Functional Objectives (FOs) for Isometric projection [32 marks]

OVERALL FUNCTIONAL OBJECTIVES

Generate/enable generation and display of an isometric projection of an object using a
teaching aid. [4 marks]
[Or]
Design a teaching aid that generates/enable generation and display of an isometric view of an object.
INPUTS
1. Object (to be projected) [1 mark]
2. User [1 mark]
3. Model (with which to project the Object) [1 mark]
OUTPUTS
1. Object (to be projected) [1 mark]
2. Model (with which to project the Object) [1 mark]
3. Third/First Projection views (complete with both visible and hidden details in correct line types)
[1 mark]
LIST OF FUNCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
Functional Objectives in third angle projection should address three main purposes, namely,
1). the secure loading or placement of the object in the teaching model;
2). allow movement/rotation of the object in six-degrees whenever needed,
3). the capturing of the isometric view,
4). recover object and image
5). establish isometric projection principles from the recovered image
Therefore the following sub objectives phrased in solution-independent terms shall be expected.
1.1. User securely places the Object into the Model [1 mark]
1.1.1. position the object with its normal FRONT surfaces parallel to viewing planes
[1 mark]
1.1.2 lock the relative positions of the object and the model [1 mark]
1.2. allow movement/rotation of the object in six-degrees whenever needed [1 mark]
1.2.1. rotate and lock the object at 45-degrees about an axis through its geometric centre from top to
bottom [1 mark]
1.2.2. capture both top and front view [1 mark]
1.2.3. tilt the object 35.26-degrees forward about its front vertex/corner and lock and the new
[1 mark]
1.2.4. capture both top and front view [1 mark]
1.3. to Capture/Produce/Show the isometric view [1 mark]
1.3.1. enhance visibility of details to be captured on the viewing plane [1 mark]
1.3.1.1. grid viewing planes to enhance accurate capturing of views [1 mark]
1.3.1.2. illuminate visible profiles of the object on each viewing plane [1 mark]
1.3.1.3. let details glow through the object to enhance their capture on the viewing plane
[1 mark]
1.3.2. capture the isometric image on the viewing plane [1 mark]
1.3.2.1. stamp the visible profiles of the object on the plane [1 mark]
1.3.2.1. mirror the visible profiles of the object on the plane [1 mark]
1.3.2.2. capture/draw the visible profiles of the object in or using thick continuous lines on the plane
[1 mark]
1.4. recover the object and image/model [1 mark]
1.4.1. remove the object [1 mark]
1.4.2. remove the image [1 mark]
1.5. establish isometric projection principles from the recovered image [1 mark]
1.5.1. measure & prove foreshortening of lengths [1 mark]
1.5.2. measure & prove 120-degree angle between iso-axis [1 mark]
1.53. show/prove that circular profiles project as ellipses [1 mark]

Marks]
Designers and Scientist
The question of ‘How Designers Think’ compared to “How Scientists Think” oftentimes leads to How
Designers and Scientists relate to the natural world. Briefly explain how this relationship to the natural
world separates the two. [2 marks]
Scientists discover the natural world[1 Mark]
Designers alter/change the natural world[1 Mark]
Still on designers and scientists, a distinction is made between the kinds of solutions they produce
according to the way the solution is generated. Using only three words for each (i.e. three for scientist
and three for design), describe the kind of solutions they produce.
[4 marks]
Scientists: Solution by analysis[2 Marks]
Designers: Solution by Synthesis[2 Marks]
Explain how the words “converging” and “diverging” are used to differentiate between designers and
scientists. [4 marks]
Scientists: use analytical thinking, a converging process that leads to a single correct answer [2
Marks]
But design thinking is a diverging-converging process in which more than one concept may be
found suitable[2 Marks]
The design process is often depicted in the form of what is referred to as Design Process Models.
In what form are these models? [2 mark]
Flow diagrams
Design process models, at the highest level, are of two types. Name and explain the difference between
these models. [4 marks]
Descriptive models[1 Mark] describe what the process of design consist of[1 Mark]
Prescriptive models[1 Mark] recommends appropriate patterns of activities when undertaking design[1
Mark] design activities:
List the basic steps that a design process categorized by design activities would encompass?
[4 marks]
analysis, [1 Mark]
synthesis, [1 Mark]
evaluation, [1 Mark]
decisions, etc. [1 Mark]
Question 2 [20 Marks]
Design as sketching
What are the differences between a “conversational sketch” and a “boardroom sketch”?
[2 marks]
. Conversational sketches are thinking sketches used by the designer to better understand the problem
[1 Mark]
Boardroom are used to share ideas with someone else (e.g. other designers) [1 Mark]
In the so-called problem-solution co-evolution how is the problem and solution presented using
sketches? [4 marks]
Designers use numbers, symbols and text to represent problems[2 Marks]alongside the solution [2
Marks]

Make sense of the statement: Reflective Conversational Relationship With The Problem, as used in the
design process. [2 marks]
The designer makes solution proposals (sub solutions) and uses that to help him understand what the
problem really is and what appropriate solutions might be like [2 Marks] [2 Marks]
Nigel Cross’ Product Development Matrix
Define innovation in the context of Nigel Cross’ Product Development Matrix
[2 marks]
This happens when new technologies[1] delivers new markets[1]
In the context of Nigel Cross’ Product Development Matrix, the terms; technology push and market pull
are used. Define what these terms mean? [2 marks]
Market pull, as demanded by the market due to an existing need[1 Mark]
Technology push, a need made possible by technology[1 Mark]
Value engineering consists of two main concepts. Use only two words per concept to describe
these concepts. [4 marks]
Value addition[2 Marks]
Cost reduction[2 Marks]
Which design models are associated with the expression “lived experience and why?
[4 marks]
Descriptive models [2 Marks] because they are based on observing how designers work[2 Marks]
question 3 [20 Marks]
Some design methods are associated with what Nigel Cross refers to as enlarging the problem
space. Name and discuss at least three such methods? [6 Marks]
Transformation[1 Mark], enables searching for solution from one area to another [1 Mark]
Why? Why? Why? [1 Mark], asking a serious of why questions until a new perspective reveals itself[1
Mark],
Counter-planning[1 Mark, Pitting an idea, thesis, against its opposite, antithesis, in order to generate a
new idea, the synthesis[1 Mark].
Define what Synectics means in design [2 marks]
The Use of comparisons and Analogies to redefine and get new insights into problems.
Design objectives are often depicted in the form of trees. What is the symbolism of the roots or
branches of the tree? [2 marks]
Roots or branches indicate a means-end relationship. [2 Marks]
What purpose does the Functional Analysis Method serve? [2 marks]
establishing the level at which a design problem should be addressed [1 Mark]and the essential
functions to be meet [1 Mark]
List the main steps used to draw up the morphological chart [4 Marks]
List the features or functions that are essential to the product. [1 Mark]
For each feature or function list the means by which it might be achieved. [1 Mark]
Draw up a chart containing all the possible sub-solutions. [1 Mark]
Identify feasible combinations of sub-solution. [1 Mark]
What are “Value Profiles” and the “Pairwise Comparison Matrix” used for? [4 marks]
Value profiles used to decide between variants especially when the difference between the overall
utility scores of alternatives is too close to call [2 Marks]
Pairwise comparison matrices ranks objectives in order of importances