfactory No intervention No
Too high Lower No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention Yes Too high Lower Yes
204
ECUADOR
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
6 910 2.9
9 103 2.7
11 407 2.1
13 625 1.1
44 6
41 6
36 7
31 9
6.0 .. .. .. 26a 34a
4.7 .. .. .. 36b 44b
3.4 84.0 12 19 46c 57c
2.6 83.0 16 16 58d 73d
57 60 59 95 .. .. .. ..
62 67 65 68 95 .. .. ..
68 73 70 44 57 .. 10 0.2
72 78 75 21 26 210 26e 0.3e
24 42 5.0 1.3
32 51 4.0 0.9
40 58 2.6 0.5
48 66 2.1 -0.8
59 0.9
77 0.8
88 0.8
394** 2.9**
For the periods 1970-1975, 1980-1985, 1990-1995 and 2005-2010. For 2010. For 1979. b For 1987. c For 1994. d For 2004. e For 2007.
* a **
205
EGYPT

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Major concern Minor concern Too high Lower Direct support Minor concern Yes
Acceptable Acceptable .. Minor concern .. 1 Major change desired .. .. .. .. No intervention
Acceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Minor concern 1,2,3,4,5 1 Major change desired Lower No intervention No intervention Raise Lower
Satisfactory Lower Lower Maintain .. Lower No Too low Raise No
Too high Lower Lower Lower Maintain Maintain Yes Too low Maintain Yes
206
EGYPT
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
39 599 2.1
50 655 2.6
63 858 2.0
82 999 1.8
42 6
42 6
40 6
32 7
5.7 .. .. .. 22 25
5.5 .. .. .. 29a 30a
3.9 69.0 9 16 46 48
2.9 39.0 7 12 58b 60b
51 53 52 138 .. .. .. ..
57 60 58 97 128 .. .. ..
63 66 64 64 79 .. 2.5 ..
68 72 70 35 41 130 9.2c ..
40 43 2.7 1.7
51 44 2.4 2.4
64 43 1.5 2.1
83 43 1.9 1.6
196 0.5
183 0.4
174 0.3
245** 0.3**
* a **
207
EL SALVADOR

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
.. .. Too high Lower Direct support Minor concern No
Not a concern Minor concern Satisfactory No intervention Direct support Major concern Yes
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. Not permitted Major change desired .. .. .. .. No intervention
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 Not permitted Major change desired Lower No intervention No intervention No intervention Lower
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention .. No intervention Yes Satisfactory No intervention No
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention Maintain Maintain No Too high Lower Yes
208
EL SALVADOR
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
4 235 2.5
4 999 1.4
5 728 1.4
6 163 0.4
45 6
44 6
39 7
32 10
5.9 .. .. .. 18 19
4.8 .. .. .. 46 48
3.7 117.0 16 17 54a 60a
2.3 83.0 18 14 66b 73b
53 61 57 105 .. .. .. ..
51 64 57 77 118 .. .. ..
63 73 68 40 49 .. 13 0.4
67 76 71 22 26 170 35c 0.8c
201 42 3.7 1.6
238 47 2.1 0.1
272 54 4.4 -0.8
293 61 1.9 0.5
31 0.7
28 0.6
28 0.5
40** 0.7**
* a **
209
EQUATORIAL GUINEA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
.. .. Too low No intervention No support .. ..
.. .. Too low Raise No support .. ..
.. Major concern Satisfactory Maintain Direct support Major concern Yes
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. No intervention
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1,2,3 Minor change desired Lower .. .. .. Lower
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention .. .. .. No Satisfactory No intervention Yes
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain .. .. Satisfactory Lower ..
210
EQUATORIAL GUINEA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
238 -4.0
314 7.1
452 3.5
676 2.6
45 8
35 7
43 6
41 4
5.7 .. .. .. .. ..
5.8 .. .. .. .. ..
5.9 134.0 11 28 6a 10a
5.4 123.0 11 26 .. ..
39 42 41 157 .. .. .. ..
42 45 44 138 241 .. .. ..
46 49 48 118 205 .. 5.3 2.5
49 51 50 100 168 680 11b 3.4b
8 27 -4.2 -4.6
11 30 6.9 2.5
16 39 2.4 2.4
24 39 2.9 2.1
7 3.1
4 1.2
4 0.8
7** 1.1**
* a **
211
ERITREA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
.. ..
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. Too high Lower .. .. ..
.. Minor concern Too high Lower Direct support Minor concern Yes
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable .. .. .. .. 1,2,3 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1,2,3 Major change desired No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory No intervention .. .. .. .. .. Satisfactory No intervention Yes
Satisfactory No intervention .. .. .. .. .. Satisfactory No intervention Yes
212
ERITREA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
2 115 2.7
2 807 2.6
3 206 0.3
5 073 3.1
45 4
48 5
47 4
42 4
6.5 .. .. .. .. ..
6.5 .. .. .. .. ..
6.1 113.0 9 30 4 8
4.7 67.0 7 30 5a 8a
42 46 44 133 .. .. .. ..
42 46 44 116 175 .. .. ..
48 52 50 90 134 .. 17 0.9
57 62 59 54 75 450 38b 1.3b
18 13 4.4 2.9
24 15 3.5 2.6
27 17 2.8 1.4
43 21 5.3 2.5
10 0.5
11 0.4
12 0.4
16** 0.3**
* a **
213
ESTONIA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
.. ..
Satisfactory Raise
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Not a concern Major concern Too low Raise Indirect support Not a concern No
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable .. .. Minor concern .. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. No intervention
Unacceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Minor change desired No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Too high Lower Lower No intervention .. Lower Yes Satisfactory Maintain No
Satisfactory Maintain No intervention No intervention Raise Maintain Yes Satisfactory No intervention Yes
214
ESTONIA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
1 432 1.0
1 525 0.7
1 439 -1.7
1 340 -0.1
22 17
22 16
21 19
15 22
2.2 .. .. .. .. ..
2.1 .. .. .. .. ..
1.6 47.0 15 6 56a 70a
1.6 21.0 7 13 .. ..
66 75 71 21 .. .. .. ..
64 74 70 16 21 .. .. ..
63 74 68 14 18 .. .. ..
68 78 73 8 10 25 9.9b 1.3b
32 68 1.4 -0.9
34 71 1.2 0.2
32 70 -1.6 -1.1
30 69 -0.3 -0.5
.. 0.0
.. 0.0
309 21.4
182** 13.6**
* a **
215
ETHIOPIA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Major concern Minor concern Too high Lower Direct support Major concern No
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2 Major change desired .. .. .. .. No intervention
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1,2,3,4,5 Major change desired Lower No intervention Raise No intervention Lower
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No Satisfactory No intervention Yes
216
ETHIOPIA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
32 945 2.6
41 049 3.0
56 983 3.3
82 825 2.6
45 5
45 5
46 5
44 5
6.8 .. .. .. .. ..
6.9 .. .. .. .. ..
7.0 116.0 8 29 3a 3a
5.4 104.0 10 24 14b 15b
42 45 44 140 .. .. .. ..
42 45 43 140 240 .. .. ..
47 50 48 115 200 .. 730 2.4
54 56 55 79 131 720 980c 2.1c
30 9 3.7 1.6
37 11 5.2 3.0
52 14 4.4 2.8
75 17 4.3 2.1
392 1.2
584 1.4
795 1.4
548** 0.6**
* a **
217
FIJI

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Major concern Minor concern Satisfactory Lower Direct support Minor concern Yes
Acceptable .. .. .. .. 1,2,3 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5 Major change desired Lower .. .. .. Lower
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain .. .. .. .. Satisfactory No intervention ..
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain .. Too high Lower No
218
FIJI
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
576 2.0
709 2.2
768 1.2
849 0.6
40 4
39 5
36 5
31 8
4.2 .. .. .. 35a 41a
3.8 .. .. .. .. ..
3.4 55.0 8 14 .. ..
2.8 32.0 6 16 .. ..
59 63 61 52 .. .. .. ..
63 67 65 40 51 .. .. ..
65 69 67 35 44 .. .. <0.1
67 71 69 20 24 210 .. 0.1b
32 37 2.9 1.2
39 39 1.3 0.7
42 45 2.8 -0.4
46 53 1.6 -0.5
15 2.6
13 1.8
15 1.9
19** 2.2**
* a **
219
FINLAND

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. .. Satisfactory Raise Direct support Minor concern No
Major concern Major concern Satisfactory Maintain Direct support Minor concern Yes
Acceptable .. .. .. .. .. Satisfactory .. .. .. .. Lower
Acceptable Acceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,3,4,5,6 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. Maintain
Unacceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1,2,3,4,5,6 Major change desired Lower Maintain Raise Maintain Lower
Satisfactory Lower Lower Lower .. No intervention Yes Satisfactory Maintain Yes
Too low Raise Maintain Raise Raise Raise Yes Satisfactory No intervention Yes
220
FINLAND
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
4 711 0.5
4 902 0.5
5 108 0.5
5 326 0.4
22 16
19 17
19 19
17 24
1.6 .. .. .. 78a 80a
1.7 .. .. .. 75b 77b
1.8 10.0 3 15 .. ..
1.8 11.0 3 18 .. ..
67 75 71 12 .. .. .. ..
70 78 74 6 8 .. .. ..
72 80 76 5 6 .. .. ..
76 83 80 3 4 7 2.4c 0.1c
14 58 1.5 -1.3
14 60 0.7 -0.1
15 61 0.3 0.5
16 64 0.8 -0.6
35 0.8
49 1.0
103 2.0
226** 4.2**
* a **
221
FRANCE

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
Satisfactory Raise
.. .. Too low Raise Indirect support .. ..
.. .. Too low Raise No support Major concern Yes
Major concern Major concern Satisfactory Raise Indirect support Minor concern Yes
Acceptable Acceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Minor change desired Lower No intervention No intervention No intervention Lower
Too high Lower Lower Lower .. Maintain Yes Satisfactory Maintain No
Too high Lower Lower Lower Raise Lower Yes Satisfactory No intervention No
222
FRANCE
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
52 729 0.8
55 393 0.5
57 999 0.4
62 343 0.5
24 18
21 18
20 20
18 23
2.3 .. .. .. 21a 64a
1.9 .. .. .. 67b 81b
1.7 8.0 2 13 69c 75c
1.9 7.0 2 18 .. 71d
69 76 72 16 .. .. .. ..
71 79 75 9 11 .. .. ..
73 81 77 7 8 .. 78 0.3
78 85 81 4 5 8 140e 0.4e
96 73 0.6 0.3
100 74 0.6 0.2
105 75 0.6 -0.3
113 78 0.7 -0.6
5 572 10.6
5 953 10.7
6 085 10.5
6 685** 10.7**
For the periods 1970-1975, 1980-1985, 1990-1995 and 2005-2010. For 2010. For 1972. b For 1988. c For 1994. d For 2004/2005. e For 2007.
* a **
223
GABON

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
.. Major concern Too low Raise No support Minor concern Yes
Unacceptable .. .. .. .. 1 Major change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Too low Raise .. .. .. .. .. Satisfactory Maintain No
Too high Lower Lower Lower .. .. .. Too high Lower ..
Too high Lower Lower Lower .. Lower .. Too high Lower No
224
GABON
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
595 2.3
792 3.0
1 084 3.2
1 475 1.8
35 10
40 9
42 7
36 6
4.9 .. .. .. .. ..
5.2 .. .. .. .. ..
5.1 152.0 15 20 .. ..
3.4 90.0 13 18 12a 33a
47 50 49 114 .. .. .. ..
55 58 57 78 130 .. .. ..
59 63 61 59 93 .. 16 3.0
59 62 60 51 80 520 49b 5.9b
2 43 7.9 -1.5
3 62 5.1 -0.5
4 75 3.9 -2.0
6 86 1.9 -1.5
62 10.4
110 13.9
164 15.1
284** 18.9**
* a **
225
GAMBIA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1,2,3 Major change desired Lower No intervention Raise Lower Lower
Too high Lower Lower Lower .. Lower No Satisfactory No intervention Yes
Too high Lower Lower Lower No intervention No intervention .. Satisfactory No intervention No
226
GAMBIA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
517 3.7
735 3.5
1 085 3.8
1 705 2.7
41 5
43 5
43 5
42 5
6.2 .. .. .. .. ..
6.3 .. .. .. .. ..
6.0 150.0 12 22 7a 12a
5.1 88.0 9 23 13b 18b
41 43 42 167 .. .. .. ..
47 49 48 132 207 .. .. ..
51 53 52 106 158 .. 1.6 0.3
54 57 56 77 116 690 8.2c 0.9c
46 24 6.4 2.3
65 33 6.8 2.2
96 44 6.1 1.7
151 57 3.9 0.6
60 11.6
94 12.8
148 13.6
290** 16.6**
* a **
227
GEORGIA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
.. ..
Too low Raise
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. Too low Raise No support Minor concern No
.. Major concern Too low Raise Direct support Minor concern Yes
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable Unacceptable .. Not a concern .. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Major change desired Lower .. .. .. Lower
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention .. No intervention No Too high No intervention No
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain No Too high Lower Yes
228
GEORGIA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
4 908 0.8
5 287 0.8
5 069 -1.5
4 260 -1.1
28 12
25 13
24 16
17 19
2.6 .. .. .. .. ..
2.3 .. .. .. .. ..
2.1 69.0 17 7 20a 41a
1.6 45.0 14 9 27b 47b
64 72 68 52 .. .. .. ..
66 73 70 47 49 .. .. ..
67 74 71 40 43 .. .. ..
68 75 72 35 36 66 2.7c 0.1c
70 50 1.5 -0.1
76 54 1.8 0.1
73 54 -2.0 -1.1
61 53 -0.4 -1.0
.. 0.0
.. 0.0
250 4.9
167** 4.0**
* a **
229
GERMANY

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
.. ..
Too low Raise
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. Too low No intervention No support Not a concern No
Major concern Major concern Too low Raise No support Major concern Yes
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable Acceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. No intervention
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Major change desired Lower No intervention Lower No intervention No intervention
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory Maintain Lower Maintain Raise Maintain Yes Satisfactory No intervention No
230
GERMANY
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
78 674 0.1
77 685 -0.2
81 622 0.5
82 167 -0.1
22 20
16 20
16 21
14 26
1.6 .. .. .. .. ..
1.5 .. .. .. 68 78
1.3 12.0 5 11 66a 70a
1.3 8.0 3 19 .. ..
68 74 71 21 .. .. .. ..
70 77 74 11 12 .. .. ..
73 79 76 6 7 .. 31 0.1
77 82 80 4 5 4 53b 0.1b
220 73 0.0 -0.2
218 73 0.1 0.6
229 73 0.2 0.5
230 74 0.1 -0.6
.. ..
.. ..
8 992 11.0
10 758** 13.1**
* a **
231
GHANA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,3,4,5 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5 Major change desired Lower No intervention Raise No intervention Lower
Too high Lower Lower Lower No intervention Maintain No Too high Lower Yes
232
GHANA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
10 001 2.7
13 006 3.3
17 245 2.8
23 837 2.1
46 5
45 5
43 5
38 6
6.9 .. .. .. 6a 10a
6.3 .. .. .. 5b 13b
5.3 106.0 10 27 13c 22c
4.3 64.0 7 27 17d 24d
49 51 50 107 .. .. .. ..
53 55 54 90 145 .. .. ..
58 60 59 67 112 .. 160 1.8
56 57 57 73 117 560 260e 1.9e
42 30 2.7 1.7
55 33 5.2 2.1
72 40 4.4 1.2
100 51 3.4 0.4
385 3.8
494 3.8
1 038 6.0
1 852** 7.6**
* a **
233
GREECE

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
Major concern Major concern Too low Raise No support Major concern Yes
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Minor change desired Lower No intervention Raise No intervention Lower
Too high Lower .. .. .. .. .. Satisfactory Lower ..
Too high Lower Lower .. .. .. .. Satisfactory Lower Yes
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Raise Maintain Yes Satisfactory No intervention Yes
234
GREECE
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
9 047 0.6
9 934 0.6
10 672 1.0
11 161 0.2
24 17
21 18
17 21
14 24
2.3 .. .. .. .. ..
2.0 .. .. .. .. ..
1.4 16.0 6 10 34a 61a
1.4 9.0 3 15 46b 76b
71 74 72 34 .. .. .. ..
73 78 75 15 16 .. .. ..
75 80 77 9 10 .. 5 0.1
77 81 79 4 4 3 11c 0.2c
69 55 2.0 0.0
75 58 0.5 0.2
81 59 0.9 0.6
85 61 0.6 -0.5
123 1.4
309 3.1
549 5.1
1 133** 10.1**
* a **
235
GRENADA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
.. Minor concern Satisfactory No intervention Direct support Major concern Yes
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,3 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. No intervention
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1,2,3 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain .. Too high Lower Yes
236
GRENADA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
92 -0.4
100 2.3
100 0.8
104 0.4
43 9
38 8
38 10
28 9
4.6 .. .. .. .. ..
4.2 .. .. .. 27 31
3.5 83.0 12 19 52a 54a
2.3 42.0 9 17 .. ..
62 67 65 52 .. .. .. ..
63 67 66 47 61 .. .. ..
69 72 71 26 32 .. .. ..
74 77 75 13 15 .. .. ..
269 33 -0.9 -1.2
290 33 0.0 0.4
291 32 0.0 0.6
302 31 0.4 -0.3
3 3.0
3 3.1
6 5.8
13** 12.1**
* a
**
237
GUATEMALA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1 Major change desired Lower Maintain Raise Maintain Lower
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention .. .. .. .. Too high No intervention ..
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention Maintain No intervention Yes Satisfactory No intervention No
238
GUATEMALA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
6 206 2.7
7 937 2.5
10 007 2.3
14 027 2.5
45 5
46 5
45 6
42 6
6.2 .. .. .. 15a 18a
6.1 .. .. .. 19b 23b
5.5 128.0 12 20 27 31
4.2 107.0 13 18 34c 43c
52 55 54 102 .. .. .. ..
56 61 58 79 119 .. .. ..
61 67 64 55 74 .. 15 0.3
67 74 70 30 39 290 59d 0.8d
57 37 2.9 2.3
73 39 3.4 1.7
92 43 3.2 1.6
129 49 3.4 1.5
38 0.6
82 1.0
46 0.5
59** 0.4**
* a **
239
GUINEA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Minor concern Minor concern Too high Lower Indirect support Minor concern No
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5 Major change desired Lower No intervention Raise Maintain Lower
Satisfactory Lower No intervention Lower .. No intervention No Satisfactory No intervention Yes
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No Satisfactory No intervention No
240
GUINEA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
4 037 1.0
5 267 2.6
7 478 3.9
10 069 2.3
43 5
44 5
45 5
43 5
6.8 .. .. .. .. ..
6.9 .. .. .. .. ..
6.6 183.0 14 25 4a 6a
5.5 152.0 14 22 4b 9b
39 41 40 177 .. .. .. ..
44 46 45 154 266 .. .. ..
48 51 50 132 219 .. 21 0.6
56 60 58 98 148 910 87c 1.6c
16 20 6.0 1.1
21 27 3.7 2.3
30 29 3.8 2.4
41 35 3.8 1.6
21 0.5
31 0.6
814 10.9
395** 3.8**
* a **
241
GUINEA-BISSAU

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Minor concern Minor concern Too high No intervention Indirect support Major concern Yes
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1 Major change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3 1 Major change desired No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention .. No intervention Yes Too high Lower Yes
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention .. Too high Lower ..
242
GUINEA-BISSAU
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
695 2.8
919 1.9
1 166 2.6
1 611 2.2
41 6
44 6
41 6
43 5
7.3 .. .. .. .. ..
5.7 .. .. .. .. ..
5.9 125.0 11 23 4a 8a
5.7 129.0 11 25 6b 10b
37 39 38 174 .. .. .. ..
40 43 41 153 254 .. .. ..
43 46 44 136 236 .. 4.4 0.8
46 49 48 114 196 1 100 16c 1.8c
19 16 4.8 3.6
25 22 7.0 1.0
32 30 2.8 2.9
45 30 3.4 2.8
13 1.8
13 1.4
32 2.7
19** 1.2**
* a **
243
GUYANA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Minor change desired Lower .. .. .. Lower
Satisfactory Raise Raise .. .. .. .. Too high No intervention ..
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain .. Maintain Maintain .. Too high Lower ..
244
GUYANA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
734 0.7
771 -0.1
759 0.3
762 -0.1
44 5
39 6
33 7
30 9
4.9 .. .. .. 28 31
3.3 .. .. .. .. ..
2.6 86.0 17 11 37a 38a
2.3 63.0 13 11 33b 34b
58 62 60 79 .. .. .. ..
58 64 61 70 98 .. .. ..
59 66 62 63 87 .. 16 3.6
64 70 67 42 56 470 13c 2.5c
3 30 1.1 0.6
4 30 -1.0 -0.5
4 29 -0.3 0.1
4 28 0.0 -0.5
9 1.2
5 0.7
5 0.7
12** 1.5**
For the periods 1970-1975, 1980-1985, 1990-1995 and 2005-2010. For 2010. For 1991/1992. b For 2006/2007. c For 2007.
* a **
245
HAITI

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1 Major change desired Lower No intervention No intervention No intervention Lower
246
HAITI
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
5 144 1.8
6 385 2.3
7 861 2.0
10 033 1.6
41 6
42 6
43 6
36 6
5.6 .. .. .. 5a 19a
6.2 .. .. .. 4b 7b
5.2 70.0 7 31 13 18
3.5 46.0 7 27 24c 32c
47 49 48 135 .. .. .. ..
50 53 51 121 175 .. .. ..
55 58 56 92 130 .. 79 2.1
59 63 61 62 85 670 120d 2.2d
185 20 2.0 1.8
230 23 6.4 0.9
283 33 3.7 1.0
362 48 4.2 -1.0
12 0.2
16 0.3
22 0.3
35** 0.3**
* a **
247
HOLY SEE

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable .. 2,3,4 Not permitted Satisfactory .. .. .. .. ..
248
HOLY SEE
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
1 2.4
1 0.6
1 0.3
1 0.1
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1 657 100 1.1 0.0
1 698 100 0.7 0.0
1 775 100 0.1 0.0
1 782 100 0.1 0.0
1 100.0
1 100.0
1 100.0
1** 100.0**
**
249
HONDURAS

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1 Major change desired Lower Lower .. Raise Lower
Satisfactory Lower Lower No intervention .. No intervention No Satisfactory No intervention No
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain .. Satisfactory Raise ..
250
HONDURAS
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
3 107 2.9
4 236 3.1
5 588 2.6
7 466 2.0
48 5
46 5
44 5
37 6
7.1 .. .. .. .. ..
6.0 .. .. .. 30a 35a
4.9 127.0 13 21 41*b 50b
3.3 93.0 14 19 56c 65c
52 56 54 104 .. .. .. ..
59 64 61 65 102 .. .. ..
65 70 67 43 60 .. 36 1.3
70 75 72 28 39 280 28d 0.7d
28 32 4.8 2.3
38 38 4.5 2.0
50 42 3.3 1.6
67 48 3.0 1.0
14 0.5
83 2.0
31 0.6
24** 0.3**
* a **
251
HUNGARY

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
.. .. Too low Raise Direct support Not a concern No
Unacceptable Acceptable .. Minor concern .. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. No intervention
Unacceptable Acceptable Acceptable Minor concern 1,2,3,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Satisfactory Lower Lower Lower .. No intervention No Satisfactory No intervention Yes
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain No intervention Maintain Yes Satisfactory No intervention No
252
HUNGARY
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
10 532 0.4
10 579 -0.2
10 332 -0.1
9 993 -0.2
20 18
21 18
18 20
15 22
2.1 .. .. .. 44a 74a
1.8 .. .. .. 62b 73b
1.7 37.0 11 2 71c 81c
1.4 20.0 7 5 .. ..
66 72 69 34 .. .. .. ..
65 73 69 20 23 .. .. ..
65 74 70 13 15 .. 1.5 <0.1
69 77 73 7 8 6 3.3d 0.1d
113 62 1.1 -0.7
114 65 -0.2 -0.9
111 65 -0.3 0.2
107 68 0.3 -1.6
402 3.8
339 3.2
293 2.8
368** 3.7**
* a **
253
ICELAND

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Not a concern Minor concern Satisfactory Maintain Direct support Minor concern Yes
Acceptable .. .. .. .. 1,2,3,4,5,6 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Minor concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6 Major change desired Lower No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
254
ICELAND
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
218 1.3
241 1.1
267 1.0
323 2.1
30 13
26 14
24 15
21 16
2.8 .. .. .. .. ..
2.2 .. .. .. .. ..
2.2 25.0 6 15 .. ..
2.1 15.0 4 17 .. ..
71 77 74 12 .. .. .. ..
74 80 77 6 8 .. .. ..
76 81 79 5 6 .. <0.2 0.1
80 83 82 3 4 4 <0.5a 0.2a
2 87 1.4 -1.5
2 90 1.4 -1.3
3 92 1.2 -1.0
3 92 0.8 0.6
5 2.4
7 2.9
11 4.0
37** 11.3**
* a
**
255
INDIA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,3,4,5,6 Major change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6 Major change desired Lower Maintain Raise Maintain Lower
Satisfactory Maintain .. .. Maintain .. .. Satisfactory Maintain ..
256
INDIA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
617 432 2.2
774 775 2.2
953 148 2.0
1 198 003 1.4
40 6
39 6
37 6
31 7
5.3 .. .. .. 10a 14a
4.5 .. .. .. 40b 45b
3.9 115.0 15 11 43c 48c
2.8 68.0 12 8 49d 56d
51 50 50 120 .. .. .. ..
56 56 56 98 138 .. .. ..
58 59 59 78 111 .. 1 200 0.2
62 65 63 55 81 450 2 400e 0.3e
188 21 3.9 1.8
236 24 3.2 1.9
290 27 2.7 1.7
364 30 2.4 1.0
9 011 1.5
8 131 1.0
7 022 0.7
5 436** 0.4**
For the periods 1970-1975, 1980-1985, 1990-1995 and 2005-2010. For 2010. For 1970. b For 1988. c For 1998/1999. d For 2005/2006. e For 2007.
* a **
257
INDONESIA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1 Major change desired Lower No intervention No intervention No intervention Lower
Too high Lower Lower .. .. .. .. Satisfactory No intervention ..
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No Too low Raise No
258
INDONESIA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
131 329 2.3
162 348 2.0
191 501 1.5
229 965 1.2
42 5
38 6
33 7
27 9
5.3 .. .. .. 17a 18a
4.1 .. .. .. 37 39
2.9 61.0 11 17 53 54
2.2 40.0 9 17 57b 61b
48 51 49 126 .. .. .. ..
55 58 56 89 126 .. .. ..
61 65 63 58 78 .. .. ..
69 73 71 27 32 420 270b 0.2b
69 19 5.0 1.6
85 26 5.1 0.7
101 36 4.9 -0.5
121 53 3.1 -1.2
928 0.7
593 0.4
219 0.1
123** 0.1**
* a **
259
IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1 Minor change desired Lower Maintain .. .. Lower
Too high Lower Lower No intervention .. No intervention No Satisfactory Lower Yes
Too high Lower Maintain Maintain Maintain .. .. Satisfactory Lower Yes
260
IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
33 344 2.9
48 418 4.2
62 205 1.8
74 196 1.2
44 5
45 6
40 6
24 7
6.4 .. .. .. .. 36d
6.6 .. .. .. 28a 49a
4.0 83.0 10 23 56b 73b
1.8 18.0 5 11 59c 73c
55 55 55 115 .. .. .. ..
59 61 60 88 116 .. .. ..
65 67 66 55 67 .. 7 ..
70 73 71 29 34 140 86e 0.2e
20 46 5.0 1.3
29 53 5.0 2.1
38 60 2.8 -0.8
45 69 2.1 -0.2
157 0.5
2 855 5.9
3 016 4.8
2 129** 2.8**
* a **
261
IRAQ

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
Major concern Major concern Satisfactory No intervention Direct support Minor concern No
Unacceptable .. .. .. .. 1,2,3,4,5 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Minor concern 1,2,3 1 Major change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain .. Yes Too high Lower ..
262
IRAQ
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
12 016 3.3
16 093 2.8
20 971 3.0
30 747 2.2
46 6
46 5
44 5
41 5
7.2 .. .. .. 13a 15a
6.4 .. .. .. 10b 14b
5.8 53.0 5 31 .. ..
4.1 86.0 10 20 33c 50c
59 59 59 74 .. .. .. ..
59 65 62 52 69 .. .. ..
60 73 66 48 63 .. .. ..
63 72 67 33 41 300 .. ..
27 61 5.0 0.7
37 69 3.5 0.5
48 69 2.8 3.7
70 66 2.0 2.3
71 0.6
112 0.7
134 0.6
83** 0.3**
* a **
263
IRELAND

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. .. Satisfactory Maintain Limits .. ..
.. .. Satisfactory Maintain Direct support .. Yes
Not a concern Major concern Satisfactory No intervention Direct support Major concern Yes
Acceptable .. .. Major concern .. 1 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Minor concern 1,2,3,4,5 1 Minor change desired No intervention No intervention Raise No intervention Lower
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain .. .. .. .. Too high Lower ..
Satisfactory Maintain Raise Maintain Raise Maintain Yes Satisfactory No intervention Yes
264
IRELAND
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
3 177 1.5
3 539 0.8
3 609 0.5
4 515 1.8
31 15
30 14
24 15
21 16
3.8 .. .. .. .. ..
2.9 .. .. .. .. ..
2.0 18.0 5 21 68a 77a
2.0 16.0 4 23 89b 89b
69 74 71 18 .. .. .. ..
70 76 73 10 12 .. .. ..
73 78 75 7 8 .. 2 0.1
78 82 80 4 6 1 5.5c 0.2c
45 54 2.1 0.8
50 56 0.3 -0.3
51 58 1.2 0.3
64 62 2.1 0.8
171 5.4
225 6.4
264 7.3
899** 19.6**
* a **
265
ISRAEL

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
Major concern Major concern Too low Raise Indirect support Not a concern Yes
Acceptable .. .. .. .. 1,2,3,4,5 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5 Minor change desired No intervention No intervention Lower No intervention No intervention
Too low Raise Raise .. .. .. Yes Too high Lower Yes
Too low Raise Raise Lower Maintain Maintain Yes Too high Lower Yes
266
ISRAEL
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
3 358 2.9
4 103 1.7
5 374 3.5
7 170 1.7
33 12
33 12
29 13
28 14
3.8 .. .. .. .. ..
3.1 .. .. .. 52a 68a
2.9 18.0 3 17 .. ..
2.8 14.0 3 20 .. ..
70 73 72 22 .. .. .. ..
73 76 74 14 16 .. .. ..
75 79 77 9 10 .. 2 0.1
79 83 81 5 6 4 5.1b 0.1b
152 87 3.1 -0.5
185 90 1.7 0.5
243 91 3.1 1.7
324 92 1.6 1.2
1 446 43.1
1 523 37.1
1 919 35.7
2 940** 40.4**
* a **
267
ITALY

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
Acceptable Acceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,3,4,5,6 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. No intervention
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Minor change desired Lower No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
268
ITALY
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
55 164 0.7
56 883 0.2
57 207 0.1
59 870 0.5
24 18
19 19
15 23
14 26
2.4 .. .. .. 32a 78a
1.5 .. .. .. .. ..
1.3 8.0 3 14 41b 63b
1.4 5.0 2 23 .. ..
69 75 72 27 .. .. .. ..
71 78 75 13 15 .. .. ..
74 81 77 8 9 .. 130 0.4
78 84 81 4 5 3 150c 0.4c
183 66 0.8 -0.1
189 67 0.0 0.1
190 67 0.2 0.0
199 68 0.3 -0.5
1 006 1.8
1 253 2.2
1 723 3.0
4 463** 7.4**
* a **
269
JAMAICA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Acceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,3 Major change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Acceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1,2,3 Major change desired No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
Satisfactory Maintain .. .. .. .. Yes Too high Lower Yes
Satisfactory No intervention Maintain Maintain Raise Maintain No Too high No intervention Yes
270
JAMAICA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
2 013 1.5
2 296 1.5
2 466 0.8
2 719 0.5
45 8
37 9
34 10
29 11
5.0 .. .. .. 36a 38a
3.6 .. .. .. 48b 51b
2.8 103.0 18 15 63c 66c
2.4 77.0 16 12 66d 69d
67 71 69 45 .. .. .. ..
68 73 71 34 42 .. .. ..
69 74 71 27 33 .. 12 0.9
68 75 72 23 28 170 27e 1.6e
183 44 2.4 0.3
209 48 1.3 0.5
224 51 1.4 0.4
247 53 1.0 0.0
25 1.2
22 1.0
22 0.9
30** 1.1**
* a **
271
JAPAN

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
.. .. Too low No intervention Direct support Minor concern ..
Acceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,3,4,6 Major change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Acceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,4,6 Major change desired Lower No intervention Raise No intervention Lower
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Raise .. Maintain No Satisfactory No intervention ..
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention Raise No intervention No Satisfactory No intervention No
272
JAPAN
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
111 619 1.3
120 908 0.7
125 442 0.4
127 156 -0.1
24 12
22 15
16 20
13 30
2.1 .. .. .. 59 61
1.8 .. .. .. 60a 63a
1.5 4.0 1 8 51b 57b
1.3 5.0 2 15 44c 54c
70 76 73 12 .. .. .. ..
74 80 77 7 9 .. .. ..
76 83 79 4 6 .. 5.6 ..
79 86 83 3 4 6 9.6d ..
295 57 2.1 -0.3
320 61 1.3 -0.6
332 65 0.5 -0.2
337 67 0.2 -0.7
770 0.7
851 0.7
1 363 1.1
2 176** 1.7**
* a **
273
JORDAN

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Major concern Minor concern Too high Lower Direct support Not a concern No
Acceptable Acceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,3 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. No intervention
Acceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,5 Major change desired Lower No intervention Raise No intervention Lower
Satisfactory Lower Lower No intervention .. Lower No Satisfactory No intervention No
Too high Lower Lower Lower Lower Maintain No Too low Raise No
274
JORDAN
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
1 937 3.5
2 706 3.9
4 304 5.6
6 316 3.0
47 4
47 5
41 4
34 6
7.8 .. .. .. 17a 25a
6.8 .. .. .. 22 27
5.1 47.0 5 23 38b 53b
3.1 25.0 4 21 41c 57c
55 58 57 82 .. .. .. ..
62 66 64 52 61 .. .. ..
66 70 68 33 38 .. .. ..
71 74 73 19 22 62 <1c ..
22 58 3.2 1.9
30 66 5.2 -0.3
48 78 3.1 3.1
71 78 2.5 2.1
676 34.9
943 34.8
1 608 37.4
2 973** 45.9**
* a **
275
KAZAKHSTAN

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
.. ..
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. Too low Raise Direct support .. Yes
Major concern Major concern Too low Raise Indirect support Major concern Yes
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable .. .. .. .. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. No intervention
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Major change desired Raise Raise No intervention Raise Raise
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Raise Maintain Yes Satisfactory Maintain Yes
276
KAZAKHSTAN
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
14 136 1.5
15 780 1.1
15 926 -0.7
15 637 0.7
35 9
32 8
30 10
24 10
3.5 .. .. .. .. ..
3.0 .. .. .. .. ..
2.6 53.0 10 10 46 59
2.3 31.0 7 10 49a 51a
58 68 63 77 .. .. .. ..
60 71 66 60 72 .. .. ..
61 70 65 51 61 .. <0.5 ..
59 71 65 26 30 140 12b 0.1b
5 53 1.7 0.6
6 56 1.4 1.0
6 56 -1.3 -1.4
6 58 1.3 -0.1
.. 0.0
.. 0.0
3 295 20.7
3 079** 19.5**
* a **
277
KENYA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3 Major change desired Lower No intervention Raise No intervention Lower
Satisfactory Maintain .. .. .. .. No Satisfactory No intervention No
Satisfactory No intervention Lower No intervention No intervention No intervention No Satisfactory No intervention No
278
KENYA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
13 481 3.6
19 648 3.8
27 492 3.2
39 802 2.6
50 5
50 4
46 4
43 4
8.0 .. .. .. 4a 7a
7.2 .. .. .. 10b 17b
5.6 114.0 10 25 32c 39c
5.0 104.0 10 23 32d 39d
52 56 54 92 .. .. .. ..
57 61 59 69 112 .. .. ..
58 61 59 65 105 .. .. ..
54 55 54 64 104 560 .. ..
23 13 8.1 3.0
34 17 5.2 3.3
47 19 3.6 2.6
69 22 4.1 2.2
161 1.2
152 0.8
528 1.9
818** 2.0**
* a **
279
KIRIBATI

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Major concern .. Too high Lower Direct support Minor concern Yes
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
280
KIRIBATI
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
48 2.0
63 2.7
77 1.5
98 1.6
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. 31a 36a
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
67 30 4.4 1.3
86 34 3.8 2.5
106 36 4.2 0.0
135 44 1.9 1.3
1 1.6
2 3.3
2 2.6
2** 2.0**
* a
**
281
KUWAIT

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
Too low Maintain
.. .. Satisfactory Maintain No support Not a concern No
Minor concern Minor concern Too low Raise Direct support Minor concern Yes
Acceptable Acceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,3,5 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. Lower
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Minor concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,5 Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
Satisfactory Lower Lower Lower .. Lower No Satisfactory No intervention No
Too high Lower Lower Lower Maintain Maintain Yes Satisfactory No intervention No
282
KUWAIT
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
1 007 6.0
1 720 4.5
1 725 -4.3
2 985 2.4
44 3
37 2
29 2
23 4
6.9 .. .. .. .. ..
4.9 .. .. .. 32a 35a
3.2 26.0 4 19 41b 50b
2.2 13.0 3 18 .. ..
66 70 68 41 .. .. .. ..
70 74 71 24 27 .. .. ..
74 77 75 13 15 .. .. ..
76 80 78 9 10 4 <1c ..
56 89 8.0 -7.3
97 98 5.8 4.8
97 98 1.6 0.6
168 98 2.2 1.1
664 66.0
1 241 72.1
1 090 63.2
2 098** 68.8**
* a **
283
KYRGYZSTAN

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
.. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. Satisfactory No intervention .. .. ..
Minor concern Minor concern Satisfactory Maintain Direct support Major concern Yes
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Major change desired Lower Maintain Raise Maintain Lower
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain Yes Satisfactory Maintain Yes
284
KYRGYZSTAN
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
3 299 2.1
4 013 2.0
4 592 0.9
5 482 1.2
40 8
37 8
38 8
29 7
4.7 .. .. .. .. ..
4.1 .. .. .. .. ..
3.6 46.0 6 12 49a 60a
2.6 32.0 6 12 46b 48b
57 65 61 100 .. .. .. ..
60 68 64 80 96 .. .. ..
62 70 66 60 72 .. .. ..
64 72 68 37 46 150 4.2c 0.1c
17 38 2.3 1.7
20 38 1.9 2.1
23 36 0.5 1.8
27 36 1.7 0.8
.. 0.0
.. 0.0
482 10.5
223** 4.0**
* a **
285
LAO PEOPLE'S DEM. REPUBLIC

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
Too high Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2 Major change desired Lower No intervention Raise No intervention Lower
Satisfactory Maintain Lower Raise Raise Maintain .. Too high Maintain Yes
286
LAO PEOPLE'S DEM. REPUBLIC
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
3 050 2.5
3 655 2.4
4 809 2.7
6 320 1.8
42 5
44 6
44 5
38 5
6.0 .. .. .. .. ..
6.3 .. .. .. .. ..
5.8 70.0 6 28 15a 19a
3.5 37.0 5 21 29b 32b
45 48 47 141 .. .. .. ..
49 51 50 123 181 .. .. ..
55 58 56 88 125 .. <0.2 <0.1
63 66 65 50 65 660 5.5c 0.2c
13 11 3.8 1.3
15 14 5.1 2.5
20 17 7.2 1.4
27 32 5.3 0.0
21 0.7
23 0.6
23 0.5
19** 0.3**
* a **
287
LATVIA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
.. ..
Too low Raise
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. Too low Raise Direct support Minor concern No
Minor concern Major concern Too low Raise No support Major concern Yes
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Minor concern .. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Major change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Minor change desired No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Too high Lower Lower Lower .. Lower Yes Too low Raise Yes
288
LATVIA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
2 456 0.8
2 579 0.5
2 492 -1.3
2 249 -0.5
21 18
21 17
21 19
14 22
2.0 .. .. .. .. ..
2.0 .. .. .. .. ..
1.6 42.0 13 7 56 68
1.4 15.0 5 13 .. ..
65 75 70 21 .. .. .. ..
65 74 69 18 22 .. .. ..
62 74 68 15 18 .. <0.1 ..
67 77 72 9 11 10 10a 0.8a
38 64 1.6 -1.3
40 69 1.2 0.2
39 69 -1.4 -0.9
35 68 -0.4 -0.7
.. 0.0
.. 0.0
527 21.2
335** 15.0**
* a
**
289
LEBANON

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Minor concern Major concern Satisfactory No intervention Direct support Minor concern Yes
Acceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Minor concern 1,2,3,4,5 1 Major change desired Lower No intervention No intervention No intervention Lower
Too high Lower .. .. .. .. .. Too high Lower Yes
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain No Too high No intervention Yes
290
LEBANON
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
2 737 2.3
2 891 0.8
3 491 3.2
4 224 0.8
40 7
37 7
32 9
25 10
4.8 .. .. .. 23a 53a
3.9 .. .. .. .. ..
3.0 34.0 6 22 37b 61b
1.9 16.0 4 16 34c 58c
63 68 65 47 .. .. .. ..
65 70 67 41 51 .. .. ..
67 72 69 31 38 .. 1.3 0.1
70 74 72 22 26 150 3d 0.1d
263 67 3.0 -3.4
278 79 1.5 -4.9
336 85 2.6 0.1
406 87 1.2 0.0
209 7.6
348 12.0
656 18.8
758** 17.8**
* a **
291
LESOTHO

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1 Major change desired Lower No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention .. Satisfactory No intervention Yes
292
LESOTHO
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
1 150 2.1
1 473 2.6
1 726 1.5
2 067 0.9
45 6
45 6
44 7
39 7
5.8 .. .. .. 2a 5a
5.5 .. .. .. .. ..
4.7 86.0 9 25 19b 23b
3.4 73.0 11 21 35c 37c
48 51 50 123 .. .. .. ..
53 57 55 94 134 .. .. ..
58 62 60 67 98 .. 130 14.2
44 46 45 70 104 960 270d 23.2d
38 11 5.8 1.8
49 12 3.3 1.8
57 17 5.5 1.0
68 26 3.4 -0.4
5 0.4
18 1.2
6 0.4
6** 0.3**
* a **
293
LIBERIA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,3,4,5 Major change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1 1,2,3,4,5 Major change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain .. Maintain Yes Too high No intervention Yes
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain .. .. Yes Satisfactory No intervention Yes
294
LIBERIA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
1 635 2.7
2 215 3.0
1 945 -2.2
3 955 4.1
45 5
44 5
45 5
43 5
6.4 .. .. .. .. ..
6.6 .. .. .. 6a 6a
6.4 164.0 13 28 .. ..
5.1 142.0 14 23 10b 11b
44 47 45 152 .. .. .. ..
46 49 48 142 239 .. .. ..
48 52 50 132 217 .. 14 1.2
57 59 58 95 140 1 200 35b 1.7b
15 30 6.0 1.6
20 40 3.3 -0.9
17 50 8.0 4.5
36 61 5.3 2.5
64 3.9
83 3.7
199 10.2
96** 2.3**
* a **
295
LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
.. Minor concern Satisfactory No intervention No support Minor concern Yes
Acceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Not a concern 1,2,3 1 Major change desired Lower No intervention No intervention No intervention Lower
Too high Lower .. Lower Maintain .. .. Satisfactory Maintain No
296
LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
2 466 4.2
3 850 4.6
4 834 2.0
6 420 2.0
46 4
47 4
38 5
30 7
7.6 .. .. .. .. ..
7.2 .. .. .. .. ..
4.1 7.0 1 40 26 45
2.7 3.0 1 32 .. ..
51 55 53 105 .. .. .. ..
61 64 62 50 58 .. .. ..
67 72 69 31 35 .. .. ..
72 77 74 18 20 97 .. ..
1 63 6.6 0.0
2 75 3.3 3.0
3 76 2.1 1.8
4 78 2.2 1.0
223 9.1
414 10.8
506 10.5
682** 10.4**
**
297
LIECHTENSTEIN

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
.. .. Satisfactory No intervention No support Not a concern No
Not a concern Minor concern Too low No intervention No support Not a concern Yes
Acceptable .. .. Minor concern .. 1,2,3 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. No intervention
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Minor concern 1,2,3,5 1,2,3 Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
Satisfactory Lower Lower Maintain .. Maintain No Satisfactory No intervention No
298
LIECHTENSTEIN
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
23 1.7
27 1.5
31 1.3
36 0.8
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
146 18 1.6 1.6
170 18 0.6 1.5
193 16 0.1 1.5
224 14 0.7 0.9
8 34.7
10 36.4
12 38.5
13** 34.6**
**
299
LITHUANIA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
.. ..
Satisfactory Raise
Too low Raise
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. Satisfactory Raise Direct support Not a concern No
Major concern Major concern Too low Raise Indirect support Major concern Yes
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable Acceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. Lower
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Minor change desired Lower .. .. .. Lower
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory Lower Lower No intervention .. No intervention Yes Satisfactory Maintain Yes
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Raise Maintain Yes Satisfactory No intervention Yes
300
LITHUANIA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
3 302 1.0
3 545 0.8
3 630 -0.4
3 287 -1.0
25 15
23 15
22 18
15 21
2.3 .. .. .. .. ..
2.0 .. .. .. .. ..
1.8 44.0 12 7 33 51
1.3 22.0 8 11 .. ..
67 75 71 22 .. .. .. ..
66 76 71 18 22 .. .. ..
64 76 70 14 17 .. <0.2 ..
66 78 72 9 12 11 2.2a 0.1a
51 56 2.9 -2.1
54 65 2.1 -1.2
56 67 -0.8 -0.5
50 67 -0.3 -0.9
.. 0.0
.. 0.0
272 7.5
129** 4.0**
* a
**
301
LUXEMBOURG

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
Satisfactory Raise
Minor concern Minor concern Satisfactory Maintain Indirect support Not a concern No
Acceptable .. .. .. .. 1,2,3,4,5,6 Major change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. ..
Too high Lower .. .. .. .. .. Satisfactory No intervention ..
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain Yes Satisfactory No intervention ..
302
LUXEMBOURG
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
359 1.1
367 0.1
409 1.4
486 1.2
20 18
17 18
18 19
18 19
1.7 .. .. .. .. ..
1.5 .. .. .. .. ..
1.7 12.0 4 11 .. ..
1.7 12.0 4 17 .. ..
67 74 71 17 .. .. .. ..
70 77 73 12 18 .. .. ..
72 79 76 6 8 .. <0.5 0.2
77 82 79 4 6 12 .. 0.2a
139 77 1.4 -1.9
142 81 0.6 0.2
158 83 1.4 1.8
188 82 1.0 1.6
70 19.5
98 26.8
127 31.1
173** 35.2**
* a
**
303
MADAGASCAR

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Minor concern .. 1 Major change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1 Minor change desired No intervention .. .. .. No intervention
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No Satisfactory No intervention No
304
MADAGASCAR
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
7 498 2.7
9 778 2.6
13 121 3.0
19 625 2.7
46 6
45 5
45 5
43 5
7.3 .. .. .. .. ..
6.1 .. .. .. .. ..
6.1 150.0 12 25 10a 19a
4.8 133.0 14 20 17b 27b
44 46 45 133 .. .. .. ..
48 50 49 111 183 .. .. ..
51 54 53 96 155 .. 1.1 ..
59 62 60 65 100 510 14c 0.1c
13 16 5.2 2.2
17 21 5.2 2.2
22 26 4.0 2.6
33 30 3.8 2.1
54 0.7
48 0.5
44 0.3
38** 0.2**
* a **
305
MALAWI

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1 Major change desired Lower No intervention Raise No intervention Lower
Too high Lower No intervention No intervention .. No intervention No Satisfactory No intervention No
Too high Lower Lower Lower Maintain No intervention Yes Too high Lower Yes
306
MALAWI
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
5 276 3.1
7 267 3.1
10 144 1.4
15 263 2.8
47 4
48 4
45 5
46 5
7.4 .. .. .. .. ..
7.5 .. .. .. 1a 7a
6.8 159.0 12 27 14b 22b
5.6 135.0 12 22 38c 41c
41 43 42 185 .. .. .. ..
45 47 46 150 255 .. .. ..
50 52 51 127 208 .. 600 12.1
52 54 53 84 121 1 100 930d 11.9d
45 8 8.0 2.9
61 10 7.7 5.1
86 13 4.9 1.8
129 19 5.2 1.9
290 5.5
285 3.9
325 3.2
276** 1.8**
* a **
307
MALAYSIA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Minor concern Minor concern Satisfactory No intervention Direct support Major concern Yes
Acceptable Acceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,3 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1,2,3 Major change desired Lower No intervention Maintain No intervention Lower
Too high Lower Lower Maintain .. No intervention Yes Satisfactory No intervention No
Satisfactory Maintain Lower Maintain Maintain Maintain Yes Satisfactory No intervention Yes
308
MALAYSIA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
12 258 2.4
15 677 2.6
20 594 2.6
27 468 1.7
42 6
39 6
36 6
29 8
5.2 .. .. .. 23a 33a
4.2 .. .. .. 30b 51b
3.5 28.0 4 20 30c 55c
2.6 13.0 2 19 .. ..
61 65 63 42 .. .. .. ..
66 70 68 28 37 .. .. ..
69 73 71 15 20 .. 9.2 0.1
72 77 74 9 11 62 80d 0.5d
37 38 4.6 0.9
48 46 4.5 1.4
62 56 4.8 -0.4
83 71 2.8 -1.3
718 5.9
908 5.8
1 193 5.8
2 358** 8.4**
* a **
309
MALDIVES

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Satisfactory Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1,2 Major change desired Raise Lower Lower Raise Lower
Satisfactory Maintain .. Maintain Raise Maintain No Satisfactory No intervention No
310
MALDIVES
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
137 2.5
184 3.0
248 2.8
309 1.4
42 7
46 5
46 5
28 6
7.0 .. .. .. .. ..
6.8 .. .. .. .. ..
5.3 79.0 7 25 33a 42a
2.1 13.0 3 22 34b 39b
53 50 51 121 .. .. .. ..
58 56 57 94 128 .. .. ..
61 61 61 66 90 .. .. ..
70 73 71 24 28 120 .. ..
461 17 9.9 1.1
616 25 3.5 3.1
832 26 3.7 1.7
1 038 39 5.0 -0.3
2 1.5
2 1.3
3 1.2
3** 1.0**
* a **
311
MALI

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,4 Major change desired Lower Maintain Raise No intervention Lower
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Lower .. Maintain No Satisfactory Maintain Yes
Too high No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No Too high Lower Yes
312
MALI
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
6 598 1.8
7 858 1.8
9 549 2.0
13 010 2.4
43 5
44 5
46 4
44 4
6.6 .. .. .. .. ..
6.6 .. .. .. 1a 5a
6.3 175.0 14 25 5 7
5.5 163.0 15 23 6b 8b
38 39 38 158 .. .. .. ..
40 41 41 143 283 .. .. ..
43 44 44 128 244 .. 34 0.8
48 49 48 106 191 970 100c 1.5c
5 16 4.7 1.7
6 21 4.9 1.7
8 26 4.4 2.0
10 33 4.8 2.1
163 2.5
160 2.0
174 1.8
163** 1.2**
* a **
313
MALTA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Minor concern Major concern Too low No intervention No support Minor concern Yes
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Minor concern 1,2,3,4,5 Not permitted Minor change desired No intervention No intervention No intervention Lower No intervention
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain No Satisfactory No intervention No
314
MALTA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
304 0.1
344 1.2
378 1.0
409 0.4
25 13
24 14
22 16
16 21
2.1 .. .. .. .. ..
2.0 .. .. .. .. ..
2.0 18.0 4 13 43a 86a
1.3 11.0 5 13 .. ..
69 73 71 22 .. .. .. ..
71 76 74 13 15 .. .. ..
74 78 76 9 11 .. <0.1 <0.1
78 81 80 6 7 8 <0.5b 0.1b
963 90 0.9 0.8
1 090 90 1.1 0.2
1 196 91 0.9 -1.9
1 293 94 0.6 -2.9
8 2.7
5 1.4
7 1.9
15** 3.8**
* a **
315
MARSHALL ISLANDS

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
.. ..
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1 Major change desired Lower .. Maintain Raise Lower
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory Maintain .. Lower .. .. .. Satisfactory Maintain No
316
MARSHALL ISLANDS
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
26 4.5
38 4.5
51 1.5
62 2.2
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
141 61 3.0 4.9
212 62 6.0 2.7
282 67 1.0 -0.5
343 71 2.7 0.9
1 4.5
1 3.7
2 3.1
2** 2.7**
**
317
MAURITANIA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Satisfactory Raise
Too high Lower
Minor concern Minor concern Too high Lower Direct support Minor concern Yes
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention .. Satisfactory No intervention ..
318
MAURITANIA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
1 325 2.8
1 749 2.7
2 270 2.7
3 291 2.4
45 5
45 5
44 5
39 4
6.7 .. .. .. .. ..
6.3 .. .. .. 0a 1a
5.7 104.0 9 31 1b 4b
4.5 90.0 10 30 8c 9c
47 50 49 148 .. .. .. ..
52 56 54 90 150 .. .. ..
54 58 56 75 127 .. <1 0.1
55 59 57 73 120 820 14c 0.8c
1 21 9.3 0.9
2 35 7.1 0.0
2 40 2.9 2.7
3 41 3.0 2.0
26 2.0
44 2.5
118 5.2
99** 2.9**
* a **
319
MAURITIUS

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
.. .. Satisfactory Maintain Direct support Major concern Yes
Minor concern Major concern Satisfactory Maintain Direct support Major concern Yes
Acceptable Acceptable .. Major concern .. 1 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. No intervention
Acceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1 Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
Satisfactory Lower Lower Maintain .. Maintain Yes Satisfactory Maintain Yes
320
MAURITIUS
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
892 1.5
1 016 1.0
1 129 1.3
1 288 0.7
40 5
32 7
27 8
23 11
3.2 .. .. .. 29 46
2.5 .. .. .. 44 75
2.3 42.0 9 10 49a 75a
1.8 39.0 11 10 39b 76b
61 65 63 55 .. .. .. ..
64 69 67 28 36 .. .. ..
66 73 70 20 25 .. <0.2 <0.1
69 76 72 15 17 15 13c 1.7c
437 43 1.1 2.0
498 42 1.5 0.2
553 43 0.9 1.4
631 42 1.0 0.5
10 1.1
9 0.9
18 1.6
43** 3.3**
* a **
321
MEXICO

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Major concern Major concern Satisfactory Lower Direct support Major concern Yes
Acceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1,4 Major change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Acceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Major change desired Lower Raise Maintain Raise Lower
Satisfactory Lower Lower Maintain .. Lower No Too high Lower Yes
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Raise Maintain Yes Too high Lower Yes
322
MEXICO
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
60 430 3.0
75 765 1.9
91 650 1.9
109 610 1.0
46 6
42 6
36 7
28 9
6.5 .. .. .. 23a 30a
4.3 .. .. .. 45b 53b
3.2 78.0 12 16 58 67
2.2 65.0 15 12 67c 71c
60 65 63 69 .. .. .. ..
64 71 68 47 57 .. .. ..
69 75 72 33 40 .. 130 0.3
74 79 76 17 20 60 200d 0.3d
31 63 4.0 0.9
39 69 2.6 0.2
47 73 2.2 0.7
56 78 1.5 -0.2
230 0.4
479 0.6
458 0.5
726** 0.7**
* a **
323
MICRONESIA (FEDERATED STATES OF)

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
.. ..
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable .. .. .. .. .. Satisfactory .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3 1 Major change desired .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Too high Lower Lower Lower .. .. .. Too high Lower Yes
Too high Lower Lower Lower Maintain Maintain .. Too high No intervention ..
324
MICRONESIA (FEDERATED STATES OF)
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
63 0.6
86 3.2
107 2.1
111 0.3
47 7
46 5
43 6
37 6
6.9 .. .. .. .. ..
6.0 .. .. .. .. ..
4.8 56.0 6 30 .. ..
3.6 25.0 4 24 .. ..
62 63 63 58 .. .. .. ..
65 66 65 47 61 .. .. ..
66 67 66 42 54 .. .. ..
68 69 69 34 42 .. .. ..
90 26 2.4 1.8
122 26 2.4 2.7
153 25 -1.8 1.4
158 23 1.0 0.3
5 8.0
4 4.8
3 3.1
3** 2.4**
**
325
MONACO

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
.. Minor concern Satisfactory Maintain No support Not a concern No
Acceptable .. .. .. .. 1 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Minor concern 1,2,5 1 Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain .. .. .. Satisfactory Maintain ..
326
MONACO
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
25 1.2
28 1.3
31 0.9
33 0.3
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
16 881 100 0.8 0.0
18 683 100 1.4 0.0
20 547 100 0.5 0.0
22 021 100 0.4 0.0
16 64.8
19 67.2
21 68.2
24** 71.6**
**
327
MONGOLIA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
.. .. Satisfactory Maintain Direct support Minor concern ..
Major concern Minor concern Too low Raise Direct support Major concern Yes
Unacceptable .. .. Major concern .. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Major change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Major change desired Lower Maintain Raise Maintain Lower
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Lower .. Raise No Satisfactory No intervention Yes
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Raise Maintain No Too high Maintain Yes
328
MONGOLIA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
1 447 2.8
1 909 2.8
2 270 0.5
2 671 1.2
44 5
42 5
39 6
26 6
7.3 .. .. .. .. ..
5.7 .. .. .. .. ..
3.5 16.0 2 14 41a 57a
2.0 17.0 4 16 61b 66b
53 55 54 98 .. .. .. ..
56 59 57 78 80 .. .. ..
59 63 61 68 70 .. .. ..
63 70 66 42 44 46 <1c 0.1c
1 49 4.3 1.4
1 55 4.2 1.8
1 57 0.8 0.9
2 57 1.4 0.6
5 0.3
6 0.3
7 0.3
10** 0.4**
* a **
329
MONTENEGRO

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Minor concern Major concern Too low Raise Direct support Minor concern Yes
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable Unacceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Major change desired Lower .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain .. .. Satisfactory No intervention ..
330
MONTENEGRO
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
549 1.1
576 0.0
624 1.2
624 0.0
30 11
27 11
24 14
19 18
2.4 .. .. .. .. ..
2.2 .. .. .. .. ..
1.8 25.0 7 11 30a 53a
1.6 15.0 5 12 17b 39b
68 73 71 30 .. .. .. ..
72 77 74 23 25 .. .. ..
73 79 76 14 16 .. .. ..
72 76 74 9 10 .. .. ..
40 32 4.3 -0.3
42 42 2.7 -1.9
45 53 3.8 -0.4
45 60 -0.3 0.8
.. 0.0
.. 0.0
.. ..
43** 6.8**
For the periods 1970-1975, 1980-1985, 1990-1995 and 2005-2010. For 2010. For 2000. b For 2005/2006.
* a **
331
MOROCCO

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
.. .. Too high Lower Direct support Minor concern ..
Major concern Minor concern Satisfactory Lower Direct support Minor concern Yes
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Minor concern .. 1,2 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Acceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3 Minor change desired Lower .. .. .. Lower
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention .. No intervention No Satisfactory No intervention ..
Too high Lower Maintain Lower Maintain Maintain Yes Too low Maintain Yes
332
MOROCCO
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
17 305 2.5
22 299 2.6
26 951 1.7
31 993 1.2
47 5
42 6
37 7
28 8
6.9 .. .. .. .. ..
5.4 .. .. .. 21a 26a
3.7 38.0 5 31 42 50
2.4 19.0 4 23 52b 63b
51 55 53 123 .. .. .. ..
58 62 60 88 130 .. .. ..
64 68 65 58 77 .. 5.1 <0.1
69 73 71 31 36 240 21c 0.1c
39 38 4.2 1.3
50 45 3.9 1.0
60 52 2.1 0.8
72 56 1.9 0.3
90 0.5
60 0.3
55 0.2
49** 0.2**
* a **
333
MOZAMBIQUE

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3 Major change desired Lower No intervention No intervention No intervention Lower
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention .. No intervention .. Satisfactory No intervention Yes
Satisfactory Maintain .. Maintain .. .. .. Satisfactory No intervention ..
334
MOZAMBIQUE
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
10 614 2.3
13 324 1.9
15 945 3.3
22 894 2.3
44 5
45 5
44 5
44 5
6.6 .. .. .. .. ..
6.4 .. .. .. .. ..
6.1 113.0 9 31 5a 6a
5.1 149.0 15 21 12b 17b
39 42 40 158 .. .. .. ..
41 44 43 143 249 .. .. ..
43 46 44 135 233 .. 370 4.5
47 49 48 90 153 520 1 500c 12.5c
13 9 11.1 1.8
17 17 5.1 -0.6
20 26 7.2 1.5
29 38 3.9 0.6
37 0.3
61 0.5
246 1.5
450** 1.9**
* a **
335
MYANMAR

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. .. Too high No intervention Direct support Not a concern No
Major concern Minor concern Satisfactory Maintain Direct support Major concern Yes
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. No intervention
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1 Minor change desired Lower .. .. Maintain Lower
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain No intervention .. No intervention No Satisfactory Maintain Yes
Satisfactory Lower Lower Maintain Maintain No intervention No Satisfactory Maintain Yes
336
MYANMAR
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
29 886 2.5
37 443 2.2
43 864 1.4
50 020 0.9
41 7
39 7
34 8
27 8
5.9 .. .. .. .. ..
4.6 .. .. .. .. ..
3.1 34.0 6 23 28a 33a
2.3 18.0 4 17 33b 37b
51 55 53 106 .. .. .. ..
56 60 58 86 131 .. .. ..
57 61 59 83 124 .. 230 0.8
59 63 61 75 111 380 240c 0.7c
44 24 2.4 2.3
55 24 2.2 1.7
65 26 2.6 0.9
74 33 2.8 -0.2
266 0.9
133 0.4
114 0.3
89** 0.2**
* a **
337
NAMIBIA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
.. ..
Too high Lower
Satisfactory Lower
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,3,4,5 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. Maintain
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5 Major change desired Lower No intervention Raise No intervention Lower
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory Raise Raise Lower .. Lower No Satisfactory Maintain No
338
NAMIBIA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
906 3.0
1 151 2.6
1 620 2.7
2 171 1.9
44 5
47 5
43 5
37 6
6.6 .. .. .. .. ..
6.2 .. .. .. .. ..
4.9 103.0 11 29 26a 29a
3.4 74.0 11 23 54b 55b
52 56 54 101 .. .. .. ..
57 61 59 75 104 .. .. ..
61 65 63 57 80 .. 56 6.8
60 62 61 35 52 210 200c 15.3c
1 24 3.5 2.0
1 26 5.2 3.9
2 30 4.5 2.1
3 37 2.9 0.3
55 6.1
89 7.7
118 7.3
139** 6.3**
* a **
339
NAURU

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
Acceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 2 1,2,3 Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Lower .. .. .. Satisfactory Maintain ..
340
NAURU
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
7 1.7
8 1.8
10 1.7
10 0.3
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. 23a 36a
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
336 100 1.2 0.0
389 100 2.2 0.0
475 100 0.6 0.0
486 100 0.4 0.0
3 37.3
4 44.6
4 42.5
5** 51.8**
* a
**
341
NEPAL

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Major change desired Maintain No intervention No intervention Maintain Maintain
Too high Lower Lower No intervention .. No intervention No Satisfactory No intervention No
Too high Maintain Maintain Lower Maintain Maintain No Satisfactory Raise Yes
342
NEPAL
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
13 356 2.3
16 962 2.4
21 624 2.5
29 331 1.8
42 5
43 5
42 5
37 6
6.1 .. .. .. 3a 3a
5.7 .. .. .. 14b 14b
4.9 132.0 13 17 26c 29c
2.9 101.0 17 10 44d 48d
44 44 44 156 .. .. .. ..
50 49 50 123 182 .. .. ..
56 55 55 92 131 .. 25 0.3
66 67 67 42 54 830 70e 0.5e
91 5 6.9 2.0
115 7 6.0 2.0
147 11 6.7 1.9
199 18 4.8 1.3
299 2.2
314 1.9
625 2.9
946** 3.2**
* a **
343
NETHERLANDS

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. .. Satisfactory No intervention Indirect support Major concern Yes
Major concern Major concern Satisfactory No intervention Indirect support Major concern Yes
Acceptable Acceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. Maintain
Unacceptable Unacceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Minor change desired No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention Maintain
Too high Lower .. .. .. .. .. Too low Raise ..
Too high Lower Lower No intervention .. Maintain Yes Satisfactory No intervention No
Too high Lower Maintain Raise Raise Lower Yes Satisfactory No intervention No
344
NETHERLANDS
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
13 666 0.9
14 488 0.5
15 448 0.7
16 592 0.4
25 15
19 17
18 18
18 21
2.1 .. .. .. 69 75
1.5 .. .. .. 72 76
1.6 6.0 2 15 76a 79a
1.7 4.0 1 21 65b 67b
71 77 74 12 .. .. .. ..
73 79 76 8 10 .. .. ..
74 80 77 6 8 .. 13 0.2
78 82 80 4 6 6 18c 0.2c
329 63 1.3 -0.1
349 67 1.2 -0.6
372 73 1.8 -2.5
400 82 0.7 -2.6
344 2.5
761 5.3
1 387 9.0
1 753** 10.5**
* a **
345
NEW ZEALAND

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Not a concern Minor concern Satisfactory Maintain Direct support Major concern Yes
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Minor concern .. 1,2,3,4,5 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. No intervention
Acceptable Unacceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5 Minor change desired No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
Too low Raise Raise Maintain .. Maintain Yes Too high No intervention No
Too low Raise Raise Raise Raise Raise Yes Satisfactory No intervention Yes
346
NEW ZEALAND
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
3 083 1.8
3 274 0.8
3 685 1.7
4 266 0.9
30 13
25 14
23 15
20 18
2.8 .. .. .. 62a 70a
2.0 .. .. .. .. ..
2.1 33.0 8 11 72 75
2.0 23.0 6 18 .. ..
69 75 72 16 .. .. .. ..
71 77 74 12 14 .. .. ..
73 79 76 8 9 .. 1.2 0.1
78 82 80 5 6 9 1.4b 0.1b
11 83 1.0 -0.8
12 84 1.0 0.2
14 85 1.2 0.5
16 87 1.0 -0.1
493 16.0
480 14.7
594 16.1
962** 22.4**
* a **
347
NICARAGUA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 Not permitted Minor change desired No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention .. No intervention Yes Satisfactory No intervention Yes
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain No Too high Maintain No
348
NICARAGUA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
2 798 3.1
3 710 2.6
4 659 2.4
5 743 1.3
47 4
47 5
44 5
35 6
6.8 .. .. .. .. ..
5.9 .. .. .. 23a 27a
4.5 157.0 17 18 50b 55b
2.8 113.0 20 14 69c 72c
54 57 55 98 .. .. .. ..
56 63 59 80 117 .. .. ..
64 69 66 48 62 .. 1.5 0.1
70 76 73 21 26 170 7.7d 0.2d
22 49 3.6 2.6
29 51 2.7 1.8
36 54 2.5 1.6
44 57 1.9 0.7
23 0.8
42 1.1
27 0.6
40** 0.7**
For the periods 1970-1975, 1980-1985, 1990-1995 and 2005-2010. For 2010. For 1981. b For 1992/1993. c For 2006/2007. d For 2007.
* a **
349
NIGER

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1 Minor change desired No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
350
NIGER
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
5 090 3.0
6 827 2.8
9 302 3.3
15 290 3.9
48 3
49 3
49 3
50 4
7.7 .. .. .. .. ..
8.1 .. .. .. .. ..
7.8 228.0 15 25 2a 4a
7.1 157.0 11 9 5b 11b
38 38 38 162 .. .. .. ..
40 40 40 161 308 .. .. ..
42 43 43 148 281 .. 14 0.3
50 52 51 88 172 1 800 60c 0.8c
4 11 8.3 2.5
5 15 4.5 2.7
7 16 4.1 3.5
12 17 4.2 3.3
86 1.7
116 1.7
171 1.8
202** 1.3**
* a **
351
NIGERIA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3 Major change desired Lower .. .. .. Lower
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain .. .. .. .. Satisfactory No intervention ..
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain .. Satisfactory No intervention Yes
352
NIGERIA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
63 948 2.5
85 151 2.7
110 449 2.5
154 729 2.3
44 5
46 5
45 5
43 5
6.7 .. .. .. .. ..
6.9 .. .. .. 1a 5a
6.4 153.0 12 24 11b 13b
5.3 127.0 12 22 9c 15c
40 43 41 153 .. .. .. ..
44 46 45 131 229 .. .. ..
44 45 45 133 230 .. 1 200 2.2
47 48 48 109 187 1 100 2 600c 3.1c
69 26 5.2 2.1
92 32 5.0 1.9
120 39 4.6 1.6
167 49 3.6 0.8
704 1.1
348 0.4
582 0.5
1 128** 0.7**
* a **
353
NIUE

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
.. ..
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. Too low Raise .. .. No
.. .. Too low Raise Indirect support Major concern Yes
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 2 1,2,3 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory No intervention .. .. .. .. .. Too high Lower Yes
Too low Raise Raise Raise .. .. .. Too high Lower Yes
354
NIUE
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
4 -3.8
3 -4.9
2 -1.6
1 -2.7
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
16 23 -1.0 -5.1
10 31 -2.0 -5.8
8 31 -1.3 -2.5
6 39 0.0 -2.6
0 10.3
0 17.5
0 20.6
0** 25.6**
**
355
NORWAY

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Minor concern Major concern Satisfactory Maintain Direct support Minor concern Yes
Acceptable .. .. .. .. .. Satisfactory .. .. .. .. Maintain
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Minor concern .. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Major change desired Lower No intervention No intervention Raise Lower
356
NORWAY
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
4 007 0.7
4 153 0.3
4 359 0.5
4 812 0.9
24 19
20 21
19 20
19 21
2.2 .. .. .. 65a 71a
1.7 .. .. .. 69b 74b
1.9 13.0 3 13 78c 87c
1.9 9.0 2 16 82d 88d
71 78 74 12 .. .. .. ..
73 80 76 8 10 .. .. ..
74 80 77 6 7 .. 1.7 0.1
78 83 81 3 5 7 3e 0.1e
10 68 1.2 -1.0
11 71 0.6 -0.1
11 74 0.9 -0.5
12 78 0.7 0.2
99 2.5
148 3.6
237 5.4
485** 10.0**
For the periods 1970-1975, 1980-1985, 1990-1995 and 2005-2010. For 2010. For 1977. b For 1988/1989. c For 1998. d For 2005. e For 2007.
* a **
357
OMAN

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
Major concern Not a concern Satisfactory Lower Direct support Minor concern No
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1,5 Satisfactory Lower Raise No intervention No intervention No intervention
Satisfactory Maintain No intervention Lower Maintain Raise No Satisfactory No intervention No
358
OMAN
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
917 4.1
1 527 5.0
2 172 3.3
2 845 2.1
47 4
45 3
40 3
31 5
7.2 .. .. .. .. ..
7.2 .. .. .. 8a 9a
6.3 77.0 6 30 18 24
3.1 10.0 2 26 .. ..
51 53 52 110 .. .. .. ..
61 64 63 58 78 .. .. ..
70 73 71 24 28 .. .. ..
74 77 76 12 14 64 .. ..
3 38 9.6 1.9
5 57 7.4 -0.3
7 72 2.5 2.6
9 72 2.2 1.8
75 8.2
282 18.5
582 26.8
826** 28.4**
* a
**
For the periods 1970-1975, 1980-1985, 1990-1995 and 2005-2010. For 2010. For 1988/1989.
359
PAKISTAN

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Acceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,3 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3 Major change desired Lower No intervention Raise Maintain Lower
Too high Lower .. .. .. .. .. Satisfactory Raise ..
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention .. No intervention No Too low Raise Yes
Too high Lower Lower Maintain Maintain Lower No Satisfactory Raise Yes
360
PAKISTAN
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
71 238 2.9
98 309 3.5
130 397 2.4
180 808 2.2
43 7
43 6
43 6
37 6
7.0 .. .. .. 4 5
6.6 .. .. .. 6 8
5.7 73.0 6 25 13 18
4.0 46.0 6 20 22a 30a
55 55 55 113 .. .. .. ..
58 58 58 98 148 .. .. ..
61 62 61 85 125 .. 16 <0.1
66 67 66 64 89 320 96b 0.1b
89 26 4.1 2.3
123 29 4.5 3.4
164 32 3.3 2.1
227 37 3.2 1.1
4 574 6.4
6 288 6.4
4 077 3.1
4 234** 2.3**
* a **
361
PALAU

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
.. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. Satisfactory No intervention .. .. No
.. Minor concern Too low No intervention Indirect support Minor concern No
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable .. .. .. .. 1 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable Unacceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Too high No intervention .. .. .. .. .. Too high No intervention Yes
Too high No intervention .. Lower .. .. .. Too high Lower Yes
362
PALAU
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
12 1.3
14 2.2
17 2.7
20 0.4
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. 30a 33a
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
26 61 0.9 -0.3
30 67 3.1 -0.6
37 71 2.4 3.7
45 82 1.5 -5.0
1 4.2
1 9.6
5 27.3
6** 28.1**
* a
**
363
PANAMA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Acceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1,4,5 Major change desired .. .. .. .. No intervention
Acceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1,2,4 Minor change desired Lower .. .. Raise Lower
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain No intervention .. No intervention Yes Satisfactory No intervention No
Satisfactory Lower Lower Lower Maintain Lower .. Too high No intervention Yes
364
PANAMA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
1 724 2.7
2 177 2.2
2 673 2.0
3 454 1.6
43 7
38 7
33 8
29 10
4.9 .. .. .. 46a 54a
3.5 .. .. .. 54b 58b
2.9 91.0 16 12 .. ..
2.6 83.0 16 10 .. ..
65 68 66 44 .. .. .. ..
68 73 71 32 43 .. .. ..
70 76 72 27 34 .. 12 0.8
73 78 76 18 24 130 20c 1.0c
23 49 3.1 2.0
29 52 2.7 1.4
35 60 4.0 -1.0
46 74 2.5 -1.3
53 3.1
54 2.5
73 2.7
121** 3.4**
* a **
365
PAPUA NEW GUINEA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Unacceptable .. .. .. .. 1,2,3 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory Maintain No intervention Maintain Raise Maintain Yes Satisfactory No intervention Yes
366
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
2 866 2.3
3 637 2.6
4 709 2.6
6 732 2.4
44 4
43 4
41 4
40 4
6.1 .. .. .. .. ..
5.5 .. .. .. .. ..
4.7 82.0 9 25 20a 26a
4.1 55.0 7 17 .. ..
44 46 45 112 .. .. .. ..
51 55 52 79 112 .. .. ..
53 59 55 69 99 .. 1.7 0.1
59 63 61 51 69 470 54b 1.5b
6 12 4.0 1.9
8 14 3.9 2.3
10 14 1.4 2.9
15 12 2.1 1.8
44 1.5
40 1.1
31 0.7
25** 0.4**
* a **
367
PARAGUAY

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. .. Satisfactory No intervention Direct support Major concern No
Minor concern Major concern Too high No intervention Direct support Major concern Yes
Acceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. No intervention
Acceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1 Minor change desired Lower .. .. .. Lower
Too low Raise .. .. .. .. .. Satisfactory Lower ..
Too low Raise .. .. .. .. Yes Satisfactory No intervention Yes
368
PARAGUAY
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
2 805 2.4
3 704 2.9
4 802 2.4
6 349 1.8
44 6
42 6
40 6
34 7
5.4 .. .. .. 23a 29a
5.2 .. .. .. 29b 45b
4.3 92.0 11 22 41 56
3.1 72.0 12 19 70c 79c
64 68 66 53 .. .. .. ..
65 69 67 49 65 .. .. ..
66 71 69 43 55 .. 3.1 0.1
70 74 72 32 38 150 21d 0.6d
7 39 3.9 1.6
9 45 4.5 1.5
12 52 3.5 0.9
16 61 2.7 0.2
101 3.6
174 4.7
183 3.8
161** 2.5**
* a **
369
PERU

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Satisfactory Lower
Unacceptable .. .. Minor concern .. 1,2 Major change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3 Minor change desired Lower .. .. Raise Lower
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention .. No intervention Yes Too high No intervention Yes
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain No Satisfactory No intervention Yes
370
PERU
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
15 164 2.8
19 525 2.4
23 943 1.9
29 165 1.2
43 6
40 6
36 7
30 9
6.0 .. .. .. 11a 31a
4.7 .. .. .. 23b 46b
3.6 70.0 10 22 41c 64c
2.6 55.0 11 21 47d 71d
54 57 56 110 .. .. .. ..
59 64 62 82 117 .. .. ..
64 69 67 48 77 .. 30 0.2
71 76 73 21 33 240 76e 0.5e
12 61 3.8 1.1
15 67 2.9 1.0
19 70 1.7 1.3
23 72 1.4 0.7
67 0.4
62 0.3
51 0.2
38** 0.1**
* a **
371
PHILIPPINES

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Satisfactory Lower
Acceptable Acceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1 Minor change desired Lower No intervention No intervention No intervention Lower
Satisfactory Lower Lower No intervention .. No intervention No Satisfactory No intervention No
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Raise Lower Raise Yes Satisfactory Maintain Yes
372
PHILIPPINES
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
42 038 2.8
55 032 2.7
69 965 2.3
91 983 1.8
44 5
42 5
39 5
34 7
6.0 .. .. .. 11a 18a
5.0 .. .. .. 21b 46b
4.1 51.0 6 22 26 51
3.1 45.0 7 19 36c 51c
56 60 58 80 .. .. .. ..
60 64 62 61 83 .. .. ..
65 69 67 43 54 .. .. ..
70 74 72 23 27 230 8.3d ..
140 36 3.8 2.2
183 43 5.0 0.4
233 54 3.9 0.1
307 66 2.9 -0.2
162 0.4
146 0.3
210 0.3
435** 0.5**
* a **
373
POLAND

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
.. .. Satisfactory No intervention Direct support Minor concern No
Major concern Major concern Too low Raise No support Major concern No
Acceptable .. .. .. .. .. Minor change desired .. .. .. .. Raise
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,4,5 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Acceptable Unacceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5 Satisfactory Raise Maintain Maintain Raise Raise
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain .. No intervention Yes Too high No intervention No
Satisfactory Raise Maintain Raise Raise No intervention Yes Too high Lower No
374
POLAND
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
34 015 0.8
37 202 0.9
38 595 0.3
38 074 -0.1
24 14
26 14
23 16
15 19
2.3 .. .. .. 26a 75a
2.3 .. .. .. .. ..
1.9 25.0 7 9 28b 73b
1.3 14.0 6 11 .. ..
67 74 70 27 .. .. .. ..
67 75 71 20 21 .. .. ..
67 76 72 15 16 .. 4.1 ..
71 80 76 7 8 8 20c 0.1c
105 55 2.0 -0.6
115 60 1.3 -0.3
119 61 0.1 -0.1
118 61 -0.2 -0.1
1 808 5.3
1 320 3.5
964 2.5
827** 2.2**
* a **
375
PORTUGAL

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
.. .. Too low No intervention Direct support Major concern Yes
Not a concern Major concern Too low Raise Direct support Major concern Yes
Acceptable Acceptable .. Minor concern .. 1,2,3,4,5 Major change desired .. .. .. .. No intervention
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Minor change desired Lower Maintain No intervention No intervention Lower
Satisfactory Maintain .. .. .. .. .. Too low Raise No
Satisfactory Lower Lower Maintain .. Maintain Yes Satisfactory No intervention No
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain Yes Satisfactory Maintain No
376
PORTUGAL
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
9 093 0.9
10 029 0.5
10 038 0.1
10 707 0.3
28 15
24 17
18 20
15 23
2.7 .. .. .. 33a 66a
2.0 .. .. .. .. ..
1.5 22.0 7 10 .. ..
1.4 16.0 6 17 63b 67b
65 71 68 45 .. .. .. ..
69 76 72 20 24 .. .. ..
71 78 75 9 12 .. 21 0.4
75 82 79 4 5 11 34c 0.5c
99 41 2.5 0.8
109 45 1.2 -0.9
109 51 1.6 -1.1
116 60 1.3 -1.3
164 1.8
346 3.5
528 5.3
919** 8.6**
For the periods 1970-1975, 1980-1985, 1990-1995 and 2005-2010. For 2010. For 1979/1980. b For 2005/2006. c For 2007.
* a **
377
QATAR

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
Minor concern Major concern Satisfactory Raise Direct support Not a concern No
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3 1 Satisfactory Lower No intervention Maintain Lower Lower
Too high Lower No intervention Lower Maintain Maintain Yes Satisfactory No intervention No
378
QATAR
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
171 8.6
361 9.0
526 2.4
1 409 10.7
33 3
28 2
27 2
16 2
6.8 .. .. .. .. ..
5.5 .. .. .. 29a 32a
4.1 28.0 3 19 32b 43b
2.4 16.0 3 21 .. ..
61 64 62 57 .. .. .. ..
65 70 67 33 38 .. .. ..
68 73 70 17 20 .. .. ..
75 77 76 8 10 12 .. ..
16 89 5.8 5.0
33 90 7.0 4.2
48 94 2.8 -3.1
128 96 1.8 -0.1
119 69.6
282 78.2
406 77.2
1 305** 86.5**
* a **
379
REPUBLIC OF KOREA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too low Raise
Minor concern Major concern Too low Raise Direct support Major concern Yes
Unacceptable .. .. Major concern .. 1,2,3,4,5 Major change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Acceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5 Major change desired .. .. .. Maintain Lower
Satisfactory Lower Lower Lower .. Lower Yes Too low Raise No
Satisfactory Raise Raise Maintain Raise Maintain Yes Too high No intervention Yes
380
REPUBLIC OF KOREA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
34 721 2.0
40 505 1.6
44 651 0.8
48 333 0.4
38 6
30 7
23 9
17 15
4.3 .. .. .. 27a 35a
2.2 .. .. .. 59 70
1.7 4.0 1 4 70b 81b
1.2 5.0 2 22 .. 80c
58 64 61 58 .. .. .. ..
63 71 67 27 34 .. .. ..
69 77 73 9 12 .. 1.7 ..
76 83 79 4 6 14 13d <0.1d
349 48 5.2 -1.6
407 65 3.8 -4.2
449 78 1.4 -1.1
486 82 0.6 -1.0
305 0.9
560 1.4
584 1.3
535** 1.1**
* a **
381
REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
.. ..
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. Minor concern Too low Raise Direct support Not a concern Yes
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Lower .. Maintain .. Too high No intervention Yes
382
REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
3 839 1.3
4 215 1.0
4 339 -0.1
3 604 -1.0
29 11
27 12
27 13
17 16
2.6 .. .. .. .. ..
2.6 .. .. .. .. ..
2.1 72.0 17 6 50a 74a
1.5 34.0 11 7 43b 68b
62 69 65 46 .. .. .. ..
62 68 65 35 43 .. .. ..
64 71 67 29 36 .. <0.1 ..
65 72 68 18 23 22 8.9c 0.4c
113 36 3.3 -0.4
125 44 2.7 -0.4
128 46 -0.9 -0.6
106 41 -1.1 -0.3
.. 0.0
.. 0.0
473 10.9
408** 11.4**
* a **
383
ROMANIA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Satisfactory Raise
Too low Raise
.. .. Too low Raise Direct support Not a concern Yes
Minor concern Major concern Too low Raise Direct support Minor concern Yes
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. No intervention
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Minor change desired Lower .. .. .. No intervention
Satisfactory Lower Lower Lower .. Lower No Too high No intervention Yes
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain No intervention Maintain Yes Satisfactory Maintain Yes
384
ROMANIA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
21 245 1.0
22 725 0.5
22 681 -0.5
21 275 -0.4
25 14
25 14
20 17
15 20
2.6 .. .. .. 5a 58a
2.3 .. .. .. .. ..
1.5 47.0 16 5 30b 64b
1.3 31.0 12 9 38c 70c
67 71 69 40 .. .. .. ..
67 73 70 26 32 .. .. ..
66 73 69 23 28 .. 10 0.1
69 76 73 15 18 24 15d 0.1d
89 43 2.1 0.1
95 50 2.0 -0.9
95 54 -0.7 -0.3
89 54 0.0 -1.0
239 1.1
170 0.7
135 0.6
133** 0.6**
* a **
385
RUSSIAN FEDERATION

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
.. ..
Too low Raise
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. Too low No intervention Direct support Minor concern Yes
Major concern Major concern Too low Raise Indirect support Major concern No
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Minor concern .. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Major change desired .. .. .. .. No intervention
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Major change desired Lower Raise Raise .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Too high Lower Lower Maintain .. No intervention Yes Too high Lower Yes
Too high Lower Lower Lower Raise No intervention Yes Too high No intervention Yes
386
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
134 233 0.6
143 541 0.7
148 497 0.1
140 874 -0.4
23 14
23 14
21 17
15 18
2.0 .. .. .. .. ..
2.0 .. .. .. .. ..
1.5 52.0 17 5 48 63
1.4 25.0 9 8 .. ..
63 74 69 28 .. .. .. ..
61 73 67 26 31 .. .. ..
60 73 66 22 26 .. 3.7 ..
60 73 66 12 16 28 940a 1.1a
8 67 1.5 -1.3
8 72 1.3 -0.7
9 73 -0.1 -0.1
8 73 -0.5 -0.6
.. 0.0
.. 0.0
11 707 7.9
12 270** 8.7**
* a
**
387
RWANDA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2 Major change desired .. .. .. .. No intervention
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3 Major change desired Lower Raise No intervention Raise Lower
Satisfactory Maintain .. .. .. .. .. Too low Maintain ..
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Raise Raise Yes Satisfactory Maintain Yes
388
RWANDA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
4 410 3.1
6 111 3.2
5 440 -5.5
9 998 2.7
48 4
48 4
49 4
42 4
8.2 .. .. .. .. ..
8.3 .. .. .. 1a 10a
6.2 67.0 5 35 7b 14b
5.4 37.0 3 29 26c 36c
43 46 45 134 .. .. .. ..
44 48 46 124 199 .. .. ..
22 26 24 132 224 .. 240 7.0
48 52 50 100 155 1 300 150d 2.8d
167 4 7.7 3.0
232 5 6.2 4.7
207 8 14.3 2.9
380 19 4.4 2.5
47 1.1
81 1.3
337 6.2
465** 4.5**
* a **
389
SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Minor concern Minor concern Satisfactory No intervention Direct support Minor concern Yes
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable .. .. .. .. 1,2,3 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1,2,3,4 Minor change desired .. .. .. Raise Lower
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain .. .. Too high No intervention Yes
390
SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
44 -0.3
42 -0.5
43 1.1
52 1.3
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. 37a 41a
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
170 35 0.2 -0.6
161 35 -1.2 -0.6
165 34 0.8 1.6
198 32 1.6 1.1
3 6.0
3 6.9
4 8.4
5** 9.6**
* a
**
391
SAINT LUCIA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Satisfactory Lower
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,3 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. No intervention
Acceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1,2,3,4 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain .. Too high No intervention ..
392
SAINT LUCIA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
110 1.0
127 1.4
147 1.2
172 1.0
47 7
41 8
35 10
26 9
5.7 .. .. .. .. ..
4.2 .. .. .. 46a 47a
3.2 91.0 14 22 .. ..
2.0 62.0 15 17 .. ..
62 68 65 39 .. .. .. ..
67 74 71 23 31 .. .. ..
69 74 71 17 22 .. .. ..
72 76 74 13 16 .. .. ..
204 25 2.4 1.0
235 28 2.7 1.3
273 30 0.9 0.9
319 28 1.5 0.9
3 2.9
4 3.4
6 4.3
10** 5.9**
* a
**
393
SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Major concern Minor concern Satisfactory Maintain Direct support Major concern Yes
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,3,4,5 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. No intervention
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1,2,3,4,5,6 Minor change desired Lower .. .. .. Lower
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain No intervention .. Satisfactory No intervention ..
394
SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
96 1.1
104 0.8
108 0.1
109 0.1
47 8
40 8
34 9
27 9
5.5 .. .. .. .. ..
3.6 .. .. .. 56a 58a
2.9 88.0 15 15 .. ..
2.1 59.0 14 12 .. ..
60 63 62 64 .. .. .. ..
65 69 67 42 53 .. .. ..
67 72 70 30 36 .. .. ..
69 74 72 23 28 .. .. ..
246 27 1.1 1.0
269 34 4.9 -1.2
279 43 1.2 0.1
281 47 1.3 -0.3
2 2.3
3 2.8
5 5.1
9** 7.9**
* a
**
395
SAMOA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Unacceptable .. .. .. .. 1,2,3 Major change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable Unacceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1,2,3 Major change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain .. Satisfactory Maintain ..
396
SAMOA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
150 1.1
157 0.2
168 0.8
179 0.0
45 3
40 4
39 6
39 7
5.7 .. .. .. .. ..
4.9 .. .. .. .. ..
4.7 32.0 3 31 23a 25a
4.0 28.0 3 23 .. ..
53 60 56 69 .. .. .. ..
58 65 61 52 66 .. .. ..
63 70 66 36 45 .. .. ..
69 75 72 22 27 .. .. ..
53 21 1.1 0.7
55 21 0.4 0.4
59 21 1.4 1.0
63 23 1.8 0.5
4 2.5
2 1.5
5 2.7
9** 5.0**
* a
**
397
SAN MARINO

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Not a concern Minor concern Satisfactory No intervention No support Not a concern No
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. No intervention
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention Yes Satisfactory No intervention No
398
SAN MARINO
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
20 0.6
23 1.3
26 1.2
31 0.8
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
324 71 4.1 -6.3
374 88 2.4 -8.7
421 92 1.3 -4.0
514 94 0.6 -0.4
8 41.1
9 37.4
9 34.9
12** 37.0**
**
399
SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. .. Too high No intervention Direct support Not a concern ..
Major concern .. Too high No intervention Direct support Minor concern Yes
Acceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. No intervention
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1 Minor change desired Lower .. .. .. ..
400
SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
82 2.2
104 1.8
128 1.9
163 1.6
47 6
47 7
45 7
41 5
6.5 .. .. .. .. ..
6.2 .. .. .. .. ..
5.2 108.0 11 18 27a 29a
3.9 66.0 9 15 .. ..
55 58 56 75 .. .. .. ..
59 62 60 74 98 .. .. ..
61 64 63 83 114 .. .. ..
64 67 66 72 95 .. .. ..
85 32 3.9 2.3
108 38 5.0 0.3
133 49 3.8 0.0
169 61 2.9 -0.5
7 8.4
6 6.0
6 4.4
5** 3.2**
* a
**
401
SAUDI ARABIA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
Minor concern Minor concern Satisfactory No intervention No support Not a concern No
Unacceptable .. .. .. .. 1,2 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4 1,2,3 Minor change desired Lower No intervention Raise Raise Lower
Too high Lower No intervention Lower Maintain Maintain Yes Satisfactory Lower Yes
402
SAUDI ARABIA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
7 251 4.7
12 867 5.8
18 255 2.3
25 721 2.1
44 5
42 4
42 4
32 4
7.3 .. .. .. .. ..
7.0 .. .. .. .. ..
5.4 47.0 4 34 29a 32a
3.2 26.0 4 29 .. 24b
52 56 54 105 .. .. .. ..
62 65 63 56 75 .. .. ..
67 71 69 32 39 .. .. ..
71 75 73 19 22 18 .. ..
3 58 7.9 1.5
6 73 7.1 0.7
8 79 2.7 1.3
12 82 2.4 0.9
929 12.8
3 401 26.4
4 611 25.3
7 289** 27.8**
* a **
403
SENEGAL

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1 Major change desired Lower .. .. Raise Lower
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention .. No intervention Yes Satisfactory No intervention Yes
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention .. Satisfactory Maintain Yes
404
SENEGAL
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
4 888 3.2
6 514 2.9
8 660 2.8
12 534 2.6
45 4
47 4
46 4
44 4
7.5 .. .. .. 1a 4a
7.3 .. .. .. 2b 11b
6.5 129.0 10 29 8c 13c
5.0 104.0 10 24 10d 12d
43 45 44 108 .. .. .. ..
48 50 49 88 196 .. .. ..
51 54 53 72 149 .. 7.1 0.2
54 57 55 58 120 980 67e 1.0e
25 34 4.8 1.8
33 38 4.0 2.4
44 40 3.1 2.4
64 43 3.1 1.8
155 3.2
170 2.6
291 3.4
210** 1.6**
* a **
405
SERBIA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
Too low Raise
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Major change desired Lower No intervention Raise No intervention Maintain
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Lower Raise Yes Too high Lower Yes
406
SERBIA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
8 536 0.9
9 272 0.7
10 204 1.3
9 850 0.0
24 13
24 14
22 18
18 19
2.4 .. .. .. .. ..
2.3 .. .. .. .. ..
2.0 37.0 9 7 32a 59a
1.6 22.0 7 10 19b 41b
67 71 69 47 .. .. .. ..
68 73 70 34 39 .. .. ..
69 74 72 17 20 .. 3.1 0.1
72 76 74 12 14 .. 6.4c 0.1c
97 43 2.3 -0.1
105 48 1.4 -0.3
115 51 0.5 0.3
111 52 0.6 -0.3
.. 0.0
.. 0.0
874 8.1
525** 5.3**
* a **
407
SEYCHELLES

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Major concern Minor concern Satisfactory No intervention Direct support Major concern Yes
Acceptable .. .. .. .. 1,2,3,4,5 Major change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1,2,3,4,5 Minor change desired No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain .. Maintain .. Satisfactory Maintain ..
408
SEYCHELLES
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
61 2.9
67 0.3
76 1.0
84 0.5
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
133 46 5.6 -0.5
147 49 1.0 1.1
166 50 1.7 0.9
185 55 1.3 -0.9
3 4.8
3 5.1
4 5.6
11** 12.8**
**
409
SIERRA LEONE

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. .. Too high Lower Indirect support Major concern Yes
Minor concern .. Too high Lower Direct support Major concern Yes
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,3 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. No intervention
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1,2,3 Major change desired Lower .. .. Raise Lower
Satisfactory Lower No intervention .. .. .. No Satisfactory No intervention No
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention .. Satisfactory No intervention Yes
410
SIERRA LEONE
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
2 931 1.9
3 631 2.2
3 989 -0.5
5 696 2.7
40 6
42 5
42 4
43 4
5.8 .. .. .. .. ..
5.7 .. .. .. .. ..
5.5 156.0 14 24 2a 3a
5.2 126.0 12 28 6b 8b
36 39 37 195 .. .. .. ..
41 44 42 154 261 .. .. ..
37 40 38 160 271 .. 21 1.0
46 49 47 104 148 2 100 55c 1.7c
41 27 3.5 1.2
51 32 4.0 2.3
56 34 1.5 0.3
79 38 2.8 1.3
94 3.2
92 2.5
101 2.5
107** 1.8**
* a **
411
SINGAPORE

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
.. .. Too low Raise Direct support Minor concern Yes
Acceptable Acceptable .. Minor concern .. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. No intervention
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
Satisfactory Raise Raise No intervention .. No intervention No Satisfactory No intervention No
Too low Raise Raise Maintain Raise Maintain Yes Too high Lower Yes
412
SINGAPORE
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
2 263 1.7
2 709 2.3
3 480 2.9
4 737 2.5
33 7
24 8
22 9
16 15
2.6 .. .. .. 53a 60a
1.7 .. .. .. 51b 67b
1.8 8.0 2 15 53c 62c
1.3 5.0 2 17 .. ..
67 72 70 19 .. .. .. ..
69 75 72 8 10 .. .. ..
74 78 76 6 7 .. <1 ..
78 83 80 3 4 14 4.2d 0.2d
3 313 100 1.3 0.0
3 966 100 2.1 0.0
5 095 100 3.1 0.0
6 935 100 1.1 0.0
529 23.4
619 22.9
992 28.5
1 967** 40.7**
* a **
413
SLOVAKIA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
.. ..
Too low Raise
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Minor concern Major concern Too low Raise No support Not a concern No
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Major change desired No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory Lower Lower Lower .. Lower Yes Satisfactory No intervention No
414
SLOVAKIA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
4 735 0.9
5 140 0.6
5 352 0.4
5 406 0.1
26 14
27 14
23 15
15 17
2.5 .. .. .. .. ..
2.3 .. .. .. .. ..
1.9 38.0 10 6 66a 80a
1.3 21.0 8 10 .. ..
67 73 70 24 .. .. .. ..
67 75 71 18 20 .. .. ..
68 76 72 12 14 .. .. ..
71 79 75 7 8 6 <0.5b <0.1b
97 46 3.3 -1.0
105 54 1.4 -0.5
109 57 0.1 0.3
110 57 0.3 -0.4
.. 0.0
.. 0.0
114 2.1
131** 2.4**
* a **
415
SLOVENIA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
.. ..
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. Too low Raise Direct support .. No
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable .. .. .. .. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable Acceptable Unacceptable Minor concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Minor change desired Lower .. .. .. Lower
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory Lower .. .. .. .. .. Satisfactory No intervention Yes
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Lower Maintain Maintain Yes Satisfactory No intervention Yes
416
SLOVENIA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
1 742 0.8
1 883 0.6
1 966 0.4
2 020 0.2
24 15
22 15
18 18
14 22
2.2 .. .. .. .. ..
1.9 .. .. .. .. ..
1.4 18.0 7 7 63 79
1.4 5.0 2 13 .. ..
66 74 70 22 .. .. .. ..
67 75 71 13 16 .. .. ..
70 78 74 8 9 .. .. ..
75 82 78 4 5 6 <0.5a <0.1a
86 42 3.7 -0.9
93 50 0.8 0.1
97 51 0.3 0.2
100 48 -0.5 0.4
.. 0.0
.. 0.0
200 10.2
164** 8.1**
* a
**
417
SOLOMON ISLANDS

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Major concern Minor concern Too high Lower Indirect support Minor concern Yes
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1 Minor change desired Lower .. .. .. Lower
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory Maintain .. Maintain Maintain .. .. Satisfactory Maintain ..
418
SOLOMON ISLANDS
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
193 3.6
272 3.4
362 2.9
523 2.5
48 5
47 5
44 5
39 5
7.2 .. .. .. .. ..
6.4 .. .. .. .. ..
5.5 77.0 7 24 .. ..
3.9 42.0 5 17 .. ..
55 56 56 91 .. .. .. ..
58 60 59 76 105 .. .. ..
58 59 58 78 109 .. .. ..
65 67 66 44 57 220 .. ..
7 9 5.1 3.3
9 12 6.2 2.6
13 15 4.2 2.6
18 18 4.1 1.8
4 2.2
4 1.6
5 1.5
7** 1.3**
**
419
SOMALIA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2 1 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. ..
420
SOMALIA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
4 116 2.7
6 361 -0.2
6 521 -0.2
9 133 2.3
46 5
45 5
43 4
45 4
7.1 .. .. .. .. ..
6.7 .. .. .. .. ..
6.5 71.0 5 30 1a 8a
6.4 70.0 5 28 1b 15b
39 43 41 155 .. .. .. ..
42 46 44 138 230 .. .. ..
42 45 43 141 236 .. 5.4 0.2
48 51 50 110 180 1 400 24c 0.5c
6 25 10.4 9.1
10 28 1.3 0.0
10 31 2.1 0.4
14 37 4.2 2.1
14 0.3
775 12.2
19 0.3
23** 0.2**
* a **
421
SOUTH AFRICA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Major concern Major concern Satisfactory Maintain Direct support Major concern Yes
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Major change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Major change desired Lower No intervention Raise Maintain Lower
Too high Lower Lower Maintain Raise Maintain Yes Too high Lower Yes
422
SOUTH AFRICA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
25 698 2.7
32 959 2.5
41 375 2.4
50 110 1.0
42 5
40 5
36 5
31 7
5.5 .. .. .. 35a 37a
4.6 .. .. .. 48b 50b
3.3 91.0 14 21 55c 56c
2.6 59.0 12 17 60d 60d
51 57 54 77 .. .. .. ..
55 62 58 61 85 .. .. ..
58 65 61 50 68 .. 1 500 6.2
50 53 52 49 72 400 5 700e 18.1e
21 48 2.6 2.4
27 49 3.2 1.1
34 54 3.0 1.1
41 61 1.2 -0.8
962 3.7
1 808 5.5
1 098 2.7
1 863** 3.7**
* a **
423
SPAIN

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Acceptable .. .. .. .. 1,2,3,4,5 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5 Minor change desired No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
Satisfactory Lower .. .. .. .. .. Too high Lower ..
Satisfactory Lower .. .. .. .. Yes Satisfactory Lower Yes
Satisfactory Maintain Lower Maintain Raise Maintain Yes Too high Lower Yes
424
SPAIN
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
35 688 1.1
38 425 0.5
39 391 0.3
44 904 1.0
27 15
23 17
17 21
15 22
2.9 .. .. .. 20a 51a
1.9 .. .. .. 38 59
1.3 10.0 4 14 66b 72b
1.4 12.0 4 24 62c 66c
70 76 73 21 .. .. .. ..
73 79 76 11 13 .. .. ..
74 81 77 7 8 .. 110 0.5
78 84 81 4 5 4 140d 0.5d
71 70 2.1 -1.1
76 74 0.6 -0.6
78 76 0.3 -0.1
89 77 0.7 -0.1
466 1.3
717 1.9
1 041 2.6
6 378** 14.1**
* a **
425
SRI LANKA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Not a concern Minor concern Satisfactory Maintain Direct support Minor concern Yes
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Minor concern 1,2,3,5 1 Minor change desired Raise .. .. Maintain Raise
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain .. Maintain Yes Satisfactory No intervention Yes
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain .. Maintain .. .. Satisfactory Maintain Yes
426
SRI LANKA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
13 790 1.9
16 168 1.4
18 233 1.1
20 238 0.9
37 6
34 8
29 9
24 12
4.0 .. .. .. 20 43
3.2 .. .. .. 41a 62a
2.5 31.0 6 19 44b 66b
2.3 30.0 6 16 53c 68c
62 66 64 55 .. .. .. ..
66 72 69 33 43 .. .. ..
67 73 70 23 28 .. 1.9 ..
70 78 74 16 20 58 3.8d ..
210 19 1.2 2.1
246 18 0.5 1.5
278 16 -0.1 1.0
308 15 0.7 0.4
886 6.4
495 3.1
426 2.3
340** 1.7**
* a **
427
SUDAN

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
.. Minor concern Too high Lower Direct support Not a concern No
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1,4 Major change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory Raise Raise Raise .. Raise No Too high Lower Yes
Satisfactory Maintain .. Maintain .. .. .. Too high Lower ..
428
SUDAN
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
17 493 3.0
24 052 3.2
30 841 2.6
42 272 2.2
45 5
45 5
43 5
39 6
6.6 .. .. .. 4a 5a
6.3 .. .. .. 6b 9b
5.8 97.0 8 28 5c 7c
4.2 57.0 7 23 6d 8d
46 49 47 121 .. .. .. ..
49 52 50 106 174 .. .. ..
52 55 53 91 153 .. 210 1.3
56 60 58 69 111 450 320e 1.4e
7 19 4.1 2.8
10 22 6.1 1.5
12 31 5.6 1.2
17 44 4.1 0.6
322 1.8
1 408 5.9
1 111 3.6
753** 1.7**
For the periods 1970-1975, 1980-1985, 1990-1995 and 2005-2010. For 2010. For 1979. b For 1989/1990. c For 1999. d For 2006. e For 2007.
* a **
429
SURINAME

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. .. Satisfactory No intervention Direct support Major concern No
Not a concern Minor concern Satisfactory Maintain Indirect support Major concern Yes
Acceptable .. .. Major concern .. 1 Major change desired .. .. .. .. No intervention
Acceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1 Major change desired Lower Raise Maintain No intervention Lower
Too high Lower No intervention Lower .. Maintain No Too high Lower Yes
Too low Raise Raise No intervention Raise No intervention Yes Too high Lower No
430
SURINAME
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
364 -0.4
376 0.6
436 1.4
520 1.0
48 6
36 7
32 8
29 9
5.3 .. .. .. .. ..
3.7 .. .. .. .. ..
2.6 50.0 10 13 47a 48a
2.4 39.0 8 12 41b 42b
62 67 64 49 .. .. .. ..
64 70 66 42 58 .. .. ..
64 71 68 34 47 .. 1 0.4
65 73 69 22 31 72 6.8c 2.4c
2 49 1.4 -3.1
2 64 3.9 -3.5
3 70 1.4 -0.4
3 75 1.0 -0.9
14 3.8
15 3.9
22 5.1
39** 7.5**
* a **
431
SWAZILAND

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Minor concern Minor concern Too high Lower Direct support Minor concern Yes
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1,2,3,5 Major change desired Lower Raise .. Lower Lower
432
SWAZILAND
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
517 3.0
706 3.1
969 2.3
1 185 1.3
48 4
49 4
48 4
39 5
6.9 .. .. .. .. ..
6.5 .. .. .. 17a 20a
5.3 125.0 12 23 .. ..
3.6 84.0 12 19 47b 51b
48 51 50 124 .. .. .. ..
54 58 56 90 127 .. .. ..
58 63 61 67 96 .. 58 11.9
46 45 46 66 102 390 190c 26.1c
30 14 10.2 1.9
41 22 7.7 2.7
56 23 2.2 2.0
68 25 1.8 0.1
28 5.4
41 5.8
35 3.6
40** 3.4**
* a **
433
SWEDEN

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Major concern Major concern Satisfactory No intervention Direct support Minor concern Yes
Acceptable Acceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. No intervention
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
Satisfactory Lower Lower Maintain .. Maintain Yes Satisfactory No intervention No
Too low Raise Raise Raise Raise Maintain Yes Satisfactory No intervention No
434
SWEDEN
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
8 193 0.4
8 350 0.1
8 827 0.6
9 249 0.5
21 21
18 24
19 22
17 25
1.9 .. .. .. .. ..
1.6 .. .. .. 72a 78a
2.0 12.0 3 15 65b 75b
1.9 8.0 2 18 .. ..
72 78 75 10 .. .. .. ..
73 79 76 7 9 .. .. ..
75 81 78 5 7 .. 4.5 0.1
79 83 81 3 4 3 6.2c 0.1c
18 83 0.4 -0.1
19 83 0.3 0.3
20 84 0.3 -0.3
21 85 0.5 -0.1
578 7.1
654 7.8
906 10.3
1 306** 14.1**
* a **
435
SWITZERLAND

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. .. Too low No intervention No support Not a concern No
Major concern Major concern Satisfactory No intervention No support Not a concern No
Acceptable Acceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,3 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. Raise
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Minor concern 1,2,3 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
Too high Lower Lower Lower .. Maintain Yes Satisfactory No intervention No
436
SWITZERLAND
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
6 338 0.5
6 470 0.5
7 038 0.9
7 568 0.4
22 17
18 19
18 20
15 23
1.8 .. .. .. .. ..
1.5 .. .. .. 65a 71a
1.5 6.0 2 14 78 82
1.5 6.0 2 20 .. ..
71 77 74 13 .. .. .. ..
73 80 76 8 9 .. .. ..
75 81 78 6 7 .. 20 0.5
79 84 82 4 5 5 25b 0.6b
154 57 -0.1 0.1
157 65 3.4 -4.1
170 74 0.4 0.7
183 74 0.5 0.0
1 089 17.2
1 203 18.6
1 471 20.9
1 763** 23.2**
* a **
437
SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Major concern Major concern Satisfactory Lower Direct support Major concern No
Acceptable .. .. .. .. 1 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1 Satisfactory Raise No intervention Lower Lower Raise
Satisfactory Lower Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain Yes Too high No intervention Yes
438
SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
7 537 3.4
10 815 3.7
14 610 2.8
21 906 3.3
48 4
49 4
45 4
35 5
7.5 .. .. .. 15a 20a
7.2 .. .. .. .. ..
4.9 78.0 8 27 28b 40b
3.3 61.0 9 23 43c 58c
56 59 57 83 .. .. .. ..
63 67 65 50 66 .. .. ..
68 71 69 31 38 .. .. ..
72 76 74 16 18 130 .. ..
41 45 4.1 2.8
58 48 3.9 3.1
79 50 3.1 1.9
118 55 2.9 1.5
429 5.7
628 5.8
817 5.6
2 206** 9.8**
* a **
439
TAJIKISTAN

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
.. ..
Too high Lower
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable Unacceptable .. Not a concern .. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. No intervention
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Major change desired Raise Raise .. .. No intervention
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention .. No intervention Yes Too high No intervention Yes
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain .. .. .. Satisfactory Maintain Yes
440
TAJIKISTAN
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
3 442 3.1
4 567 2.9
5 775 1.7
6 952 1.6
45 7
43 6
44 6
37 5
6.8 .. .. .. .. ..
5.5 .. .. .. .. ..
4.9 41.0 4 18 .. ..
3.5 28.0 4 14 33a 38a
58 63 61 125 .. .. .. ..
60 65 63 107 142 .. .. ..
59 66 62 88 114 .. <0.5 ..
64 69 67 60 78 170 10b 0.3b
24 36 2.1 3.3
32 33 2.5 3.5
40 29 -0.5 2.2
49 26 1.9 1.5
.. 0.0
.. 0.0
305 5.3
284** 4.0**
* a **
441
THAILAND

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Satisfactory Lower
Too high Lower
Too low Maintain
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,4,5 Major change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Acceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1,2,3,4,5 Major change desired Lower Maintain Raise No intervention Lower
Too high Lower .. .. .. .. .. Satisfactory Raise ..
Satisfactory Raise Maintain Lower Maintain Maintain No Satisfactory No intervention No
442
THAILAND
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
42 236 2.5
52 545 2.1
60 140 1.2
67 764 0.7
43 6
34 6
27 9
22 11
5.1 .. .. .. 30 33
2.9 .. .. .. 59a 59a
2.1 55.0 13 13 70b 72b
1.8 37.0 10 13 80c 81c
58 63 61 58 .. .. .. ..
65 71 68 35 47 .. .. ..
65 73 69 19 26 .. 750 2.1
66 72 69 7 10 110 610d 1.4d
82 24 4.8 1.5
102 28 2.4 1.1
117 30 1.7 0.9
132 34 1.7 0.0
345 0.8
407 0.8
549 0.9
1 157** 1.7**
* a **
443
THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REP. OF MACEDONIA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
.. ..
Too high Lower
Too low Raise
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Major concern Major concern Too low Raise Direct support Major concern Yes
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Major change desired Lower No intervention No intervention No intervention Lower
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Too high Lower Lower Lower .. Lower Yes Too high Lower Yes
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain No Too high Lower Yes
444
THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REP. OF MACEDONIA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
1 676 1.3
1 828 0.4
1 963 0.6
2 042 0.1
31 9
27 10
25 13
18 17
2.8 .. .. .. .. ..
2.3 .. .. .. .. ..
2.1 38.0 9 6 .. ..
1.4 22.0 8 8 10a 14a
66 69 67 74 .. .. .. ..
68 72 70 45 52 .. .. ..
69 74 72 27 30 .. .. ..
72 77 74 15 17 10 <0.5b <0.1b
65 51 2.7 0.3
71 56 1.4 -0.3
76 60 1.4 -0.8
79 67 0.7 -1.5
.. 0.0
.. 0.0
115 5.8
130** 6.3**
* a **
445
TIMOR-LESTE

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Major concern Minor concern Too high No intervention Direct support .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1 Major change desired Raise .. .. .. Lower
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain .. Satisfactory No intervention ..
446
TIMOR-LESTE
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
672 2.1
659 2.5
849 2.7
1 134 3.3
42 5
40 4
42 4
45 5
6.2 .. .. .. .. ..
5.4 .. .. .. .. ..
5.7 93.0 8 30 21a 23a
6.5 54.0 4 26 7b 10b
39 41 40 183 .. .. .. ..
39 41 40 183 273 .. .. ..
48 49 49 129 191 .. .. ..
60 62 61 67 92 380 .. ..
45 15 0.7 -2.1
44 19 4.9 2.0
57 23 1.1 -0.9
76 28 4.8 2.7
9 1.3
8 1.3
10 1.1
14** 1.2**
* a **
447
TOGO

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
.. .. Satisfactory Maintain Direct support Major concern No
.. Minor concern Too high Lower Direct support Minor concern Yes
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,4,5 Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention Yes Satisfactory No intervention ..
448
TOGO
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
2 448 2.8
3 345 3.7
4 432 2.4
6 619 2.5
45 5
47 5
45 5
40 5
7.2 .. .. .. .. ..
7.1 .. .. .. 3a 34a
6.0 110.0 9 29 7b 24b
4.3 65.0 8 25 11c 17c
49 52 51 130 .. .. .. ..
54 58 56 107 166 .. .. ..
56 60 58 99 145 .. 69 3.0
61 64 62 71 98 510 130d 3.3d
43 23 3.8 1.9
59 27 5.7 2.8
78 33 5.3 2.4
117 43 4.2 1.3
149 6.1
156 4.7
169 3.8
185** 2.7**
* a **
449
TONGA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
.. .. Satisfactory Maintain Direct support Minor concern No
Minor concern Minor concern Satisfactory Maintain Direct support Minor concern No
Unacceptable .. .. Major concern .. 1 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. Maintain
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1 1 Minor change desired Lower .. .. .. Lower
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain .. Maintain No Satisfactory Maintain No
Satisfactory Maintain .. Lower Maintain .. .. Satisfactory Maintain ..
450
TONGA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
94 -1.0
93 -0.9
97 0.6
104 0.5
47 4
41 6
40 8
37 8
5.5 .. .. .. .. ..
5.5 .. .. .. .. ..
4.5 20.0 2 32 .. ..
4.0 23.0 3 26 .. ..
65 67 66 37 .. .. .. ..
67 70 68 31 38 .. .. ..
68 71 70 26 32 .. .. ..
69 75 72 22 26 .. .. ..
144 20 0.2 0.1
143 22 0.8 -0.5
150 23 0.4 0.2
160 25 1.7 0.0
1 1.0
3 3.7
2 2.3
1** 0.8**
**
451
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Acceptable Acceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,3 Major change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1,2,3 Minor change desired Lower .. .. .. Lower
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain Yes Too high No intervention No
452
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
1 012 0.8
1 176 1.7
1 265 0.7
1 339 0.4
38 8
34 8
31 8
21 10
3.5 .. .. .. 46a 52a
3.2 .. .. .. 44b 53b
2.1 54.0 13 13 .. ..
1.6 35.0 11 14 38c 43c
64 68 66 41 .. .. .. ..
65 71 68 31 40 .. .. ..
65 73 69 28 34 .. 7.3 1.0
66 73 69 26 33 45 14d 1.5d
197 11 0.2 1.2
229 10 -1.4 1.3
247 10 3.0 0.3
261 14 2.9 0.0
61 6.0
56 4.7
46 3.6
34** 2.6**
* a **
453
TUNISIA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Satisfactory Lower
Satisfactory Lower
Major concern Minor concern Satisfactory Lower Direct support Not a concern No
Acceptable .. .. .. .. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Major change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Acceptable Acceptable Unacceptable Minor concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Minor change desired Lower No intervention No intervention No intervention Lower
Satisfactory Maintain .. .. .. .. .. Satisfactory Raise No
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No Satisfactory Raise No
454
TUNISIA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
5 668 2.0
7 330 2.5
8 935 1.7
10 272 1.0
44 6
40 6
34 9
23 10
6.2 .. .. .. 25a 31a
4.9 .. .. .. 34b 41b
3.1 18.0 3 24 51c 60c
1.9 7.0 2 23 52d 60d
55 56 56 119 .. .. .. ..
63 66 64 64 80 .. .. ..
68 72 70 34 40 .. <1 ..
72 76 74 20 22 100 3.7e 0.1e
35 48 3.7 1.3
45 54 4.0 0.6
55 61 2.1 0.4
63 67 1.6 -0.1
38 0.7
38 0.5
38 0.4
34** 0.3**
* a **
455
TURKEY

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Major concern Minor concern Satisfactory Maintain Direct support Minor concern Yes
Acceptable Acceptable Unacceptable Minor concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Minor change desired Lower No intervention Raise No intervention Lower
Satisfactory Maintain .. .. .. .. .. Too low Raise No
Satisfactory Lower Lower Maintain .. Maintain No Satisfactory Maintain No
Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention Yes Satisfactory Maintain No
456
TURKEY
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
41 211 2.6
51 289 2.1
61 206 1.7
74 816 1.2
41 7
39 6
33 7
27 9
5.5 .. .. .. 14a 38a
4.0 .. .. .. 31b 63b
2.9 62.0 11 10 38c 64c
2.1 39.0 9 13 43d 71d
55 59 57 138 .. .. .. ..
59 63 61 93 116 .. .. ..
64 69 66 54 65 .. .. ..
69 74 72 28 32 44 <2e ..
53 42 3.6 1.5
65 52 4.8 -1.1
78 62 2.6 0.3
95 69 1.9 -0.3
145 0.4
933 1.8
1 212 2.0
1 411** 1.9**
* a **
457
TURKMENISTAN

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
.. ..
Too low Raise
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. Satisfactory No intervention No support .. Yes
.. Minor concern Too low Raise Indirect support Minor concern Yes
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,4 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory No intervention .. .. .. .. .. Too high No intervention ..
Satisfactory Lower Lower Lower .. .. No Too high Lower ..
458
TURKMENISTAN
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
2 520 2.8
3 229 2.4
4 187 2.6
5 110 1.3
43 7
41 6
39 6
29 6
6.2 .. .. .. .. ..
4.8 .. .. .. .. ..
4.0 23.0 3 16 .. ..
2.5 20.0 4 10 45a 62a
56 63 59 111 .. .. .. ..
58 65 62 91 117 .. .. ..
59 67 63 75 96 .. .. ..
61 69 65 50 64 130 <0.5b <0.1b
5 48 2.5 2.7
7 46 2.0 2.9
9 45 2.1 1.6
10 49 2.2 0.4
.. 0.0
.. 0.0
260 6.2
208** 4.0**
* a **
459
TUVALU

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable Unacceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,5 1 Major change desired Lower .. .. .. Lower
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
460
TUVALU
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
8 1.0
9 1.4
9 0.7
10 0.4
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
296 26 3.9 -0.2
333 34 5.4 -0.1
355 44 1.7 0.0
382 50 1.3 -0.5
0 4.5
0 3.8
0 2.9
0** 1.5**
**
461
UGANDA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,3 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3 Minor change desired Lower .. .. .. Lower
Satisfactory Maintain No intervention Maintain .. No intervention Yes Satisfactory No intervention Yes
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain .. .. .. No Satisfactory No intervention ..
462
UGANDA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
10 893 2.9
14 795 3.1
20 954 3.3
32 710 3.3
47 4
48 4
49 4
49 4
7.1 .. .. .. .. ..
7.1 .. .. .. 3a 5a
7.1 201.0 14 22 8 15
6.4 150.0 12 20 18b 24b
50 53 51 103 .. .. .. ..
48 51 50 108 182 .. .. ..
45 48 46 95 163 .. 1 300 11.8
52 53 52 74 122 550 940c 5.4c
45 7 4.0 2.9
61 9 7.4 3.2
87 12 3.8 3.0
136 13 4.6 3.0
775 7.1
633 4.3
661 3.2
647** 1.9**
* a **
463
UKRAINE

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
.. .. Too low Raise Direct support Major concern Yes
Major concern Major concern Too low Raise Indirect support Not a concern Yes
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Minor change desired .. .. .. .. Lower
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain No Satisfactory Lower Yes
464
UKRAINE
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
49 016 0.7
50 915 0.3
51 063 -0.2
45 708 -0.7
23 16
22 16
20 18
14 21
2.2 .. .. .. .. ..
2.0 .. .. .. .. ..
1.6 59.0 18 5 38a 68a
1.3 28.0 11 7 48b 67b
65 74 70 22 .. .. .. ..
64 74 69 20 25 .. .. ..
64 74 69 17 21 .. 7.9 ..
63 74 68 12 15 18 440b 1.6b
81 58 1.7 -1.1
84 65 1.2 -1.3
85 67 -0.6 -0.8
76 68 -0.6 -1.0
.. 0.0
.. 0.0
6 172 12.1
5 258** 11.6**
* a **
465
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
Satisfactory Raise
Satisfactory Lower
.. .. Satisfactory Raise No support .. ..
Major concern Major concern Satisfactory Maintain No support Not a concern No
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Minor concern 1,2,3,4 1 Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
Too high Lower Lower Maintain Maintain Lower .. Satisfactory No intervention Yes
466
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
530 17.2
1 410 6.6
2 432 5.3
4 599 2.8
28 3
30 2
28 2
19 2
6.4 .. .. .. .. ..
5.2 .. .. .. .. ..
3.9 51.0 7 25 24 28
1.9 16.0 4 24 .. ..
61 64 62 57 .. .. .. ..
67 71 69 32 37 .. .. ..
72 76 74 16 18 .. .. ..
77 79 77 10 11 37 .. ..
6 80 16.0 14.2
17 80 5.6 6.7
29 78 5.6 6.5
55 78 2.6 2.0
312 58.9
1 008 71.5
1 716 70.6
3 293** 70.0**
**
467
UNITED KINGDOM

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,3,5,6 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. Raise
Unacceptable Unacceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,5,6 Major change desired Raise .. Lower .. Raise
468
UNITED KINGDOM
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
56 226 0.2
56 554 0.1
58 042 0.3
61 565 0.5
23 20
19 21
19 21
17 22
2.0 .. .. .. 69 76
1.8 .. .. .. 78a 81a
1.8 31.0 9 14 80 82
1.8 24.0 7 17 82b 82b
69 75 72 17 .. .. .. ..
71 77 74 11 12 .. .. ..
74 79 76 8 10 .. 22 0.1
77 82 79 5 6 8 77c 0.2c
231 83 1.5 -7.0
233 89 0.2 0.1
239 89 0.4 -0.4
253 90 0.5 -0.5
3 148 5.6
3 536 6.3
4 191 7.2
6 452** 10.4**
* a **
469
UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Satisfactory Lower No intervention Lower .. No intervention Yes Too high Lower Yes
470
UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
15 972 3.2
21 811 3.1
29 972 3.3
43 739 2.9
46 4
46 4
45 4
45 5
6.8 .. .. .. .. ..
6.6 .. .. .. .. ..
6.1 140.0 12 25 13a 18a
5.6 130.0 12 21 20b 26b
46 49 48 119 .. .. .. ..
49 52 51 104 177 .. .. ..
48 52 50 100 167 .. 1 200 7.4
55 56 55 65 106 950 1 400c 6.2c
17 11 10.0 2.3
23 17 5.9 2.5
32 21 4.3 2.2
46 26 4.2 1.8
608 3.8
548 2.5
1 134 3.8
659** 1.5**
* a **
471
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. No intervention
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Satisfactory No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention No intervention
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain .. Maintain Yes Satisfactory No intervention No
472
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
219 108 0.9
240 612 0.9
270 648 1.2
314 659 1.0
25 15
22 16
22 16
20 18
2.0 .. .. .. 61a 68a
1.8 .. .. .. 69b 74b
2.0 54.0 13 11 71 76
2.1 36.0 9 14 68c 73c
68 75 72 18 .. .. .. ..
71 78 74 10 13 .. .. ..
72 79 76 8 10 .. 890 0.6
77 81 79 6 7 11 1 200d 0.6d
23 74 0.9 0.9
25 74 1.2 0.4
28 77 1.6 -0.6
33 82 1.3 -0.7
13 991 6.4
19 492 8.1
28 522 10.5
42 813** 13.5**
* a **
473
URUGUAY

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too low Raise
Too low Raise
Acceptable .. .. .. .. 1,2 Major change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable Unacceptable Acceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4 Minor change desired Lower .. Raise No intervention Lower
Too low Raise .. .. .. .. .. Too high Lower Yes
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain No Too high No intervention No
474
URUGUAY
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
2 830 0.1
3 012 0.6
3 224 0.7
3 361 0.3
28 14
27 16
25 17
23 18
3.0 .. .. .. .. ..
2.6 .. .. .. 72a 83a
2.5 71.0 14 14 .. ..
2.1 61.0 14 15 75b 77b
66 72 69 46 .. .. .. ..
68 75 71 33 37 .. .. ..
69 77 73 20 23 .. 2.7 0.2
73 80 76 13 16 20 10c 0.6c
16 83 0.9 -2.2
17 87 1.0 -2.3
18 91 1.0 -2.2
19 92 0.5 -1.1
131 4.6
104 3.4
93 2.9
80** 2.4**
* a **
475
UZBEKISTAN

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
.. ..
Too high Lower
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. Satisfactory Maintain Direct support .. Yes
Major concern Major concern Satisfactory Maintain Direct support Minor concern Yes
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Acceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Minor change desired No intervention .. .. .. No intervention
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory No intervention .. .. .. .. .. Too high No intervention ..
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain .. .. Satisfactory Maintain No
476
UZBEKISTAN
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
13 981 3.1
18 174 2.6
22 919 2.2
27 488 1.1
43 8
40 6
40 6
29 6
6.3 .. .. .. .. ..
4.7 .. .. .. .. ..
3.9 71.0 9 8 51a 56a
2.3 13.0 3 9 59b 65b
60 67 64 84 .. .. .. ..
63 70 66 71 86 .. .. ..
63 69 66 59 71 .. .. ..
65 71 68 48 58 24 16c 0.1c
31 39 4.0 2.0
41 41 2.4 2.5
51 38 0.8 2.3
61 37 1.8 1.3
.. 0.0
.. 0.0
1 474 6.4
1 176** 4.2**
* a **
477
VANUATU

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
Too high Lower
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable .. .. .. .. 1,2 Satisfactory .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 2,5 1,2,3 Minor change desired Lower .. .. .. Lower
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory No intervention .. Maintain .. .. .. Satisfactory No intervention ..
478
VANUATU
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
101 3.2
132 2.4
172 2.8
240 2.5
45 4
45 5
43 5
39 5
6.1 .. .. .. .. ..
5.4 .. .. .. .. ..
4.8 65.0 7 23 32 39
4.0 47.0 6 20 .. ..
52 56 54 99 .. .. .. ..
58 62 60 70 90 .. .. ..
63 66 65 38 47 .. .. ..
68 72 70 28 34 .. .. ..
8 13 4.8 2.9
11 17 4.8 1.8
14 20 3.6 1.8
20 25 4.1 1.7
4 3.5
3 2.1
2 1.0
1** 0.3**
**
479
VENEZUELA (BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF)

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. .. Satisfactory Lower Direct support Major concern Yes
Acceptable .. .. Minor concern .. 1 Major change desired .. .. .. .. No intervention
Acceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1 Major change desired Lower .. .. .. Lower
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain .. Satisfactory No intervention No
480
VENEZUELA (BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF)
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
12 740 3.4
17 323 2.8
22 092 2.3
28 583 1.7
43 5
39 5
36 6
30 8
4.9 .. .. .. 38a 49a
4.0 .. .. .. .. ..
3.3 98.0 15 16 62b 70b
2.5 90.0 18 13 .. ..
63 69 66 49 .. .. .. ..
66 72 69 34 42 .. .. ..
69 75 72 23 29 .. .. ..
71 77 74 17 22 57 .. ..
14 76 4.5 0.5
19 82 3.3 -0.1
24 87 2.6 -1.5
31 94 1.9 -3.1
731 5.7
1 033 6.0
1 019 4.6
1 007** 3.5**
* a **
481
VIET NAM

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Acceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Major change desired No intervention Maintain No intervention No intervention Maintain
Satisfactory Lower No intervention Lower .. Lower No Satisfactory No intervention No
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Lower Raise Maintain Yes Too low Raise Yes
482
VIET NAM
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
47 974 2.2
59 789 2.3
72 957 1.9
88 069 1.1
43 7
41 7
37 8
26 9
6.7 .. .. .. .. ..
4.5 .. .. .. 38a 53a
3.3 46.0 7 12 44b 65b
2.1 17.0 4 12 68c 79c
48 53 50 107 .. .. .. ..
57 61 59 70 108 .. .. ..
66 70 68 38 52 .. 18 0.1
72 76 74 20 23 150 290c 0.5c
145 19 2.6 1.9
180 20 2.6 2.2
220 22 3.5 1.2
266 28 3.1 0.6
5 0.0
28 0.0
39 0.1
69** 0.1**
* a **
483
YEMEN

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
.. .. Too high Lower Direct support Major concern ..
Major concern Not a concern Too high Lower Direct support Major concern Yes
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2 1 Major change desired Lower .. .. .. Lower
Too high Lower Lower Lower .. Maintain No Satisfactory Raise No
Too high Lower .. Lower Maintain .. .. Satisfactory Raise No
Note: Views and policies for 1976 and 1986 are those of the former Yemen Arab Republic. The views and policies of the former People's Democratic Republic of Yemen may have been different. * Measures implemented to respond to HIV/AIDS: (1) blood screening; (2) information/education campaigns; (3) antiretroviral treatment; (4) non-discriminatory policies; (5) distribution of condoms. ** Grounds on which abortion is permitted: (1) to save the woman's life; (2) to preserve physical health; (3) to preserve mental health; (4) rape or incest; (5) foetal impairment; (6) economic or social reasons; (7) on request.
484
YEMEN
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
7 093 2.1
10 137 3.8
15 523 4.6
23 580 2.9
50 4
51 3
50 4
44 4
8.7 .. .. .. 1a 1a
8.7 .. .. .. .. ..
7.7 126.0 8 28 10b 21b
5.3 68.0 6 27 19c 28c
40 40 40 184 .. .. .. ..
49 49 49 126 186 .. .. ..
55 56 56 92 131 .. .. ..
61 64 63 59 79 430 .. ..
13 15 5.1 2.5
19 18 6.1 3.2
29 24 5.7 3.0
45 31 4.8 2.1
219 3.1
276 2.7
378 2.4
518** 2.1**
* a **
485
ZAMBIA

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
Too high Lower
Too high Maintain
Unacceptable .. .. .. .. 1,2,3,5,6 Major change desired .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,5,6 Major change desired Lower No intervention Raise No intervention No intervention
Satisfactory Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain Maintain Yes Too high Lower Yes
486
ZAMBIA
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
4 899 3.4
6 785 3.2
9 108 2.8
12 935 2.4
47 4
47 4
45 4
46 5
7.4 .. .. .. .. ..
7.0 .. .. .. .. ..
6.3 116.0 9 28 14a 26a
5.9 142.0 12 22 27b 41b
49 52 50 107 .. .. .. ..
50 54 52 98 165 .. .. ..
48 51 50 106 177 .. 800 16.3
45 46 45 95 160 830 1 100b 15.2b
7 35 6.0 1.8
9 40 3.0 3.2
12 37 1.3 3.3
17 36 2.4 1.6
297 6.1
282 4.2
271 3.0
233** 1.8**
* a **
487
ZIMBABWE

.

.
1976
1986
1996
2009
.
.. ..
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
Too high Lower
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Major concern Major concern Too high Lower Direct support Minor concern No
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Unacceptable Unacceptable .. Major concern .. 1,2,4,5 Major change desired .. .. .. .. No intervention
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable Major concern 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,4,5 Major change desired Lower .. .. .. Lower
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfactory Lower Lower Lower .. Lower Yes Too high Lower No
Satisfactory No intervention .. .. Raise .. .. Too high Lower ..
488
ZIMBABWE
.
Indicator
.
1975
1985
1995
2009
.
6 168 3.4
8 845 3.9
11 713 2.3
12 523 0.3
48 5
48 5
44 5
40 6
7.4 .. .. .. .. ..
6.7 .. .. .. 27a 38a
4.8 111.0 12 24 42b 48b
3.5 65.0 9 21 58c 60c
54 57 56 83 .. .. .. ..
58 62 60 63 102 .. .. ..
54 63 58 53 84 .. 1 600 27.3
43 44 44 58 94 880 1 300d 15.3d
16 20 5.7 2.6
23 25 6.4 2.8
30 32 3.0 1.2
32 38 2.3 0.2
485 7.9
514 5.8
433 3.7
372** 2.9**
* a **
489

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ST/ESA/SER.

DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS POPULATION DIVISION