DET1013 - ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY

Chapter 5:
Magnetic Circuit,
Electromagnetism &
Electromagnetic
Induction
AUTHORS:
AMINAH BINTI OTHMAN
JA’AFAR BIN SURADI
JUNAIDA BINTI SHAARI
ZULKURNAIN BIN ABDUL HAMID
 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME
1. Apply the concept and principles of DC electrical
circuit using different method and approach. (C3,
PLO1)
2. Solve DC circuit problems using appropriate DC
electrical laws and theorems. (C3, PLO2)
3. Conduct the laboratory activities of DC electrical
circuit using appropriate electrical equipment.
(P4, PLO5)
4. Demonstrate ability to work in team to complete
assigned task during practical work sessions. (A3,
PLO11)
 TOPIC TITLE (RTA)
CHAPTER TITLE RTA
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC 08:12
CIRCUIT
2.0 DC EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT AND 08:10
NETWORK THEOREMS
3.0 CAPACITORS AND CAPACITANCE 05:00
4.0 INDUCTORS AND INDUCTANCE 05:04
5.0 MAGNETIC CIRCUIT, 04:04
ELECTROMAGNETISM AND
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
 LEARNING OUTCOME (2 HOURS)
5.1 Understand magnetism.
5.1.1 Explain the principles of magnetism and its
characteristics.
5.1.2 Explain magnetic field.
5.1.3 Outline the characteristics of magnetic force lines (flux).
5.1.4 Explain the following terms and the related formulas:
a. magnetomotive force, Fm
b. reluctance, S
c. magnetic field strength, H
d. flux density, B
e. permeability
f. B-H curve for different magnetic materials.
 Magnetism
• A permanent magnet is a piece of ferromagnetic
material which has properties of attracting
magnetic materials (such as cobalt, nickel and
iron) . (John Bird)
• A permanent magnet will position itself in a north
and south direction when freely suspended.
• The north-seeking end of the magnet is called the
north pole, N, and the south-seeking end the
south pole, S.
Plotting of magnetic field
Plotting of magnetic field
 Some Definitions
• Magnetic Materials – A material that could be attracted
by magnet
• Magnetism – The capability of a magnet to attract
magnetic materials
• Magnetic Field – the area around a magnet.
• Magnetic line of force – a line in a magnetic field which is
a path towards the south pole if there are no obstacles
along the path.
• Magnetic flux, φ – the total of magnetic lines of force
- pair of current, I in electric circuit
- Unit : Weber (Wb)
 The Characteristics of Magnetic Field
1] Could not cross 2] Has specific direction
among each other

N S 3] Forms closed loop

5] Pushing among
each other 4] Has tension
along line
 Terms & Related Formulas
Magnetomotive Force (m.m.f.), Fm
• the cause of the existence of a magnetic flux
in a magnetic circuit.
• Pair of e.m.f in electric circuit.
• Equation:
m.m.f., Fm = IN (Unit: Ampere-turns)
I = Current from electric supply (Ampere, A)
N = number of turns of a coil (has no unit)
*as “turns(N)” does not recognized as an unit, thus the unit of
m.m.f is same as current, A
 Terms & Related Formulas
Example 5.1
Calculate m.m.f. of a magnetic circuit if 5A
current flows through 500 turns coil of wire.

m.m.f., Fm = I x N
= 5 x 500
= 2500 A
 Terms & Related Formulas
Magnetic field strength, H
• The ability of m.m.f. to produce flux over
length of the flux path
• Equation:
H = Fm / l
H = IN / l (Unit: A/m)

l = length of flux path (unit = metres)

• Other name of H – Magnetic field intensity
 Terms & Related Formulas
Example 5.2
Calculate the magnetic field strenght, H for a
magnetic circuit when the m.m.f., Fm is 15 amp-
turns and the length of flux path, l is 1.5 metres

Fm 15
Mag. field strength, H = =
l 1.5
= 10 A/m
 Terms & Related Formulas
Magnetic Flux Density, B
• the amount of flux passing through a defined
area that is perpendicular to the direction of
the flux.
• Equation:
B = φ / A (Unit: Tesla or Wb/ m )
2

A = surface area of a plate (m2 )

 Terms & Related Formulas
Example 5.3
Calculate the magnetic flux density, B for a
magnetic circuit when 0.5 Wb amount of flux
flows through an iron core with 0.5 mm2 cross
sectional area.

𝜑 0.5
Mag. flux density, B = =
A (0.5x10−6 )
= 1 M.Tesla
 Terms & Related Formulas
Absolute Permeability, µ
• Equation:
µ = µo µr (Unit: H/m) 1

µo = permeability of free space

= 4π x 10-7 H/m
µr = relative permeability
- varies with the type of magnetic material
- for free space µr = 1
- has no unit
 Terms & Related Formulas
Absolute Permeability, µ (Cont.)
• Equation:
µ = B / H (Unit: H/m) 2

B = Magnetic Flux Density (Tesla)

H = Magnetic Field Strength (A/m)
• From EQU.1 & EQU.2, we have:
B / H = µo µr (Unit: H/m)
 Terms & Related Formulas
Reluctance, S
• the ‘magnetic resistance’ a magnetic circuit to the
presence of magnetic flux.
• Pair of R in electric circuit.
• Equation :
S = Fm / φ (Unit: A/Wb ) 1

Fm = m.m.f. (A)
φ = amount of flux (Wb)
 Terms & Related Formulas
Example 5.4
Calculate the reluctance, S for a magnetic circuit
where the m.m.f., Fm is 8.9 amp-turns and the
flux (Φ) is 0.24 webers.

Fm 8.9
Reluctance, S = = = 37.083 A/Wb
φ 0.24
 Terms & Related Formulas
Other representation of Reluctance,S
From : S = Fm / φ
= IN / φ
= Hl / BA
= Hl / (µo µr H)A

Thus, we have S = l / µo µr A (Unit: AT/Wb) 2

 Terms & Related Formulas
Example 5.5
𝑚𝑚2

Reluctance, S = l / 𝜇𝑟 𝜇0 A

150 x 10−3
=
4000μ0 x 1800 x 10−6

= 16 580 A/Wb
Absolute permeability, 𝜇 = 𝜇𝑟 𝜇0 = 4000 𝜇0 = 5.027 X 10−3 H/m
B-H curve for different magnetic materials
B-H curve for different magnetic materials
• The relative permeability of a ferromagnetic material is
proportional to the slope of the B–H curve and thus varies
with the magnetic field strength.
• The approximate range of values of relative permeability μr
for some common magnetic materials are:

-Cast iron μr =100–25

-Mild steel μr =200–800
-Silicon iron μr =1000–5000
-Cast steel μr =300–900
-Mumetal μr =200–5000
-Stalloy μr =500–6000
B-H curve for different magnetic materials
Example 5.6
 LEARNING OUTCOME (1 HOUR)
5.2 Apply method of solving the composite series magnetic circuit.
5.2.1 Solve problems involving composite series magnetic circuit.

5.3 Understand the electrical and magnetic quantities.

5.3.1 Compare between electrical and magnetic quantities.

5.4 Understand magnetic hysteresis.

5.4.1 Explain hysteresis and the hysteresis loop.
Composite Series Magnetic Circuit
A1
I Ф
l2
µr 2
Fm = IN N

l1 µr
1

A2
• Total Reluctance, Stotal = S1 + S2
= l1
+ l2

µ0µr A1 µ0µr2A2
1

• Amount of Fluks, Ф = Fm
Stotal
Composite Series Magnetic Circuit
Example 5.7
A closed magnetic circuit of cast steel contains
a 6 cm long path of cross-sectional area 1 cm2
and a 2 cm path of cross-sectional area 0.5
cm2 . A coil of 200 turns is wound around the 6
cm length of the circuit and a current of 0.4A
flows. Determine the flux density in the 2 cm
path, if the relative permeability of the cast
steel is 750.
 Example 5.7 (Cont.)
For the 6 cm long path:
Reluctance S1 = l1 / (μ0μrA1)
= 6 × 10-2
(4π × 10-7)(750)(1 × 10-4)
= 6.366 × 105 AT/Wb

For the 2 cm long path:

Reluctance S2 = l2 / (μ0μrA2)
= 2 × 10-2
(4π × 10-7)(750)(0.5 × 10-4)
= 4.244 × 105 AT/Wb
 Example 5.7 (Cont.)
Total circuit reluctance S =S1 +S2
=(6.366+4.244)× 105
=10.61×105 AT/Wb

S = m.m.f. , Thus Ф = m.m.f. = NI

Ф S S
Ф = 200 × 0.4
10.61×105
=7.54×10-5 Wb

Flux density in the 2 cm path,

B = Ф = 7.54 × 10-5
A 0.5 × 10-4
= 1.51T
 Comparison Between Magnetic &
Electric Circuits
Similarities

Num. Magnetic Circuit Electric Circuit

1. Flux = m.m.f / reluctance Current = e.m.f / resistance
2. M.M.F (Ampere-Turns) E.M.F (Volts)
3. Flux, φ (Webers) Current, I (Ampere)
4. Reluctance, S = l / µA (AT/Wb) Resistance, R = ρl / A (Ω)
5. Flux Density, B (Wb/m2) Current Density (A/m2)
6. Reluctivity Resistivity
7. Permeability = 1/reluctivity Conductivity = 1/ resistivity
8. Total m.m.f = φS1 + φS2 + φS3 + … Total e.m.f = IR1 + IR2 + IR3 + …
 Comparison Between Magnetic &
Electric Circuits
Differences

Num. Magnetic Circuit Electric Circuit

1. Flux does not actually flow in the
magnetic circuit
2. Reluctance depends on flux (and
hence flux density) established in it
3. Energy is needed only to create the
flux initially. Not for maintaining it.
Current flows in the electric circuit
Resistance remains constant even
though current change repeatedly
Continuous expenditure of energy is
needed to create and maintain the
current.
 Hysteresis
❖Definition: The lagging of flux
density, B changes behind the
changes of magnetic field
strength, H
Position Statement
0 H=0, B=0
0-b B increases when H increases
b H=y, B= saturation flux density
b-c H is reduced and B also reduces
c H=0, B = remanent flux density
c-d H increases (opp. dir.), B decreases
d B=0, H=d( coercive force)
d-e H & B increase in reverse direction
e-f-g-b H decrease backward, B will follow
the efgb curve, similar to bcde curve
❖The closed figure bcdefgb is called the
hysteresis loop
 LEARNING OUTCOME (1 HOUR)
5.5 Understand electromagnetism.
5.5.1 Explain magnetic fields due to an electric current.
5.5.2 Identify the magnetic field direction by using:
a. compass
b. Right hand rule
c. Right hand screw rule
5.6 Understand the principle of electromagnetic induction.
5.6.1 Explain the laws of electromagnetic induction.
5.6.2 Explain Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic induction.
5.6.3 Explain Lenz’s Law.
5.6.4 Express Fleming’s right hand rule for relative direction.
5.6.5 Express the induced e.m.f, E = Blv or E= Blv sin θ.
 Electromagnetism
• When current flows through a conductor, a
temporarily magnetic field will be induced
around the conductor.
• Current, I produces Flux, φ
Current
Wire direction

Sheet of
cardboard
Iron filings

Magnetic field of a conductor

 Electromagnetism

Magnetic field of an iron cored solenoid

 Plotting Magnetic Field Direction
• There are three ways could be used to
determine the magnetic field direction :

1) Compass
2) Right hand rule
3) Right hand screw rule
 Electromagnetic Induction
• When a conductor cut across a magnetic field
(flux), an e.m.f (voltage) will be produced in
the conductor.
• If the conductor is a close circuit, hence
current will flow through the circuit.
• Flux, Φ produces current, I
 Electromagnetic Induction

•Magnet moves towards the

coil, G will deflect to one Direction of
movement
direction (current produced)
Galvanometer(G)

•Magnet moves away from

the coil, G deflects to
opposite direction

•Magnet remains stationary,

No deflection at G.
 Faraday’s Law
(i) An induced e.m.f. is set up whenever the
magnetic field linking that circuit changes.

(ii) The magnitude of the induced e.m.f. in any

circuit is proportional to the rate of change of
the magnetic flux linking the circuit.
 Lenz Law
• The direction of an induced e.m.f. is always
such that it tends to set up a current opposing
the motion or the change of flux responsible
for inducing that e.m.f.
 Fleming’s Right Hand Rule

Motion
Magnetic field

Induced e.m.f
 Induced e.m.f.

Magnetic flux Conductor(A)

density, B
•V -
Ɩ Conductor’s
v velocity
• Ɩ - Length of
conductor,

B B
A v A
900 Ɵ
v

Induced e.m.f, E = BƖv E = BƖv sin Ɵ

 Induced e.m.f.
Example 5.8:
A conductor moves with a velocity of 15 m/s at
an angle of (a) 90◦ (b) 60◦ and (c) 30◦ to a
magnetic field produced between two square-
faced poles of side length 2 cm. If the flux
leaving a pole face is 5 μWb, find the
magnitude of the induced e.m.f. in each case.
Example 5.8 (Cont.)
 Example 4 (Cont.)
(b) E60 = Blv sin 60◦ = E90 sin 60◦
= 3.75 sin 60◦ =3.25mV
(c) E30 = Blv sin 30◦ =E90 sin 30◦
= 3.75 sin 30◦ =1.875mV
RECAP

• Magnet and electromagnet posses same

characteristics.
• Magnetic materials are types of materials that
could be attracted by a magnet.
• Magnetic series circuit has quite similar
characteristics with electrical series circuit.
• Electromagnetism is a process which electricity
produces magnetic charge.
• Electromagnetic Induction is a process which
magnetic charge produces electricity.