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Decade progress of palmprint recognition: A brief survey

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DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2018.03.081

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Neurocomputing
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/neucom

Decade progress of palmprint recognition: A brief survey

Dexing Zhong∗, Xuefeng Du, Kuncai Zhong
School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: As an advanced research topic in biometrics techniques, palmprint recognition has been fully studied for
Received 4 November 2017 more than 20 years. Due to its superiority to other biological features, i.e. high recognition accuracy and
Revised 14 February 2018
convenience for practical application, many research achievements on palmprint have emerged recently,
Accepted 22 March 2018
especially in the past decade. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of recent research progress
Available online xxx
of palmprint recognition as well as the basic background knowledge for it. In addition, it mainly focuses
Keywords: on data acquisition, database, preprocessing, feature extraction, matching and fusion. Ultimately, we dis-
Palmprint recognition cuss the challenges and future perspectives in palmprint recognition for further works.
ROI (region of interest) © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Feature extraction
Matching
Fusion

1. Introduction privacy protection. Recently, several new effective directions have

Previously, people tended to use ID cards, keys and pass-
word for personal identification. With the rapid development of
information technology and online financial activities, inherent
problems of the above identification methods, i.e. the loss, du-
plication attack and misappropriation, make them incompatible
to the requirements for accurate and reliable recognition per-
formance. However, biometrics based on the physiological and
behavioral characteristics of a human provide a convenient and
stable solution [1]. To date, researchers have applied iris [2], skin
[3], palm vein [4], palmprint [5] and other features [6] in personal
verification and authentication. As one of popular biometric meth-
ods, palmprint has some outstanding strengths compared with
other biological characteristics [7,8]. A palmprint image consists
of much discriminative information such as the ridges and palm
lines, which can ensure the recognition accuracy [9]. Consequently,
palmprint recognition has attracted many researchers’ attention;
meanwhile it has undergone numerous developments lately.
Until now, a number of researches have been conducted on
various aspects of palmprint recognition and many valuable view-
points to enhance its performance have been proposed [10–12].
In order to summarize the periodical developments of this re-
search field, a timely survey is necessary for subsequent research
works. In 2009, Kong et al. [13] accomplished a survey describ-
ing particularly the capture devices, preprocessing, verification al-
gorithms, palmprint-related fusion, and recognition measures for
∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: bell@xjtu.edu.cn (D. Zhong).
emerged for person identification. Therefore, in this paper, we con-
centrate on decade progress of palmprint recognition, including
data acquisition, preprocessing, feature extraction, matching and
fusion. In addition to revealing the state-of-art algorithms, we at-
tempt to provide the challenges and future perspectives in palm-
print recognition for further works.
Novel methods appearing in the decade can be roughly clas-
sified into five categories: contactless palmprint recognition,
high-resolution palmprint recognition, multispectral palmprint
recognition, 3D palmprint recognition and the fusion with other
biometrics. Contactless way refers to employing some peg-free
systems without any constraints to acquire images. It is more
acceptable by users and can simultaneously solve the hygiene
problem as well [14,15]. Zhang et al. [16] presented a high quality
acquisition device, collected the largest contactless palmprint im-
age database and proposed collaborative representation CompCode
(CR_CompCode) for recognition. A stereo camera [12] was set up
to carry out pose correction and hand segmentation for portable
recognition.
High resolution refers to that the resolution of an image is up
to 400 dpi or more as illustrated in Fig. 1, which is very suitable
for forensics and legitimate application [13]. There are two ma-
jor methods for high-resolution palmprint recognition: minutiae-
based and regional-fusion based methods [17,18]. Feng et al.
[17] put forward the Gabor Amplitude-Phase model and Adaboost
algorithm for palmprint representation. Wang et al. [18] proposed
a matching strategy based on local fusion. This strategy used the
region of main palmprint segmented by palm lines to reduce the
error rate significantly.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2018.03.081
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Please cite this article as: D. Zhong et al., Decade progress of palmprint recognition: A brief survey, Neurocomputing (2018),
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2018.03.081
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Fig. 1. Palmprint features in (a) a high-resolution image and (b) a low-resolution
image [13].
In terms of multispectral methods, they use features extracted
under distinctive spectral wavelengths for identification to improve
the accuracy and anti-spoof capability [5]. Guo et al. [19] analyzed
hyperspectral palmprint data to determine the optimal number of
spectral bands and obtained the most typical bands to establish
their recognition system.
So far, 3D palmprint recognition has undergone essential
progress as well. While 2D images can be counterfeited by law-
breakers or contaminated by noise [20], 3D images contain more
depth information and are gradually used to improve the robust-
ness of recognition. Zhang et al. [21] exploited the 3D structural
information of the palm and proposed the structured light imag-
ing to establish palmprint datasets. Then they extracted mean and
Gaussian curvature image, surface type for classification that are
more stable to illumination variations.
In addition, some researchers found that using multimodal bio-
metrics could significantly improve the recognition rate because
different features serve as mutual supplement to each other. Thus,
Cui et al. [22] applied principal component analysis (PCA) and
two-phase test sample representation (TPTSR) to present the fu-
sion scheme of 2D and 3D features. Face and palmprint features
are fused by SDA-GSVD (subclass discriminant analysis-generalized
singular value decomposition) [23], which outperforms some re-
lated multimodal recognition methods.
To our best knowledge, a classic palmprint recognition pro-
cess is composed of five sections: palmprint image acquisition,
database, preprocessing, feature extraction and matching that are
demonstrated in Fig. 2.
The acquisition device obtains palmprint images of different
qualities that are consistent with subsequent recognition. The re-
gion of interest (ROI) is the core of preprocessing stage. Commonly
used algorithms are the reference coordinate system method,
which is showed in Fig. 3. In view of the feature extraction, several
kinds of algorithms were proposed [5], such as subspace methods,
learning methods, line-based and coding-based approaches. Each
method extracts features from a global or local scope, and each has
its own advantages. The matching process matches testing samples
with other samples in the database based on a certain predeter-
mined matcher.
Please cite this article as: D. Zhong et al., Decade progress of palmprint recognition: A brief survey, Neurocomputing (2018),
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2018.03.081
[m5G;August 28, 2018;5:12]
The rest of the paper focuses on the development of palm-
print recognition in the recent decade within five sections.
Section 2 sums up emerging acquisition devices and correspond-
ing datasets. It also retrospects distinctive preprocessing algo-
rithms. Section 3 explains most of novel feature extraction meth-
ods while demonstrating matching means. Section 4 focuses on
the palmprint-related fusion. Section 5 discusses several summa-
tion points and offers future directions for further development in
detail.
2. Image acquisition and preprocessing
2.1. Image acquisition
When it comes to the acquisition algorithms, each of them is
based on a specific database and a concrete application direction.
Due to the changeable environment in the real world, many effec-
tive algorithms proposed in the ideal acquisition condition are not
suitable for practical application of palmprint recognition. There-
fore, it is important to set up different databases to simulate dif-
ferent conditions and test whether a particular algorithm fits into
the research environment. Then some modifications can be carried
out to achieve a better experimental result.
In the recent decade, great deals of new databases have been
established, such as the examples in [4,12,16,24–31]. Except that
some databases use traditional cameras and classic acquisition
ways [25,29,31], i.e. CCD-based (charge-coupled device) scanners,
digital cameras, video cameras, to collect palmprint images, many
databases are built adopting new devices that capture images on
different platforms [4,27,32]. For instance, Aykut et al. [33] used
a CCD camera, direct current (DC) auto iris lens, hand placement
platform and uniform LED (light emitting diode) light sources to
accomplish online palm image acquisition, which was revealed in
Fig. 4.
In all image types, 2D palmprint data is the most widely used
data because it is easily accessible and can be handled easily
too. Meanwhile, there are also many databases containing other
palmprint information, such as 3D [12,21,24,34,35], multispectral
[19,26,30], and minutiae [25]. All three sorts of these images are
demonstrated in Figs. 5 and 6.
To describe the developmental process of acquisition techniques
more clearly, we list representative results in Table 1, showing the
summary of different databases established in recent decade. Ap-
proximately 25 new palmprint databases have been established,
bringing the total number of samplers to 4,200. It is sufficient to
simulate real and different conditions, which is a basic require-
ment in image obtaining process.
2.2. Preprocessing
Preprocessing is the foundation for feature extraction and
matching. The quality of preprocessing has a significant impact on
the outcomes of recognition. In this paper, we mainly focus on the
development of algorithms to extract ROI. Because it is the major
step in preprocessing stage apart from other procedures like image
enhancement, image filtering and so on.
In the recent decade, distance is the most momentous measur-
ing target in ROI extraction. This method keeps a fixed pixel dis-
tance between the edge of ROI and the connection line of the val-
ley points [4,21,27,44,45]. However, because of the size variety of
palmprint images, valuable area for feature extraction will not be
extracted accurately if researchers only apply the distance princi-
ple. Thus, the result of recognition cannot reach the highly desired
standard. Consequently, other measures are employed lately, such
as ratio [19,46] and angle [47,48].
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Fig. 2. The flow-process diagram of palmprint recognition system.

Fig. 3. Classic steps of preprocessing: (a) original image, (b) binary image, (c) boundary tracking, (d) building a coordinate system, (e) extracting the central part and (f) ROI
sample [19].

Fig. 4. External view of palm image acquisition system and a hand placed to the platform [33].

The principle of ratio is that the size of ROI accounts for a fixed
ratio in palmprint images. Angle principle makes use of the princi-
ple that ROI boundary point-valley point connection line and val-
ley point connection line have a constant angle. And according to
many experiments, the angle selected to be 45° or 60° is suitable
for precise feature extraction [47]. Paradigms of three distinctive
methods are illustrated in Figs. 7–9. These above approaches can
greatly decrease the error rate caused by variance of image size,
rotation and other environmental defects. Due to occurrence of
adverse factors in an image, like overlapping, different number of
valley points will result in different consequences of ROI extrac-
tion. Most of articles used 2∼6 valley points [4,19,21,27,44,45] and
there were also some using 12 [49] and 15 [33] valley points. Av-
erage number is five to our best knowledge.
Table 2 shows the summary of ROI extraction algorithms. A ten-
dency can be discovered from the chart, ratio and distance were
more widely used nowadays [43,46,49], and the fusion of ratio and
distance were applied more often in recent 2 years [16,51].

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Fig. 5. (a) 2D palmprint image, (b) Extracted ROI of 2D image [36] and the minutiae of high resolution image [25]. .

Fig. 6. The above row shows the 3D palmprint images. The below row shows the 2D palmprint images [37].

Table 1
Summary of different databases established in the recent decade. Device expresses whether the re-
search uses new device or platform (Y is yes and N is not). Data is the kind of information obtained
from the database. Number refers to the number of pictures that belong to one people in the dataset.

Device(Y/N) Data(2D/3D/Multispectral/Minutiae) Number Year Article

N 2D 40 2008 [29]
N 2D 346 2008 [29]
Y 2D 120 2008 [4]
N 2D 146 2009 [38]
Y 2D 150 2009 [32]
Y 3D 260 2009 [21]
N Minutiae \ 2011 [25]
Y Multispectral \ 2011 [26]
N 2D \ 2011 [28]
Y Multispectral 190 2012 [19]
Y 2D 100 2012 [27]
Y 2D 193 2012 [39]
Y Multispectral 500 2012 [30]
N 2D 500 2013 [31]
Y 2D 40 2013 [33]
Y 2D 20 2013 [40]
Y 3D 200 2013 [35]
N 2D 100 2014 [41]
N 2D 60 2015 [42]
N 2D 60 2015 [42]
Y 3D 100 2015 [34]
N 2D 75 2015 [43]
Y 3D 138 2017 [12]
N 2D & 3D 260 2017 [24]
Y 2D 600 2017 [16]

Fig. 7. Five steps of preprocessing based on the distance [50].

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D. Zhong et al. / Neurocomputing 000 (2018) 1–13 5

tion to primary kinds, many novel features also appeared, such

as Laplacianpalm feature [4], LRV (Local relative variance) [38],
GMP (Gabor magnitude and phase) information [62], Blur invari-
ant phase [43], energy information [63]. Multi-feature is also the
trend of feature extraction. Distinctive kinds of feature were fused
into one feature entirety and each one is complementary to an-
other [12,14,29,32,35,64–68].

3.1.2. Discussion about feature processing methods

Fig. 8. ROI location using the ratio method: (a) palm width L determination, (b) ROI
creation with [OO1] = 1/10 L and [E1E2] = 2/3 L [46].
The way to record feature determines the utilization of fea-
ture information. According to the researches in recent decade,
existing methods can be divided into three modes, encod-
ing [21,26,32,38,45,54,61], photo [4,28,29,57,64,69,70] and learning
[60,71–81]. Specially, photo approach uses image information di-
rectly, for example, PCA and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). It
was uncomplicated to extract and compare the features intuition-
ally. In order to better explain photo techniques, we also divide
it into three distinctive sections [82,83], namely structure-based,
statistics-based and subspace-based algorithms.

(1) Encoding-based algorithms

Encoding way transfers images to coded information. It is easy

and time-efficient to deal with in processors. The form of matrix
derivation can reduce space complexity meanwhile. Generic coding
means that a palmprint image is first filtered using a predefined
filter, then encoded according to a certain principle. Afterwards,
similarity degree can be obtained using binary arithmetic oper-
ation. From the emergence of IrisCode, coding techniques have
Fig. 9. ROI extraction using the angle method: (a) Scanned image. (b) Binarized
developed rapidly. PalmCode, Competitive code, Fusion code and
image. (c) Hand contour and reference points. (d) Relevant points and palmprint.
(e) Palmprint region in gray scale hand image. (f) Extracted palmprint [47]. . Ordinal Code were proposed successively. In the recent decade,
more attention was paid to the orientation information of a palm-
Table 2 print rather than the phase content. Moreover, more researchers
Summary of ROI extraction. Ratio, angle and distance express the prin-
are concerned about the robustness and modification of filters’
ciple of ROI extraction. The number in the second line denotes the
number of valley points utilized. design, coding scheme and classification guideline.
In order to study the influence of the number and orientation of
Ratio/Angle/Distance Valley Points Year Article
Gabor filters, a modified fuzzy C-means cluster algorithm [45] was
Distance 2 2008 [4] proposed to determine the orientation of each Gabor filter. Kim
Distance 2 2009 [45]
et al. [84] designed a new hybrid approach using both the line
Distance 6 2009 [21]
Distance 2 2011 [44] and slope orientation to reduce the effect of lighting conditions
Ratio 2 2012 [19] on position information. The information is for pixels that are not
Distance 3 2012 [27] around palm line, which greatly optimizes robust line orientation
Angle 6 2012 [47] code (RLOC) and binary orientation co-occurrence vector (BOCV).
Angle 6 2013 [48]
In 2012, PalmCode was improved using the Gabor wavelet con-
Ratio 4 2014 [46]
Distance 12 2014 [49] volved with the palmprint image [39], then they employed local
Distance 4 2015 [43] binary pattern (LBP) to code the relationship, which is between the
Ratio & Distance 5 2016 [51] magnitude of wavelet response at the central pixel and that of its
Ratio & Distance 4 2017 [16]
neighbors. There are some analogous modifications [53,85]. Con-
cerning the progress of encoding scheme, Riesz transform [68] was
3. Feature extraction and matching utilized to encode local patterns of palmprint images in two ways.
It is thus more suitable for time critical applications. In addi-
3.1. Feature extraction tion, there are some other innovative examples of coding schemes
[16,54,61].
Feature is the main index for comparison. The work of feature
(2) Structure-based methods
extraction is for the sake of maximizing difference of different peo-
ple and similarity of the same ones. The algorithms to extract fea- Structure-based methods were traditional recognition tech-
tures have developed rapidly in recent decade, not only about the niques, which were transplanted from fingerprint recognition. The
types of feature, but also about ways to record feature accurately key of them is the usage of edge detection algorithm to extract
and effectively. the orientation and location information of ridges, lines or feature
points. Nevertheless, they have many drawbacks. For example, they
3.1.1. Discussion about the extracted features replace real palm lines with the extracted lines or points, causing
The principal features in the recent decade are texture a huge information loss. Thus, in the last decade, less researchers
[39,41,44,48,49,52,53], orientation [45,50,52,54–57], discrimination are concerned about it.
[15,24,58,59] and frequency [12,60]. New developments also For the ridges-centered extraction method, Huang et al.
emerged synchronously [16,61]. For instance, single orientation [86] proposed a novel ridge feature extraction method based on
was not suitable for accurate recognition. Therefore, the double- its orientation and frequency. They used a bank of Gabor filters
orientation [61] was proposed to fully extract features. In addi- to capture both local and global details for representing ridges as

Please cite this article as: D. Zhong et al., Decade progress of palmprint recognition: A brief survey, Neurocomputing (2018),
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different point sets. Corresponding equal error rate (EER) was as
low as 1.5%. Others valuable works worth referring to are listed
in [87,88]. It merits attention that ridge-based methods are usu-
ally applied in high-resolution acquisition system that is applicable
for privacy protection. Nevertheless, extravagant demand of photo
quality and low processing speed hinder its widespread usage.
For the line and points-centered way, Li et al. [89] first reduced
the noise in the image. Then, palm-lines were detected based
on diversity and contrast. They then improved Hilditch algorithm
and applied an edge tracking approach to get rid of branches.
Finally, single pixel principal palm-line image was obtained after
connecting the broken lines. With respect to point-based meth-
ods, three related feature extraction techniques: Scale Invariant
Feature Transform (SIFT), Harris corner detector, and Histogram of
Gradient (HOG) in combination to Gabor filter are tested [90] for
contact-based and contactless palmprint identification. However,
previous line-based approaches focused only on the direction of
valleys, Kim et al. [84] extracted slope direction of local plains
as well as the direction of valleys for matching. Specially, we
highly recommend [91] as an exemplary research, because a new
feature entering space and an LBP-like descriptor called local line
directional patterns (LLDP) that works in the local line-geometry
space were proposed. Then, explicit comparison was provided to
show the robustness and significance of palm lines in recognition.
However, this paper only considered the direction with the lowest
response of the descriptor though other directions of the palm
lines may contain useful information. Other creative works are as
following [92,93]. Among them, the latest overview on edge de-
tection algorithms is available for reference. It investigated several
popular methods that were major determinants of the recognition
property, i.e. Sobel, Prewitt, Roberts, Laplacian of Gaussian (LOG),
and Canny [93].
(3) Statistics-based methods
This type of methods is initially proposed out of statistical con-
ception of an image, i.e. variance, standard deviation, mean value,
invariant moments, density. From the articles we reviewed, there
exist two research directions, one is transform-based and the other
is none-transform based method.
Classical transforms are comprised of wavelet transform,
Fourier transform. They can perfectly represent the multiscale in-
formation of a palmprint image in frequency domain. However, all
of the extraction work should be done on a small scale in the
circular, rectangular or elliptical form. That means this research
orientation is local-based. In recent decade, more comprehensive
transforms were proposed, such as discrete curvelet transform [94],
Riesz transforms [68], Force field transformation [48] and digital
shearlet transform [95]. After the transform, statistical indicators
were computed and converted to a vector for matching. A novel
approach [32] improved Local Binary Pattern Histogram (LBPH) and
combined it with Dual-Tree Complex Wavelet Transform (DT-CWT).
The final representation of feature was weighted histogram set.
None-transform statistical methods generally originated from
the study of Zernike moments. However, the order or dimen-
sion of moments is low which cannot incorporate adequate in-
formation. Therefore, Gayathri et al. [96] devised a robust iden-
tification system using high order Zernike moment. The method
is hardly influenced by rotation, and occlusion because of its or-
thogonality and rotation invariance characteristics. New moments
presented are as following [97,98]. Besides, there are also recog-
nition schemes fusing transforms with invariant moments to in-
crease images’ quality [99,100]. In consideration of statistical ob-
jects like image center of gravity and density, we have found few
works. Only in 2011, Dai et al. [25] confirmed the discriminative
power of density after plenty of experiments on high-resolution
palmprint recognition. Primary reason may be the overlooking of
Please cite this article as: D. Zhong et al., Decade progress of palmprint recognition: A brief survey, Neurocomputing (2018),
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2018.03.081
[m5G;August 28, 2018;5:12]
some discriminative structural palmprint information in the holis-
tic none-transform based methods.
(4) Subspace methods
Subspace methods also stem from face recognition. Commonly
used subspace methods regard palmprint image as high dimen-
sional matrix or vector and convert it into a low dimensional one
by projection or mathematical transform. Subsequent representa-
tion and classification were then utilized for valid image matching.
In general, different training sets of different types of palmprint
need to be established, and the optimal projection vector or ma-
trix was chosen to represent the feature.
As we know, during the formation of a training set, every class
derived from it can be attached with label information. Traditional
ways like PCA, independent component analysis (ICA) and locality
preserving projection (LPP) did not use such information while
linear discriminant analysis (LDA) did. Afterwards, researchers
combined PCA with LDA to consider both the discriminance and
representation of palmprint. However, the dimension of palmprint
images is always larger than the number of training sets. Accord-
ingly, two-dimensional PCA (2DPCA), Bi-directional PCA (BDPCA)
and its fusion with LDA were discussed aiming to solve small
sample size (SSS) problem. Meanwhile, many works have been
done on LPP, such as 2DLPP, two-dimensional discriminant LPP
(2DDLPP), orthogonal discriminant LPP (ODLPP) that reduce noise
efficaciously. All the above approaches use linear projection or
mathematical transform model. Popular nonlinear methods are
kernel-based, like kernel PCA (KPCA) with an underlying nonlinear
spatial structure and kernel Fisher discriminant (KFD).
Recently, researchers have made huge progress in optimiza-
tion and application of PCA. For the sake of eliminating over-
fitting and stepping up recognition, Bai et al. [101] designed a
novel method by combining blocked surface type (ST) feature and
PCA for 3D palmprint identification. They adopted histogram of
blocked ST as palmprint feature so the computational complexity
was reduced. Researchers have also applied PCA to classify square
palmprint overlapping blocks into either a good block or a non-
palmprint block [47]. Also, PCA was fused with other extraction
methods like moment invariances [97] to receive a comparatively
high recognition rate. Other meritorious improvements are as fol-
lows: [102,103].
About LDA, researchers have made breakthroughs as well. The
Image-Based LDA (IBLDA) was put forward [104] to complete mul-
tispectral fusion. With post-processing approaches appearing, it
was extended to palmprint recognition [70] using two databases to
evaluate post-processed LDA method. Experimental results proved
great effectiveness. In addition, other advances like two dimen-
sional LDA (2DLDA), Gabor-based two directional two dimensional
LDA (GB (2D)2 LDA) are presented in [105,106].
Taking ICA into account, winner-take-all based ICA (WTA-ICA)
[107] as a form of sparse ICA, is simpler to meet with high di-
mensional computing needs. Chen et al. [81] even combined back
propagation neural network with ICA and transformed original ROI
images into a small set of feature space.
About the improvements in LPP, Pan et al. [29] improved 2DLPP
based on the Gabor features (I2DLPPG) to enhance the accuracy
rate and reduce calculation and storage complexity. Another modi-
fication work [108] created diagonal Dia-DLPP (DLPP) and weighted
two-dimensional DLPP (W2D-DLPP). They assigned a weight to
each pixel for manifold learning about palmprint. Moreover, a
novel approach called Fisher Locality Preserving Projections (FLPP)
[59] was presented for efficient recognition. Besides, Lu et al.
[109] also considered fusing LPP and machine learning methods.
As the most popular nonlinear method, Kernel based meth-
ods represent image data into a higher dimensional or bound-
less dimensional feature space. Except KPCA, KLPP [110], KFD, KDA
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Table 3
Summary of the kinds of feature and ways to record feature. Feature column expresses the kinds of feature extracted and
encoding/photo/learning column expresses the ways to represent features.

Feature Encoding/Photo/Learning Year Article

2D PCA & 2D LPP photo 2008 [29]

Energy & frequency learning 2008 [80]
“Laplacianpalm” feature photo 2008 [4]
Between-class relevant structures photo 2008 [69]
LRV(Local relative variance) encoding 2009 [38]
Shape & texture encoding 2009 [32]
Orientation encoding 2009 [45]
MCI & GCI & ST(Mean & Gaussian curvature image & surface type) encoding 2009 [21]
2D PCA photo 2010 [70]
ICA learning 2010 [77]
Zernike moment learning 2010 [76]
Discrimination photo 2010 [58]
Texture encoding 2011 [44]
Mean & standard deviation photo 2011 [28]
GMP (Gabor magnitude and phase) information photo 2011 [62]
Palm line photo 2011 [115]
Orientation encoding 2011 [26]
Texture encoding 2012 [39]
PCA & DWT (Discrete wavelet transform) in quaternion model photo 2012 [30]
Local phase & orientation encoding 2012 [68]
Texture encoding 2012 [53]
2D&3D PCA photo 2013 [116]
Texture encoding 2013 [48]
Phase learning 2013 [60]
Orientation & texture encoding 2013 [35]
Frequency & Orientation photo 2013 [60]
Texture photo 2014 [49]
Texture photo 2014 [41]
Texture encoding 2014 [46]
Orientation photo 2014 [50]
Orientation photo 2014 [57]
Texture encoding 2015 [117]
Texture learning 2015 [72]
Class label information photo 2015 [118]
Blur invariant phase encoding 2015 [43]
Location & Discrimination photo 2015 [64]
Orientation encoding 2015 [54]
Orientation encoding 2015 [52]
Discrimination photo 2015 [59]
Texture photo 2016 [119]
Texture encoding 2016 [51]
Energy information photo 2016 [63]
Orientation & Line information encoding 2016 [65]
Double-orientation encoding 2016 [61]
Direction & Line photo 2016 [14]
Orientation encoding 2016 [55]
Texture encoding 2016 [120]
Orientation photo 2016 [56]
ROI learning 2016 [74]
Lines learning 2016 [73]
PCA learning 2016 [71]
Concavity information encoding 2017 [85]
Texture & orientation encoding 2017 [67]
Local orientation encoding 2017 [16]
Frequency & Orientation photo 2017 [12]
Discrimination photo 2017 [24]
Texture encoding 2017 [121]
Direction & Line photo 2017 [66]
Discrimination photo 2017 [15]

[51], kernel PCA-subclass discriminant analysis (KPCA-SDA) [23],
our first suggestion is [111] which put forward kernel trick based
sparse representation (KSR) algorithm. The algorithm decreased
the feature quantization inaccuracy when the sparse coding effec-
tiveness was improved simultaneously.
The final progress is the combination of image transform and
subspace techniques.
Image transform has many advantages related to noise elimi-
nation and enhancement of robustness and efficiency. Algorithms
with the transforms applied before feature extraction process on
PCA [112], LDA [113], ICA [114] are definite to perform better com-
paratively.
(5) Machine learning and deep learning methods
So far, palmprint recognition technologies in machine learn-
ing and deep learning [60,71,72] have thrived on a large scale.
Traditional machine learning can be divided into two categories,
supervised, like convolutional neural network (CNN) and non-
supervised learning, like deep belief network (DBN). Three crucial
points in a particular learning system are activation function, loss
function and optimization strategy. A typical deep learning system
generally consists of diverse layers, for example, CNN is comprised
of input layer, convolutional layer, fully connected layer, pooling
layer, softmax layer and output layer.

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8 D. Zhong et al. / Neurocomputing 000 (2018) 1–13

Table 4
Summary of distance calculated for matching. Distance expresses the kinds of distance calculated for
matching comparison.

Distance Year Article

Euclidean distance 2008 [122]

Manhattan distance 2009 [38]
Chi-square distance 2009 [32]
Zhang et al. 2009 [21]
Gui et al. 2010 [126]
Hamming distance 2011 [44]
Euclidean distance 2011 [124]
Angular distance & orientation equivalence 2011 [115]
Hamming distance 2011 [26]
Euclidean distance 2012 [123]
Euclidean distance 2012 [30]
Hamming distance & FPD(Fragile bit pattern distance) 2012 [53]
Hamming distance 2012 [47]
CW-SSIM distance 2012 [19]
Hamming distance & Angular distance & Pixel-to-area distance 2012 [27]
Euclidean distance 2013 [127]
Euclidean distance 2013 [128]
2D-Euclidean distance & Angular distance 2013 [35]
Cosine & Euclidean distance 2013 [129]
Reconstruction error & Normalized distance 2013 [125]
Raghavendra et al. 2014 [49]
Wen et al. 2014 [130]
Wang et al. 2014 [63]
Xu et al. 2014 [131]
Cui et al. 2014 [22]
Chi-square distance 2014 [46]
Raghavendra et al. 2015 [117]
Chi-square distance 2015 [43]
Hamming distance 2015 [54]
Deviation 2015 [132]
Hamming Distance 2015 [52]
Xu et al. 2016 [95]
Hamming distance & Kullback–Leibler divergence 2016 [65]
Nonlinear angular 2016 [61]
Principal line distance 2016 [14]
Normalized correlation coefficient (NCC) 2016 [56]
Angular Hamming distance 2017 [85]
Modified angular distance 2017 [133]
Cosine Mahalanobis distance 2017 [24]
Peak-to-sidelobe ratio 2017 [66]

Table 5
Summary of fusion in objective and level. The objective expresses the information used for fusion and level
shows the level of fusion.

Objective Level Year Article

Palmprint & palm vein Pixel 2008 [4]

2D & 3D Feature & score 2009 [21]
Palmprint & FKP(Finger knuckle pattern) Score 2011 [44]
Multispectral Score 2011 [124]
Minutiae & Density & Orientation & Principal lines Feature 2011 [25]
Palmprint & Face Score & pixel 2011 [108]
2D &3D Score & feature 2013 [116]
Multispectral & 2D & 3D images Feature 2013 [128]
LBP & Gabor wavelet feature Score 2013 [35]
Comp code & TPTSR Score 2013 [31]
Multispectral Score 2013 [134]
Multispectral images Pixel & score 2014 [49]
Interdigital & thenar & hypothenar Score 2014 [63]
2D & 3D Score 2014 [22]
MC & GC(Mean & Gaussian curvature) Decision 2015 [34]
FKP & palmprint Score 2015 [135]
Multispectral Pixel & feature 2015 [64]
Multispectral Feature 2015 [52]
Multispectral images Pixel 2016 [95]
Multispectral Feature 2016 [65]
2D & 3D Score 2017 [24]
Multispectral Score 2017 [136]

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D. Zhong et al. / Neurocomputing 000 (2018) 1–13 9

Table 6
Comparative study of palmprint recognition methods. Database size refers to the number of images used for recognition. Time refers to the
average time cost in identification process. Feature size refers to the template size used for matching.

Method Indicators Feature size Database size Time Article

CR_CompCode (encoding) 98.78%(rank 1 RR) 256∗ 256 12,0 0 0 12.5 ms [16]

AF coding (encoding) 97.2%(RR) 128∗ 128 800 35 ms [67]
LLDP (structure) 100%(rank 1 RR) 128∗ 128 4600/5021 23.42 ms [91]
Ridge Distance (structure) 0.29%(EER) 2040∗ 2040 1280 89 ms [88]
2D-DOST (statistics) 97.29%(RR) 128∗ 128 7752/5502 341 ms [114]
High order moments (statistics) 99.59%(RR) 1282 /1922 549/5239/7752 202/172/234 ms [137]
ST & PCA (subspace) 99.25%(RR) \ 80 0 0 35 ms [138]
LPDP (subspace) 99.7%(RR) 322 /1282 165/40 0/60 0 214 ms [139]
Multispectral fusion (fusion) 99.93%(RR) 128∗ 128 12,0 0 0 749.9 ms [136]
Face & palmprint (fusion) 99.17%(RR) 50∗ 50 1175 213 ms [140]
CNN for ROI (learning) 99.59%(RR) 196∗ 147 5239 31.77 ms [74]
DCFSH (learning) 0.0 0 0%(EER) 128∗ 128 7752 \ [141]

Many researchers applied machine learning [75–81] either for
feature extraction or for classification. In the latest 3 years, because
of deep understanding of the artificial neural networks, Zhao et al.
[72] proposed an overview of deep learning in palmprint recogni-
tion. Liu et al. [73] used CNN to carry out contactless recognition.
And also a novel preprocessing measure is presented [74] based on
CNN. The average accuracy of deep learning is much higher than
that of classic approaches, even reaching 100%. Thus, it is a very
promising field.
In conclusion of feature extraction, Table 3 represents the sum-
mary of the types of feature and ways to record it. As shown in
table, both fusion method and deep learning have become the pop-
ular tendency of feature extraction. Similarly, a hypothesis can be
made that the ideal way to represent feature may be the one that
fuses encoding and photo ways under the deep learning structure
in the near future.
3.2. Matching
Matching is the final step of palmprint recognition, and it is
the most essential step. The purpose of matching is to figure out
the testing palmprint image belongs to which class in the dataset.
Whether the feature is matched properly will influence the effect
of recognition system.
In this survey, how algorithms are conducted is not explained
but the matcher for comparison is mainly discussed. For differ-
ent image databases, different distances calculated will lead to dif-
ferent discrimination between the same people. Recently, many
traditional distances were still applied, such as Euclidean dis-
tance [30,122–124], Hamming distance [26,44,47,52–54] and Chi-
square distance [32,43,46]. Some new distances were developed
as well, for example, Angular distance [115], CW-SSIM (Complex
wavelet-structural similarity) distance [19], Peak-to-sidelobe ratio
(PSR) [66] and Cosine Mahalanobis distance [24] are well stud-
ied. Multi-distance was also a new phenomenon. They usually
used weighted sum of multiple matchers to calculate the differ-
ence [27,35,65,115,125]. Table 4 shows the summary of distance
calculated for matching. More novel types of distance and multi-
distance newly emerged.
4. Fusion
Fusion of biometrics is the tendency with the development of
information fusion techniques. It has mutual-complement advan-
tages and can overcome drawbacks of unimodal biometrics. Several
fusion rules nowadays include minimum, maximum, sum, average,
SVM and neural networks. Fusion related to palmprint consists of
the fusion of objectives and fusion of methods for extraction and
matching.
Considering objectives used for fusion, there are many cate-
gories, such as different biometric information [4,44,108], differ-
ent images types [21,49,128] and different features [25,31,35]. In
addition, the level of fusion also differs in corresponding recogni-
tion system. Chief levels can be divided into four categories, pixel
[4,64,95,108], feature [21,25,52,65,128], score [31,35,44,124,134] and
decision level [34]. Some articles even applied two levels to
strengthen the recognition [21,49,64,108,116]. Table 5 shows the
summary of fusion in terms of objective and level.
5. Selected comparative experiments
In order to validate the performance of various methods, the
latest experimental results from the selected state-of-art works
were presented for comparative study. It is worth noting that the
results of them cannot be compared directly because of different
hardware condition and experimental setup.
Table 6 summarizes comparative experiments and their results.
The result indicators are RR (recognition rate) and EER. Moreover,
we choose the best experimental result in every research. Some
abbreviations used below are as follows: Anisotropic Filter (AF)
coding, LLDP (Local line directional pattern), 2D-DOST (2D discrete
orthonormal S-Transform), ST (Blocked surface type feature), LPDP
(Locality preserving discriminant projections), and DCFSH (deep
convolutional features based supervised hashing).
According to our survey, almost all the noticeable characteristics
are already considered during these years, such as shape, texture,
frequency, direction, energy and phase information of a palmprint
image. Except for innovations about the recognition or detection
itself, plenty of attention is focused on the optimization of exist-
ing strategies, thus the recognition accuracy increases like what is
demonstrated in the chart.
Essentially speaking, deep learning, subspace and encoding
methods have superior recognition precision. Genetic features with
excellent generalization capability can be derived by learning
methods from large datasets, which are conveniently transplanted
onto palmprint recognition. Encoding methods did not differenti-
ate which kind of feature is in the image but encode it under the
same guideline so little feature is lost. Subspace methods train im-
ages highlighting on the features’ pattern and then obtain the pro-
jection matrix from them. Besides, deep learning approaches have
both the biggest computational complexity and the biggest feature
size. The reason is that too much data are needed for training so
substantial computing work is unavoidable. Usually, GPU is highly
required. Similarly, structure-based methods focus only on the di-
rection and location of palm lines rather than representation of
features, thus the accuracy, spatial and computing complexity are
not very ideal for extensive application. Finally, fusion approaches
solves several problems in unimodal biometrics, i.e. noisy data, il-
lumination variation, partial occlusion and non-universality that
cause the system to be less accurate and secure. However, the ef-
ficiency decreased meanwhile compared to other methods because
of extra work done for another fusion objective.

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10 D. Zhong et al. / Neurocomputing 000 (2018) 1–13
6. Conclusion and discussion
6.1. Conclusion of this survey
Palmprint recognition is a promising method for identity au-
thentication with the superiority of safety and stableness. In recent
decade, it developed fast and meanwhile had many breakthroughs.
In this survey, the basic knowledge of palmprint recognition was
introduced firstly. Then, the developments of image acquisition
and preprocessing were presented using a tabulation. Many new
databases were established for simulating real world better and
novel ways to segment ROI were also proposed. We surveyed
almost all the valuable methods for the preprocessing stage. In
the third part, feature extraction and matching were concerned.
Different features were obtained using three general types of
extraction algorithms. Next, palmprint matching measures were
explained. In the fourth part, our paper discussed the tendency
of fusion. A fact can be found that fusion improves the accuracy
of recognition and becomes increasingly popular. Finally, some
selected experiments are presented and analyzed to conduct a
comparative study as well.
6.2. Suggestions on further research
After reviewing the recent works, we would like to provide our
five suggestions and some burning research issues for further in-
novation.
The first one should be taken into consideration is the practical
application. As we know, though palmprint is under research for
considerable years, still there are not many genuine examples
to make full use of its recognition in practice. Firstly, Rotation,
translation, blurring, distortion and heterogeneous data of the
required images still resists further development [56,142]. Sec-
ondly, researchers need to figure out how to design an appropriate
algorithm when images are captured under low or high contrast
conditions or by a contactless way. Meanwhile, image quality
assessment is also promising to reduce the high error rate caused
by poor quality of the testing images rather than the algorithm
itself. Besides, corresponding practical datasets containing all types
of palmprint images are expected to be established, i.e. low and
high-resolution images, 2D and 3D images and multispectral im-
ages, which will serve as a benchmark. It is better to have all the
hand features included, such as vein configuration and fingerprint,
to prepare for fusion or learning method. Thirdly, due to the
progress of Internet [12,42], more emphasis should be placed on
online palmprint recognition and its use in mobile devices, which
will become a novel identification approach in online payment or
personal authentication.
The second promising direction is the usage of deep learning.
Too many training samples are required and it also has little gen-
eralization ability. Recently, George et al. [143] proposed a prob-
abilistic generative model called recursive cortical network (RCN)
to conduct message-passing based inference. The method unifies
recognition, segmentation and reasoning. Excellent generalization
and occlusion-reasoning capabilities were demonstrated. Experi-
mental results are even better than deep neural networks while
the algorithm is 300-fold more data efficient. Thus, it is a field re-
searchers may focus more on.
The third research orientation is encoding based methods. First,
encoding way has many advantages over photo ways and plenty of
researches have been done perfectly [54,61]. Compared to the prin-
ciple of ID cards, maybe through palmprint recognition, a vector
of bitwise code called palmprint ID will be attached to everyone’s
palmprint, which will be used for forensics and security protection.
The next direction is fusion. It can be used in data acquisition,
preprocessing, feature extraction and matching, leading to a bet-
Please cite this article as: D. Zhong et al., Decade progress of palmprint recognition: A brief survey, Neurocomputing (2018),
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2018.03.081
[m5G;August 28, 2018;5:12]
ter recognition performance. However, the objectives applied in fu-
sion is no more than three, maybe there should be more objectives
involved while total time expense shouldn’t be too high. Besides,
sometimes large amounts of information are neglected in fusion,
causing a limited recognition rate. Finally, further researches are
expected to consider the robustness of fusion to reduce impacts of
constraints like illumination variation and condition changes.
The final key in palmprint recognition is liveness detection aim-
ing for high security capability. Though the palmprint cannot be
lost, forgery and duplication problems still exert huge bad influ-
ences on the recognition system. Liveness detection as a method
to detect human vital signs can prevent such attacks. Recent stud-
ies like multispectral recognition [95] may be a possible solution.
Due to the limit of our perspectives, the above-mentioned sug-
gestions on further research are for reference only. We welcome
readers’ comments and suggestions.
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by Grants from National Natural Science
Foundation of China (No. 61105021), Natural Science Foundation
of Shaanxi, China (No. 2015JQ6257) and the Fundamental Research
Funds for the Central Universities.
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Dexing Zhong received his Bs.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from
Xi’an Jiaotong University in 2005 and 2010, respectively.
He is an associate professor in School of Electronic and
Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, China.
He was a visiting scholar with University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, United States. His main research in-
terests are biometrics and computer vision.
JID: NEUCOM
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D. Zhong et al. / Neurocomputing 000 (2018) 1–13
Xuefeng Du is an undergraduate student in School
of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiao-
tong University. He is participating in the Information-
technology Talent Program (ITP) sponsored by school.
Please cite this article as: D. Zhong et al., Decade progress of palmprint recognition: A brief survey, Neurocomputing (2018),
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2018.03.081
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13
Kuncai Zhong is an undergraduate student of Xi’an Jiao-
tong University. He will be enrolled in Shanghai Jiaotong
University as a graduate student in the fall of 2018. He is
participating in the national university student innovation
project.