Maxillofacial

1. Earliest accounts of reconstructive surgery. Reconstruction of an amputated nose

with a pedicled forehead flap/ reconstruction of ear with cheek flaps
SUSHRUTA SAMHITA
2. Book describes reconstruction of the nose with pedicled arm flap.
GASPARA TAGLIACOZZI
3. Masterminds in proliferative healing phase populate on the third day
MACROPHAGES
4. Skin constitution- Epidermis 5% Dermis 95%
5. Acceleration of clotting cascade- FACTOR 3 THROMBOPLASTIN
6. Graft with low primary contraction, high secondary contraction
THIN SPLIT GRAFTS
7. Graft with high primary contraction and low secondary contraction
THICK SPLIT GRAFTS
8. Reconstruction of the nose requires appreciation of the NINE aesthetic subunits
9. Arteries that supply the lips
FACIAL ARTERY, and its branches- superior/ inferior labial arteries
10. There are five layers to the scalp: the skin, connective tissue layer, galea
aponeurotica, loose areolar connective tissue, and the pericranium
11. if parents have cleft lip chance of offspring being affected :- 4%
12. cleft palate repair- should be performed before development of speech
13. The most common orbital fracture is the orbital floor blow-out fracture caused by
direct pressure to the globe and sudden increase in intra-orbital pressure.
14. First line treatment hemangiomas: systemic corticosteroids
15. Best surgery pattern for cleft palate- double apposing Z plasty
16. Most common birthmark- hemangioma
17. Skin growth external factor- gravity

19) Injury to forehead and face causes :- Zygomatic bone fractures

11) in que :- Graft :- has no vascular pedicle /supply
14) lateral side damage of orbital fissure :- Zygomatic bone

Macrophages become the major

population by the third day after injury.
These cells then dominate the wound
region for days to weeks.
• Macrophages are the “masterminds”
behind the finely tuned array of repair
events that characterizes the
proliferative phase of healing.
Full-thickness skin grafts include the epidermis and the
complete layer of dermis.
❖ The subcutaneous tissue is carefully removed from the
deep
surface of the dermis to maximize the potential for
engraftment. Full-thickness grafts are associated with the
least secondary contraction upon healing, the best
cosmetic appearance, and the highest durability.
❖ As a result, they are frequently used in reconstructing
superficial wounds of the face and the hands.

Hemangioma- most common birth mark. Usually in first 2 weeks of life.

Skin incisions-
Human skin exists in a state of tension created by internal and external factors. Externally,
skin and underlying subcutaneous tissue are acted on by gravity and clothing. Internally, skin
is subjected to forces generated by underlying muscles, joint extension and flexion, and
tethering of fibrous tissues from zones of adherence.

ENT
1. Anosmia (loss of smell) common finding in all EXCEPT- acute otitis media
2. What is the acoustic neuroma feature EXCEPT- it is a fast growing tumor
3. Types of hearing loss- conductive, sensory neuro, mixed
4. The ear has three parts
5. Acute tonsilitis- tx sprays
6. Acute OM main sx- pain/ hearing loss
7. Change in tympanic membrane OM- red, perforation, discharge
8. Types of sinsus- maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, and frontal
9. Fungal infection otitis externa- aspergellis/ candida
10. Acute laryngitis- voice change
11. Otitis- viral, bacterial, fungal
12. what is true regarding inner ear except :- Cochlear part of the temporal bone
13. otosclerosis causes :- women are more affected
14. scala media is filled with perilymph (endolymph)

27) plastic

28) pir robins /Addison

Pierre Robin sequence is characterized by three
pathognomonic
findings: microretrognathia, glossoptosis, and respiratory dis-
tress. Pierre Robin sequence may or may not be associated
with
a palatal cleft.
29) complete bilateral /unilateral

32) enlarged adenoids

33) 8-10 cm

34) less than 25

35) less than 20

There are four paranasal sinuses, each corresponding with the respective bone from
which it takes its name: maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, and frontal

Otosclerosis is a hereditary localised

disease of the bone characterised by
alternating phases of bone resorption
and new bone formation. The
mature lamellar bone is removed by
osteoclasis and replaced by woven
bone of greater thickness, cellularity
and vascularity
The primary pathological change occurs in
the bony labyrinth with secondary effects
upon middle ear and inner ear
function. The otosclerotic focus may be
asymptomatic, or if present in the area of
foot plate of stapes it may give rise to
ankylosis of foot plate with resultant
conductive hearing loss or deafness.
Otosclerotic foci may involve other
portions of labyrinth causing sensori
neural hearing loss and vestibular
abnormalities.
Many theories have been proposed to
explain the etiological factors of
otosclerosis. They are:
1. Metabolic
15. Immune disorders
16. Vascular disease
17. Infection (Measles) currently
18. Accepted
19. Trauma : The petrous bone doesnot have
20. Temporal bone abnormalities
 21. (congenital)
Otosclerosis is a condition in which there's abnormal bone growth inside the
ear. It's a fairly common cause of hearing loss in young adults. There are 3 tiny
bones deep inside the ear that vibrate when sound waves enter
More common in woman

What causes anosmia?

 Nasal polyps.
 Common cold.
 Influenza (flu).
 Nasal congestion.
 A deviated septum.
 Sinus infection (sinusitis).
 Hay fever or other allergies
Anosmia is the medical term for a loss of sense of smell

An acoustic neuroma is a type of non-cancerous (benign) brain tumour. It's also
known as a vestibular schwannoma. A benign brain tumour is a growth in the brain
that usually grows slowly over many years and does not spread to other parts of the
body

What three regions is the Pharynx or throat divided into? Nasopharynx,

Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx/ hypopharynx

Glue ear is where the empty middle part of the ear canal fills up with fluid. This
can cause temporary hearing loss. 2 main treatments are temporary hearing aids
or grommets (small tubes implanted in the ear). Occasionally, surgery may be
recommended to remove some glands at the back of the nose (adenoids). This is
known as an adenoidectomy

-
-
- Acute tonsilitis- pain on swallowing/ swallowing problem

1. How many parts has pharynx? 3

2. Symptoms of acute tonsilitis? Pain during swallowing
3. Which is the most common symptom of acute tonsilitis? Swallowing problems
4. What kind of hearing loss do we know? All of the above – acute and chronic
5. What kind of hearing loss do we know? All of the above – conductive, sensory neuro,
mixed
6. How many parts does the ear have? 3
7. What is the best choice for acute tonsilitis? Pharyngeal spray
8. What is the main symptoms of acute otitis media? Ear pain
9. What is the main symptoms of acute otitis media? Hearing loss
10. What change will we find on the tympanic membrane during acute otitis media?
11. All of the above – discharge, perforation, redness
12. Types of sinuses? All of the above – maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid