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Det1013 - Electrical Technology: DC Equivalent Circuit & Network Theorem
Det1013 - Electrical Technology: DC Equivalent Circuit & Network Theorem
Chapter 2:
DC Equivalent Circuit
& Network Theorem
AUTHORS:
AMINAH BINTI OTHMAN
JA’AFAR BIN SURADI
JUNAIDA BINTI SHAARI
ZULKURNAIN BIN ABDUL HAMID
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME
1. Apply the concept and principles of DC electrical
circuit using different method and approach. (C3,
PLO1)
2. Solve DC circuit problems using appropriate DC
electrical laws and theorems. (C3, PLO2)
3. Conduct the laboratory activities of DC electrical
circuit using appropriate electrical equipment.
(P4, PLO5)
4. Demonstrate ability to work in team to complete
assigned task during practical work sessions. (A3,
PLO11)
TOPIC TITLE (RTA)
CHAPTER TITLE RTA
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC 08:12
CIRCUIT
2.0 DC EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT AND 08:10
NETWORK THEOREMS
3.0 CAPACITORS AND CAPACITANCE 05:00
4.0 INDUCTORS AND INDUCTANCE 05:04
5.0 MAGNETIC CIRCUIT, 04:04
ELECTROMAGNETISM AND
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
LEARNING OUTCOME (2 Hours)
2.1 Understand methods of analysis for resistive circuit.
2.1.1 Differentiate between nodes and mesh.
2.1.2 Explain steps to solve circuit problems using nodes and
mesh.
∑ Iin = ∑ I out
I1+I2=I3+I4+I5
or
I1+12-I3-I4-I5=0
KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW
σ 𝑒. 𝑚. 𝑓. 𝑠 = σ Vdrops
E1-E2 = IR2+IR3+IR1
Example 2.1
DETERMINE the current flowing through 8 kΩ resistor in
the diagram by using Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL). [C4] -
CLO2
Answer:
σ I entering_node =σ I leaving_node
Answer:
σ 𝑒. 𝑚. 𝑓. 𝑠=σ Vdrops
12 - 5 = VR +1.472+2.208
+525.394m+1.667
VR = 7 – 5.872
∴ VR = 1.128 V
SELF-EXERCISE
Find the unknown currents
Answer:
I1=30A;
I2=35A ;
I3=-90A;
I4=105A
I5= 80A
SELF-EXERCISE
Determine the value of E
E ANSWER
= 5V
LEARNING OUTCOME (2 Hours)
I1 = I2 + I3
4 I3 + 2 I1 = 4V
1 I2 – 4 I3 = – 4V Answer: I1 = 0.71 A
𝐼1 =ANSWER
1.276 A
70Ω 𝐼2 =ANSWER
0.414 A
𝐼3 =ANSWER
0.862 A
SELF-EXERCISE
2) Calculate currents IA by using Kirchhoff’ Law
𝐼1 = ANSWER
1.647 mA
IA 𝐼2 = ANSWER
1.471 mA
𝐼A = -ANSWER
0.176 mA
SELF-EXERCISE
3) Calculate currents I1 , I2 & I3 by using Kirchhoff’
Law
𝐼1 = - ANSWER
11.818 mA
ANSWER mA
𝐼2 = - 19.091
𝐼3 = -ANSWER
7.273 mA
LEARNING OUTCOME (1 Hours)
2.5 Understand Thevenin’s Theorem.
2.5.1 Explain Thevenin’s Theorem.
2.5.2 Outline the procedure adopted when using Thevenin’s
Theorem.
2.5.3 Calculate the Thevenin’s voltage (𝑉𝑇𝐻 ) and resistance (𝑅𝑇𝐻 ).
VTH
E R3
-
B
Thevenin’s Theorem
• It provides a mathematical technique for replacing a
given electrical network, as viewed from two output
terminals, by a single voltage source with a series
resistance
R1 R2
A
+
RTH
VTH
B
To determine the current in any branch of
an active network:
Step 1 : Remove the resistance R from the branch.
Step 2 : Determine the open-circuit voltage , Voltage
across the break (𝑉𝑇𝐻 ).
Step 3 : Remove each source of e.m.f and replace
them by their internal resistance (if exist)
and then determine the resistance (𝑅𝑇𝐻 ),
‘looking-in’ the break
Step 4 : Determine the value of the current from the
equivalent circuit
How to Thevenize a circuit
R1 IL
E R2 RL
E R2 RL
Step 1: Temporarily remove the resistance (RL) which current (IL) is required
How to Thevenize a circuit
R1 IL A
E R2 RL
Step 1: Temporarily remove the resistance (RL) which current (IL) is required
How to Thevenize a circuit
R1 A
E R2 VTH
Step 2: Determine Thevenin’s Voltage, VTH. (VTH is the open circuit voltage across A-B)
E R2
RTH
B
Step 3: Determine Thevenin’s Equivalent Resistance, RTH (RTH is total resistance as seen
from terminal A-B). Don’t forget to replace any voltage source with short circuit and
current source with open circuit.
How to Thevenize a circuit
R1 A
E R2
RTH
B
Step 3: Determine Thevenin’s Equivalent Resistance, RTH (RTH is total resistance as seen
from terminal A-B). Don’t forget to replace any voltage source with short circuit and
current source with open circuit.
For this case:
R R
RTH = R 1∗+R2
1 2
How to Thevenize a circuit
RTH A
VTH
B
Step 4: Draw Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit.
How to Thevenize a circuit
RTH A
VTH
RL
B
Step 5: Connect RL back to the circuit
How to Thevenize a circuit
RTH
IL
VTH
RL
100Ω 100Ω
IL
RL
12V 220Ω 150Ω
Thevenin’s Theorem(Example)
100Ω 100Ω
IL
RL
12V 220Ω 150Ω
Remove 𝑅𝐿
Thevenin’s Theorem(Example)
100Ω 100Ω A
Calculate 𝑉𝑇𝐻 :
220
VTH = V220 = x 12 = 8.25 V
100 +220
Thevenin’s Theorem(Example)
E 100Ω 100Ω A
-
RTH
E’ B
Calculate 𝑅𝑇𝐻 :
220 x 100
RTH = + 100 = 168.75 Ω
220 +100
Thevenin’s Theorem(Example)
RTH A
VTH
RL
150Ω
B
Draw Thevenin circuit and place back RL
Thevenin’s Theorem(Example)
168.75 Ω
IL
8.25V RL
150Ω
Calculate current IL :
8.25
IL = ITH = = 25.882 mA
168.75 + 150
Example 2.5
100Ω 100Ω
IL
12V RL 220Ω 9V
Thevenin’s Theorem(Example)
100Ω 100Ω
IL
12V RL 220Ω 9V
Remove 𝑅𝐿
Thevenin’s Theorem(Example)
𝐼𝑆 100Ω A 100Ω
+ -
+ +
12V VTH 9V
- -
B
Calculate 𝑉𝑇𝐻 :
12V RTH 9V
Calculate 𝑅𝑇𝐻 :
100
RTH = = 50 Ω
2
Thevenin’s Theorem(Example)
RTH A
VTH
RL
220Ω
B
Draw Thevenin circuit and place back RL
Thevenin’s Theorem(Example)
50 Ω
IL
10.5 V RL
220Ω
Calculate current IL :
10.5
IL = ITH = = 38.889 mA
50 + 220
Example 2.6
VTH
VTH = 10 x 8
(2 + 8)
= 80 / 10
= 8V
STEP 3: Calculate 𝑅𝑇𝐻
1. Re draw circuit at step 1
If in the circuit consist of voltage supply short circuit it.
If in the circuit consist of current source open circuit it.
2. Determine the resistance (𝑅𝑇𝐻 ), ‘looking-in’ the break
STEP 3: Calculate 𝑅𝑇𝐻
1. Redraw circuit at step 1
If in the circuit consist of voltage supply short circuit it.
If in the circuit consist of current source open circuit it.
2. Determine the resistance (𝑅𝑇𝐻 ), ‘looking-in’ the break
𝑅𝑇𝐻 = [ ( 2//8) + 5 ]
= [ (16/10) + 5 ]
= [ 1.6 + 5 ]
= 6.6 ῼ
STEP 4 : Draw Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
Draw 𝑉𝑇𝐻 series with 𝑅𝑇𝐻
𝑅𝑇𝐻
𝑉𝑇𝐻
STEP 5: Calculate IL
1. Insert 𝑅𝐿 to the Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
2. Calculate 𝐼𝐿 using formula
𝐼𝐿 = 𝑉𝑇𝐻 / (𝑅𝑇𝐻 + 𝑅𝐿 )
𝑅𝑇𝐻
𝑅𝐿 10ῼ 𝐼𝐿 = 𝑉𝑇𝐻 / (𝑅𝑇𝐻 + 𝑅𝐿 )
𝑉𝑇𝐻
= 8 / ( 6.6 + 10 )
= 8 / (16.6)
= 0.48 A
SELF-EXERCISE
1) Calculate currents IL by using Thevenin’s Theorem
30kΩ A
60kΩ
𝑉TH = 70 V
ANSWER
R2
SELF-EXERCISE
2) Use Thevenin’s Theorem to determine the current
flowing in the 4Ω resistor shown in figure above. Find also
the power dissipated in the 4Ω resistor.
Answers:
Vth= 2.667V
Rth= 1.667Ω
I= 0.571A
P= 1.304Watt
SELF-EXERCISE
3) By using Thevenin Theorem find IL
LEARNING OUTCOME (1 Hours)
2.7 Understand Norton’s Theorem.
2.7.1 Explain Norton’s Theorem.
2.7.2 Outline the procedure adopted when using Norton’s
Theorem.
2.7.3 Calculate the Norton’s current (𝐼𝑁 ) and resistance (𝑅𝑁 )
R1 R2
A
B
Norton’s Theorem
• It provides a mathematical technique for replacing a
given electrical network, as viewed from two output
terminals, by a single current source with a parallel
resistance.
R1 R2
A
Norton’s Resistance, RN is the
resistance seen at A-B with all
voltage sources are replaced by
short circuits and all current
R3 RN
E sources are replaced by open
circuits. Same with RTH
B
Norton Equivalent Circuit
A
IN RN
B
To determine the current flowing in a resistance:
a) Remove load and short-circuit the open
terminal.
b) Determine the short-circuit current Isc flowing
in the branch (Isc=IN)
c) Remove and replace all voltage sources with
short circuit then determine the resistance RN
by ‘looking-in’ at a break made between the
load open terminal.
d) Determine the current IL flowing in resistance
RL from the Norton equivalent network
How to Nortonize a circuit
R1 IL
E R2 RL
E R2 RL
Step 1: Temporarily remove the resistance (RL) which current (IL) is required
How to Nortonize a circuit
R1 IL A
E R2 RL
Step 1: Temporarily remove the resistance (RL) which current (IL) is required
How to Nortonize a circuit
R1 A
E R2 IN
Step 2: Determine Norton’s Current, IN by shorting the terminal A-B (IN is the short
circuit current across A-B)
E R2
RN
B
E R2
RN
B
IN RN
B
Step 4: Draw Norton’s Equivalent Circuit.
How to Nortonize a circuit
A
IN RN RL
IL
IN RN RL
100Ω 100Ω
IL
RL
12V 220Ω 150Ω
Norton’s Theorem(Example)
100Ω 100Ω
IL
RL
12V 220Ω 150Ω
Remove 𝑅𝐿
Norton’s Theorem(Example)
𝐼𝑆 100Ω 100Ω A
12V 220Ω IN
B
Calculate 𝐼𝑁 :
220 x 100 𝐼𝑆 =
12
= 71.111 mA
RTotal = + 100 = 168.75 Ω
220 +100 168.75
220
∴ IN = ISC = x 71.111m = 48.889 mA
100 +220
Norton’s Theorem(Example)
E 100Ω 100Ω A
12V 220Ω
RN
E’ B
Calculate 𝑅𝑁 :
220 x 100
RN = + 100 = 168.75 Ω
220 +100
Norton’s Theorem(Example)
A
RL
IN RN 150Ω
B
Draw Norton circuit and place back RL
Norton’s Theorem(Example)
IL
RL
48.889 mA 168.75Ω 150Ω
168.75
IL = X 48.889m = 25.882 mA
168.75 + 150
Example 2.8
100Ω 100Ω
IL
12V RL 220Ω 9V
Norton’s Theorem(Example)
100Ω 100Ω
IL
12V RL 220Ω 9V
Remove 𝑅𝐿
Norton’s Theorem(Example)
𝐼𝑆1 100Ω A 100Ω 𝐼𝑆2
12V IN 9V
B
Calculate 𝐼𝑁 :
12 9
𝐼𝑆1 = = 120 mA 𝐼𝑆2 = = 90 mA
100 100
12V RN 9V
Calculate 𝑅𝑁 :
100
RN = = 50 Ω
2
Norton’s Theorem(Example)
A
RL
IN RN 220Ω
B
Draw Norton circuit and place back RL
Norton’s Theorem(Example)
IL
RL
210 mA 50Ω 220Ω
50
IL = X 210m = 38.889 mA
50 + 220
Example 2.9
1. Calculate 𝑅𝑇
2. Calculate 𝐼𝑇
IN
IT = E/RT = 10/5.08= 1.97A
RN = [ ( 2//8) + 5 ]
= [ (2x8) / (2+8) + 5 ]
= [ (16/10) + 5 ]
= [ 1.6 + 5 ]
= 6.6 ῼ
STEP 4 : Draw Norton’s Equivalent Circuit
IN =
1.21A RN =
6.6ῼ
STEP 5: Calculate IL
1. Insert RL to the Norton equivalent circuit
2. Calculate IL using formula ( current divider rule)
IL = ( IN x RN ) / ( RN + RL)
IL = ( IN x RN ) / ( RN + RL)
IN = RL
= ( 1.21 x 6.6 ) / (6.6 + 10)
1.21A RN = =10ῼ
6.6ῼ
= ( 7.98 ) / (16.6)
= 0.48 A
SELF-EXERCISE
Calculate currents IL by using Norton’s Theorem
30kΩ A
60kΩ
𝐼N =ANSWER
3.333 mA
100 V IL ANSWER
𝑅N = 21 kΩ
70kΩ
30kΩ
𝐼L =ANSWER
630.63 µA
B
R2
Self-Exercise
Determine the current in the 5Ω resistance in the network
shown in figure below:
Answer:
𝐼𝑆𝐶 =𝐼𝑁 = 2A
𝑅𝑁 = 0.4Ω
𝐼5Ω = 0.148A
Thevenin – Norton Transformation
RTH A A
VTH
IN RN
B B
Thevenin – Norton Norton - Thevenin
𝑉𝑇𝐻
𝐼𝑁 = 𝑉𝑇𝐻 = 𝐼𝑁 ∗ 𝑅𝑁
𝑅𝑇𝐻
𝑅𝑁 = 𝑅𝑇𝐻
𝑅𝑁 = 𝑅𝑇𝐻
Example 2.10
Convert Norton’s Equivalent to Thevenin’s Equivalent
𝑅𝑁 = 𝑅𝑇𝐻 = 𝑅𝑁 = 6.6ῼ
IN =
1.21A 6.6ῼ
𝑉𝑇𝐻 = 7.98 V
RTH = 6.6ῼ
IN = RN = VTH
1.21 A 6.6ῼ 7.98V
To find IN
To find 𝑅𝑁
𝐼𝑁 = 𝑉𝑇𝐻 / 𝑅𝑇𝐻 = 7.98 /6.6 = 1.21A
𝑅𝑁 = 𝑅𝑇𝐻 = 6.6ῼ
RECAP
To solve unknow n current and unknown voltage we
can use different techniques that we had learn in this
topic.
-Kirchhoff Voltage Law and Kirchhoff Current Law
-Thevenin’s Theorem
-Norton’s Theorem
-Superposition Theorem
- We can apply Thevenin’s Theorem to get Power
Maximum Transfer in a circuit.