S K ‰ Y

1 ˜ Ù

[n/2]
1 X n!
1. (1) (−8 + 6i), (2) 2 (−1)k .
25 (2k)!(n − 2k)!
k=0

2. 3 K¥§k = 0, ±1, ±2, · · ·©

¢ Ü J Ü Ë N 5
√ π
(1) 1 3 2 + 2kπ
3
(2) cos(sin x) sin(sin x) 1 sin x + 2kπ

(3) e−y cos x e−y sin x e−y x + 2kπ x = Re z, y = Im z

(4) ex cos y ex sin y ex y + 2kπ x = Re z, y = Im z

(5) cos φ(x) sin φ(x) 1 φ(x) + 2kπ

α π−α
(6) 1 − cos α sin α 2 sin + 2kπ
2 2

3.
2 S K ‰ Y

sin(nφ/2) n+1 sin(nφ/2) n+1

4. (1) sin φ§ (2) cos φ©
sin(φ/2) 2 sin(φ/2) 2

5.

à : 4 • þ4• e4•

(1) ±1/2 Ã 1/2 −1/2

(2) 0 0 0 0

(3) ∞ ∞ Ã Ã

(4) ∞ ∞ Ã Ã
√
(5) 0, ±1/2, ± 3/2, ±1 Ã Ã Ã

(6) ±1/2, ±1 Ã 1 −1
 1 Ù 3

1 Ù

1. (1) ²¡ØŒ §Ø)Û¶ (2) ²¡ØŒ §Ø)Û¶

(3) •3 z = 0 :Œ §(zRe z)0 z=0 = 0¶ ²¡Ø)Û¶



(4) 3 (−1, −1) :Œ § ꊕ (−2, −2)¶Ød: §??ØŒ § ²¡Ø)Û¶

(5) •3 Ô‚ x = y 2 þŒ § ꊕ (6x, 0)¶ ²¡Ø)Û¶

(6) •3†‚ y = x − 1 þŒ § ꊕ (2, 2)¶ ²¡Ø)Û©

1
3. (1) z 2 + z + iC; (2) + iC; (3) e−iz + iC; (4) cos z + iC.
z
4. (1) 1 − i; (2) cos z.

5. −iz 3 + (1 + i)C.
π i 3π i
6. (1) z = + 2nπ + ln 2, + 2nπ − ln 2, n = 0, ±1, ±2, · · · ;
4 2 4 2
√

(2) z = 2nπ ± i ln 4 + 15 , n = 0, ±1, ±2, · · · ;

(3) Ã)¶
 1
(4) z = 2n± πi, 2nπi, n = 0, ±1, ±2, · · · .
3
kπ
7. (1) z = 1 − e2kπi/n = −2iekπi/n sin , k = 0, 1, 2, · · · , n − 1©
n
8. (1) õŠ¶ (2) õŠ¶ (3) õŠ¶ (4) üŠ¶

(5) üŠ¶ (6) õŠ¶ (7) õŠ¶ (8) üŠ©

9. (1) ©|:• a Ú b¶ (2) ©|:• a, b, ∞¶

(3) ©|:• 1, e2πi/3 , e4πi/3 , ∞; (4) ©|:• 1, e2πi/3 , e4πi/3 ;

2n + 1
(5) ©|:• ±i Ú ∞¶ (6) ©|:• ± π, n = 0, ±1, ±2, · · ·©
2
10. •‚þW arg(z − 2) = 0 ž§3•‚eW w(3) = 3e2πi/3 ©
kn‡üŠ©|©éu, ü‡üŠ©|§Œ©O5½3•‚þW arg(z − 2) = 2π ½
4π§3•‚eW w(3) ©O• 3e4πi/3 Ú 3©
√ √
11. _ž £ÄÏL x ¶ž w(2) = 2¶£ :ž w(0) = − 2©

12. ã 2.10(a)µw(3) = 3 ln 2 + iπ¶

ã 2.10(b)µw(3) = 3 ln 2 − iπ¶
ã 2.10(c)µ3•‚þW w(3) = 3 ln 2−iπ§3•‚eW w(3) = 3 ln 2+iπ.
4 S K ‰ Y

13. UìK¥k' ln z üŠ©| 5½§ ª ln z 2 = 2 ln z •3 −π/2 < arg z < π/2 ^‡

e¤á©
 
1
14. (1) 2nπi, n = 0, ±1, ±2, · · ·¶ 2n + πi, n = 0, ±1, ±2, · · ·¶
2
(2n + 1)πi, n = 0, ±1, ±2, · · ·¶
 
1 1
ln 2 + 2n + πi, n = 0, ±1, ±2, · · ·¶
2 4
(2) exp − 2nπ + i ln 2 , n = 0, ±1, ±2, · · ·¶


exp {−(2n + 1/2)π} , n = 0, ±1, ±2, · · · ;

exp (2n + 1)π , n = 0, ±1, ±2, · · ·¶


   
1 i
exp − 2n + π + ln 2 , n = 0, ±1, ±2, · · · .
4 2
15. f (i) = 2p/2 e−3pπi/4 , f (−i) = 2p/2 e−5pπi/4 , f (∞) = e−iπp ©

16. w0 (2) = 1/5©¢Sþ§3?¿˜‡(½ üŠ©|S§ÑkÓ Œ ꊧù´Ï•

0 1
arctan z =
1 + z2
üŠ©5½üŠ©|´• yŒ¦ ê©
 1 n Ù 5

1 n Ù

1. (1) (i) 2 + 2i¶ (ii) 2 + i¶

(2) (i) 2i − 2¶ (ii) −2i − 2©
2. (1) 2πi¶ (2) 0√¶ (3) 0¶ (4) 2π©
2 √ √
3. (1) (i) 0¶ (ii) πi¶ (iii) 2πi¶ (iv) 2πi¶
2
π
(2) (i) ¶ (ii) −2π sinh 1¶ (iii) −2π sinh 1¶ (iv) −4π sinh 1©
e
4. (1) 2πi¶ (2) 0¶ (3) 2πi sin 1¶ (4) 4πi©
1
(5) 2πi¶ (6) 4πi¶ (7) − πi¶ (8) 0©
3
5. (1) πi¶ (2) a = −2©

16πi, z = 0,





32πi z

6. (1)
2
(e − 1 − z), |z| < 2, … z 6= 0,
 z


− 32πi (1 + z),


 |z| > 2.
z2
3
(2) −2πi ln ©
5
6 S K ‰ Y

1 o Ù

1. (1) Âñ ØýéÂñ¶ (2) Âñ ØýéÂñ©


1
, |z| < 1,


(1 − z)2

2. ?êÚ S =
1
, |z| > 1.


z(1 − z)2


1 π 1
3. (1) ln 2 − ; (2) − ln 2;
2 8 2
1 π
(3) ln 2; (4) .
4 8
1
4. (1) |z| < 1¶ (2) Re z > − ¶
2
(3) z 2 + 2z + 1 < 1¶ (4) 3 ²¡Âñ©
 

2z − ln(1 + z),

|z| < 1,
5. ?êÚ S =
2 − 2 ln 2,

z = 1.
 θ 1 1 θ π
π−θ ¶ ln cot , sgn θ¶


7. (1) − ln 2 sin , (2)
2 2 2 2 4
π π
(3) θ¶ (4) √ ©
4 2 3
8. (1) R = ∞¶ (2) R = ∞¶ (3) R = e¶ (4) R = ∞¶

(5) R = 1¶ (6) R = 2¶ (7) R = ∞¶ (8) R = 1©

 1 Ê Ù 7

1 Ê Ù
∞
X (−)n+k
1. (1) −2(z − 1) − (z − 1)2 , |z − 1| < ∞¶ (2) (z−nπ)2k+1 , |z−nπ| < ∞¶
(2k+1)!
k=0
∞ ∞  [(n−1)/2]
(−)k

Xsin 2(n+1)π/3 n X X
(3) z , |z| < 1¶ (4) z n , |z| < 1¶
n=0
sin 2π/3 n=1
(2k + 1)!
k=0
∞

 3 13 73  X 1 dn z n−1 ez 
(5) e 1 + z + z 2 + z 3 + z 4 + · · · =  z n , |z| < 1¶
2 6 24 n=0
n! dz n 
z=1
∞ n ∞ n
πi Xi 3 i X
2. (1) − (z − i)n , |z − i| < 1¶ (2) − πi − (z − i)n , |z − i| < 1¶
2 n=1
n 2 n=1
n
∞ ∞
X (−)n 2n+1 X 2
(3) z , |z| < 1¶ (4) (2k+1)πi+ z −(2n+1) , |z| > 1©
n=0
2n + 1 n=0
2n+1
1 1+z 1+z 
3. (1) ln = arc tanh z, |z| < 1, 5½ ln  = 0¶
2 1−z 1−z z=0
(2) cosh z §|z| < ∞¶
1
(3) §Âñ«•• |z| < 2 † Re z < 1 ú «•¶
1−z
1
(4) §Âñ«•• |z| < 3 † Re z < 3/2 9 |z − 2| < 1 ú «•©
1−z
∞
X
4. (1) (−)n+1 (n+2)(z−1)n , 0 < |z−1| < 1¶
n=−1
X∞
(2) z −n ;
n=3
−∞ ∞ ∞
X X 1 X
zn − zn; 2n−1 − 1 z −n ;


(3) − n+1
(4)
n=−1 n=0
2 n=2
∞ −∞ ∞
3X 1 n X 1 n X
3 × 22n−1 − 2 × 3n−1 z −n .


(5) 1 − z −2 z ; (6) 1 +
2 n=0 22n n=−1
3n+1
n=1
∞ h 2n−1
X (−)k−1 i ∞ 2n−1
X X 1 h X (−)k−1 i 2n
5. (1) z 2n = z , |z| < 1¶
n=1
k(2n − k) n=1
n k
k=1 k=1
∞ h n−1 ∞ 2n
X X 1 i X (−)n−1 h X 1 i 2n+1
(2) (−)n−1 z 2n+1 = 2 z , |z| < 1;
n=1
(2k + 1)(n − k) n=1
2n + 1 k
k=0 k=1

6. (1) z = ±ai§˜ 4:¶

(2) z = 0§ 4:¶z = ∞§ 5Û:¶

(3) z = 0§Œ Û:¶z = ∞§ 5Û:¶

8 S K ‰ Y

(4) z = 0§Œ Û:¶z = ∞§ 5Û:¶

(5) z = 0§ 5Û:¶

(6) z = 0§Œ Û:¶ z = (nπ)2 , n = 1, 2, · · ·§˜ 4:¶ z = ∞§š áÛ:¶

(7) z = 1 3 ln z z=1 = 0 üŠ©|S´ 4:§3Ù§üŠ©|S´˜ 4:¶


(8) z = ∞§ 5Û:©

7. (1) 4:¶ (2) z = ∞ )Û¶ (3) 5Û:¶ (4) š áÛ:¶

(5) 5Û:¶ (6) z = ∞ )Û¶ (7) •š áÛ:¶ (8) ˜ 4:©
 1 8 Ù 9

1 8 Ù
1
1. (1) e; (2) 2e; (3) 0; (4) ;
6
(5) 0; (6) (−)n (2n + 1)π.

2. (1) res f (0) = 1, res f (±1) = −1/2;

(2m)!
(2) res f (±i) = ∓i ;
(m!)2 22m+1
(3) res f (2nπ) = 2, n = 0, ±1, ±2, · · · ;

(4) res f (0) = 0 (z = 0•Œ Û:),

res f − n2 π2 = (−)n+1 2(nπ)2 , n = 1, 2, · · · ;

(5) res f (0) = −J1 (1), res f (∞) = J1 (1);

1
(6) res f (0) = − ;
2
1
(7) ln z z=1 = 0 ž§res f (1) = ;

2
1
ln z z=1 = 2nπi ž§res f (1) =

 , n = ±1, ±2, · · · ;
2nπi
(8) res f (0) = n + 1, res f (−1) = −n;

3. (1) res f (∞) = −1; (2) res f (∞) = −1;

(3) z = ∞ ´š áÛ:§Ã3êŒó¶ (4) res f (∞) = 0;
1
(5) res f (∞) = 0; (6) res f (∞) = ± §ÎÒÀüŠ©| ½©
8
πi πi √
4. (1) − √ ; (2) 0; (3) √ ; (4) 2πi;
2 2
(5) −4ni; (6) 0; (7) πi; (8) 2n + 1.
(2n − 1)!! (2n)! π 2aπ
5. (1) 2π = ; (2)
3/2 ;
(2n)!! (n!)2 22n−1 a2 − b2
π 3π
(3) √ ; (4) √ .
2 4 2
π (2n − 1)!! (2n)! π
6. (1) √ ; (2) π= ;
2 (2n)!! (n!)2 22n
π
(3) ; (4) 2 ln 2.
2m + 1
n sin π
2n
π √  1 1  π √  1 π
7. (1) √ e−1/ 2 sin √ + cos √ = e−1/ 2 sin √ + ;
2 2 2 2 2 2 4
7π π 1−e−2n
sin 1 + cos 1 ; (4) π e−a−1


(2) ; (3) .
16e e 1−e−2
10 S K ‰ Y

π π1 1
8. (1) 0; (2) sin 2a; (3) − ; (4) π(cot pπ − cot qπ);
4a 2 2 e
π 1−s sin πa 1 ln2 b − ln2 a
9. (1) π cot πs; (2) ; (3) −π2 ; (4) .
4 cos(πs/2) cos2 πa 2 b−a
 1 Ô Ù 11

1 Ô Ù
Γ (2n + 1) Γ (n + ν + 1)
1. (1) 2n Γ (n + 1) ; (2) ; (3) ;
2n Γ (n + 1) Γ (ν + 1)
Γ (n + ν + 2) Γ (n − ν + 1) sin πν
(4) =− Γ (n + ν + 2) Γ (n − ν + 1) .
Γ (ν + 1) Γ (−ν) π
απ απ
2. (1) Γ (1 − α) cos , Γ (1 − α) sin ; (2) Γ (α) cos αθ, Γ (α) sin αθ.
2 2
 
p+q+1 1 1−α 1+α π
4. (1) 2 B(p + 1, q + 1); (2) B , = .
2 2 2 2 cos(πα/2)
     
α β γ
Γ Γ Γ
Γ (α) Γ (β) Γ (γ) 1 p q r
5. (1) ; (2)  .
Γ (α + β + γ + 1) pqr α β γ
Γ + + +1
p q c
π π2 1
6. (1) 2 ln 2 − 1; (2) cothπ + .
2 2 sinh2 π
12 S K ‰ Y

1 l Ù
n! Γ (α + 1) ω ω
1. (1) ; (2) ; (3) ; (4) arctan ;
pn+1 pα+1 (p + λ)2 + ω 2 p
p p2 + ω 2 ω 1

(5) − ln + ω arctan ; (6) ln 1 + p2 .
2 p2 p 2p
ω pπ 1 a e−pa
3. (1) coth ; (2) − .
2
p +ω 2 2ω p2 p 1 − e−pa
h  1 i 1
4. (1) 1 − e−at 1 + at + a2 t2 η(t); (2) (1 − cos ωt) η(t);
2 ω
 5 −t 1 t/2 
(3) 1 + e + e − 3e−t/2 η(t); (4) t cos ωt η(t);
3 3
∞
X hti
(5) (t − τ ) η(t − τ ); (6) η(t − na) = η(t).
n=1
a

E0 ω(cos ω1 t − cos ωt)
, ω 6= ω1 ,

√


L ω 2 − ω12

5. (1) Ù¥ ω1 = 1/ LC ©
 E0 t sin ωt,

ω = ω1 ;

2L

E

 (1 + Ae−γ1 t − Be−γ2 t ) , k < 1,
R


  
E αt

(2) 1 − e−αt − e−αt , k = 1,

 R 2
   
 E α−β
1−e−αt cos ωt+

sin ωt , k > 1,


R ω


Ù¥
√
α = 1/(2RC), β = R/L, k = 2β/α, ω = α 1 − k,
√ √ β − γ2 β − γ1
γ1 = α(1− 1−k), γ2 = α(1+ 1−k), A= , B= ;
α2 − α1 α2 − α1

(3) y(t) = ate−t ; (4) f (t) = 5e2t + 4e−t − 6te−t .

1 b2 + c2 π π
1 − e−|t| sgn t.


6. (1) ln ; (2) b; (3)
2 a 2 + c2 2 2
7. (1) cosh ωt η(t);
1  
(2) 3
cosh ω(t − τ ) sin ω(t − τ ) − sinh ω(t − τ ) cos ω(t − τ ) η(t − τ );
4ω
(3) η(t − α);
 ∞   2 
πX 1 2n + 1 2n + 1
(4) 1 − sin πx exp − π t η(t)
4 n=0 2n + 1 2l 2l
 1 l Ù 13

∞ ∞
" #
X
n 2nl + x X n 2nl − x
= (−) erfc √ − (−) erfc √ η(t).
n=0
2 t n=1
2 t
√

 
1 π 1  
8. (1) √ + ln 2 ; (2) √ 2 ln 1 + 2 + π ;
3 3 4 2
 
2 π 1 π
(3) ln 2 − √ ; (4) √ − ln 3 .
3 6 3 4 3
14 S K ‰ Y

1 Ê Ù

1. (1) (z − 1)w00 − zw0 + w = 0; (2) z 4 w00 − (1 − 2z)z 2 w0 − 2w = 0;

(3) z 4 w00 + 2z 3 w0 + a2 w = 0; (4) z 2 z 2 − 1 w00 + 2z z 2 + 1 w0 − 2w = 0.



∞  z 4n ∞  z 4n+1
X Γ (3/4) X Γ (5/4)
2. (1) w1 (z) = , w2 (z) = ;
n=0
n! Γ (n + 3/4) 2 n=0
n! Γ (n + 5/4) 2
∞ ∞
X Γ (2/3) z 3n X Γ (4/3) z 3n+1
(2) w1 (z) = , w2 (z) = ;
n=0
n! Γ (n + 2/3) 32n n=0
n! Γ (n + 4/3) 32n
√
(3) w1 (z) = z, w2 (z) = 1 − z 2 .
1 z
(4) w1 (z) = , w2 (z) = .
1 + z + z2 1 + z + z2
1 1 1
3. (1) w1 (z) = ln(1−z) + , w2 (z) = ;
z 1−z z
(2) w1 (z) = z 1/3 sin z 2 , w2 (z) = z 1/3 cos z 2 ;
∞
X 1
(3) w1 (z) = z, w2 (z) = z ln z − 1 + zn;
n=2
(n − 1) n!
(4) w1 (z) = z 2 e−z ,
∞
X 1 1 1  zn
w2 (z) = z 2 e−z ln z − 1 − z + z 2 − z 2 (−)n ++ ··· + .
n=2
2 3 n n!
∞ ∞
sin mz X (−)k cos mz X (−)k
4. w1 (z) = = (mz)2k ; w2 (z) = = (mz)2k−1 ©
mz n=0
(2k + 1)! mz n=0
(2k)!
5. w1 (z) = J0 (imz);
∞    
X 1 1 1 mz 2n
w2 (z) = J0 (imz) ln z − + +· · ·+1 .
n=1
(n!)2 n n−1 2
 1 › Ù 15

1 › Ù
1

2. (1) sinh k(x − t) η x − t ;
k
(2) 2 w2 (x)w1 t − w1 (x)w2 t η x − t §




 
 
w1 (x) w2 (x) 1
Ù¥ w1 (x), w2 (x) „1 9 ÙSK1 2 (1) K©3OŽ¥‡^  = .
w1 (x) w20 (x) 2
 0 

x−t

(3) 2
η x−t .
1+x+x
1 t
Z
B
3. A cos kt + sin kt + sin k(t − τ )f (τ )dτ ;
k k 0

e¡1 3, 4, 8 K ‰Y¥§^ e { PÒµ

   
   
 w1 (t) w2 (t)   w1 (t) w2 (t) 
D1 (t, x) ≡  , D2 (t, x) ≡ 
 0
,
w1 (x) w20 (x)
 
w1 (x) w2 (x)
Z x
B 1
4. (1) A cosh kx + sinh kx + sinh k(x − t)f (t)dt;
k k 0
Z x
(2) 2AD2 (x, 0) − 2BD1 (x, 0) + 2 D1 (t, x)f (t)dt.
0
1 sinh k(1 − t) 1
5. (1) − sinh kx + sinh k(x − t) η(x − t);
k sinh k k
2w2 (x)
(2) − D1 (t, 1) + 2D1 (t, x)η(x − t);
w2 (1)
l−t x x−t
(3) − + η(x − t).
l 1 + x + x2 1 + x + x2

1
− e−kξ sinh kx, 0 < x < ξ,


1 −kξ 1 k
6. − e sinh kx + sinh k(x − ξ) η(x − ξ) =
k k
− 1 e−kx sinh kξ,

x > ξ.

k

1
− e−kξ cosh kx, 0 < x < ξ,


1 −kξ 1 k
7. (1) − e cosh kx + sinh k(x − ξ) η(x − ξ) =
k k
− 1 e−kx cosh kξ,

x > ξ;

k
1  
(2) − cos k(b − ξ) sin k(x − a) + sin(b − a + x − ξ) η(x − ξ)
k cos k(b − a)

cos k(b − ξ)
− sin k(x − a), a < x < ξ,


 k cos k(b − a)
=
 sin k(ξ − a)
− cos k(b − x), ξ < x < b.


k cos k(b − a)
16 S K ‰ Y

1
sin k(1 − x) 1 x
Z Z
sin kx sin kx
8. (1) B +A − sin k(1 − t)f (t)dt + sin k(x − t)f (t)dt;
sin k sin k k sin k 0 k 0
sinh k(1 − x) sinh kx 1 1 x
Z Z
sinh kx
(2) B +A − sinh k(1 − t)f (t)dt + sinh k(x − t)f (t)dt;
sinh k sinh k k sinh k 0 k 0
D1 (x, 1) 2w2 (x) 1
Z Z x
w2 (x)
(3) B + 2A − D1 (t, 1)f (t)dt + 2 D1 (t, x)f (t)dt.
w2 (1) w2 (1) w2 (1) 0 0
 1 › ˜ Ù 17

1 › ˜ Ù
∂2u ∂u ∂2u
1. •3{Zž§ÅÄ•§C• ρ 2
+α = T 2,
∂t ∂t ∂x
∂2u ∂u ∂2u
eÓž•3{Z† 5¡Eå§K•§• ρ 2 + α = T 2 − ku©
∂t ∂t ∂x
∂2u 2∂ u
2
2. − a = 0,
∂t2 ∂x2
 ∂u 
ux=0 = 0, = 0,
∂x x=l

 F ∂u 

ut=0 = x, = 0.
ES ∂t t=0


∂u κ ∂2u I 2R
3. − = ,
∂t ρc ∂x2 ρcS
   
∂u H H ∂u H H
− u = − u0 , + u = + u0 ,
∂x k x=0 k ∂x k x=0 k
 3
 2x
ut=0 = u0 1 − .
l
∂u
4. = D∇2 u + αu§D ´*ÑÇ©
∂t

∂u  q1 ∂u  q2
5. = − , = .
∂x x=0 k ∂x x=l k


6. æ^¥‹IX§‹I :3¥%§4¶•• §K>.^‡•


M
 cos θ, π
06θ6 ,
  
∂u H k 2
+ u =
∂r k π
r=a 0, < θ ≤ π,

2
Ù¥ H ´Úîe%½Æ¥ '~~ê©
18 S K ‰ Y

1 › Ù

1. (1) u = f (3x + y) + g(x − y);

(2) u = f (x + y + ix) + g(x + y − ix);

(3) u = f (x + y) + g(y);
1 
(4) u = f (r + ct) + g(r − ct) ;
r
(5) u = f (x − (a + b)t) + g(x − (a − b)t);

(6) u = f1 (x + y) + f2 (x − y) + f3 (x + iy) + f4 (x − iy).

1 4 1 3
2. (1) u = f (x + iy) + g(x − iy) + x + x y;
12 6
1
(2) u = f (x + y) + g(x − y) + x3 (y − 1);
6
1 1
(3) u = f (x + y) + xg(x + y) + x4 + y 3 .
12 6
3. (1) u = f (xy) ln x + g(xy);

(2) u = f (y + x) + g(y − x) + sin xy.

 h Z x+at
1 i 1


2 φ(x + at) − φ(at − x) + ψ(ξ)dξ, 0 < x < at,
2a at−x
4. u(x, t) = Z x+at
 1h i 1

 φ(x + at) + φ(x − at) + ψ(ξ)dξ, at 6 x < ∞.
2 2a x−at


1 
5. Ï) u(x, t) = f (x + at) + g(x − at) ¶dÐ^‡Œ½Ñ

l−x
 Z x+at 
1 1  1
u(x, t) = (l − x + at)φ(x + at) + (l − x − at)φ(x − at) + (l − ξ)ψ(ξ)dξ .
l−x 2 2a x−at
 1 › n Ù 19

1 › n Ù
∞
8F l X (−)n 2n + 1 2n + 1
1. u(x, t) = 2 2
sin πx cos πat.
ESπ n=0 (2n + 1) 2l 2l
∞
2hl2 X 1 nπ nπ nπ
2. u(x, t) = sin c sin x cos at.
π2 c(l − c) n=1 n2 l l l
∞
(  2 )
8b X 1 2n + 1 2n + 1
3. u(x, t) = 3 sin πx exp − π κt .
π n=0 (2n + 1)3 l l
∞ ∞
64Al4 X X 1 2n + 1 2m + 1
4. u(x, y, t) = sin πx sin πy cos ωnm t,
π6 n=0 m=0 (2n + 1)3 (2m + 1)3 l l
p π
ωnm = (2n + 1)2 + (2m + 1)2 a.
l
2n + 1
∞ sinh πx
 x  48u0 X 1 b 2n + 1
5. u(x, y) = u0 1 − − 4 cos πy.
2a π n=0 (2n + 1) 4 2n + 1 b
sinh πa
b
∞
4 X
 
8bl 1 2n + 1 2n + 1
6. u(x, t) = 5 2 5
1 − cos πat sin πx
π a n=0 (2n + 1) l l
∞
b 2 2 bl2 8bl4 X 1 2n + 1 2n + 1
= 2
x (l − x) + 2
x(l − x) − 5 2 5
sin x cos πat.
12a 12a π a n=0 (2n + 1) l l

2n + 1 
 
∞ cosh πy
8a2 X

1 
a
 2n + 1
7. (1) u(x, y) = 3 1 − sin πx
π n=0 (2n + 1)  3 2n + 1 a
cosh πb 
 
2a
2n + 1
∞ cosh πy
8a2 X 1 a 2n + 1
= x(a − x)− 3 sin πx;
π n=0 (2n + 1) 3 2n + 1 a
cosh πb
2a
 nπ 
∞
2a4 X (−)n−1  b sinh a y  nπ
(2) u(x, y) = 3 y − sin x
π n=1 n3  2 sinh nπ b  a
2a
2n+1 
 
∞
8a4 X b sinh a πy 

1  2n+1
− 5 y− sin πx
π n=0 (2n+1)5  2 2n+1 a
sinh πb 
 
2a
nπ
∞
1 3 3

a4 b X (−)n sinh a y nπ
= xy a − x + 3 3 nπ sin x
12 π n=1 n sinh b a
2a
20 S K ‰ Y

2n + 1
∞ sinh πy
4a4 b X 1 a 2n + 1
+ 5 sin πx.
π n=0 (2n + 1) 5 2n + 1 a
sinh πb
2a
ω 2n + 1
∞
Aa sin a x 4Aω X (−)n sin
2l
πx 2n + 1
8. u(x, t) = ω sin ωt + 2 sin πat.
ESω cos l ESπa n=0 2n + 1 ω 2 2l

  2n + 1
a − π
a 2l
XJ ω д\ ,˜‡ kªÇ§~X ω = ωm = (2m + 1)πa/(2l)§KAòþª¥?ê
S n = m ‘Úàgz¼êÜ¿§2|^â7ˆ{K¦4•§=Œz•
6Al (−)m 2m + 1 2m + 1
u(x, t) = sin πx sin πat
ES (2m + 1)2 π2 2l 2l
2A (−)m+1 h 2m + 1 2m + 1 2m + 1 2m + 1 i
+ x cos πx sin πat + at sin πx cos πat
ES (2m + 1)π 2l 2l 2l 2l
∞
8(2m + 1)Al X0 (−)n 1 2n + 1 2n + 1
+ sin πx sin πat,
ESπ2 n=0
2n + 1 (2m + 1) 2 − (2n + 1)2 2l 2l
∞
Ù¥ 0
L«Úª¥Ø¹ n = m ‘©
P
n=0
π π 2l π π
9. u(x, t) = cos x cos at + sin x sin at.
l l πa 2l 2l
∞
sinh(1 + i)α(l − x) iωt X nπ nπ −(nπ/l)2 κt
10. u(x, t) = A e − 2κA 2 κ + iω
sin xe ,
sinh(1 + i)αl n=1
(nπ) l
r
ω
Ù¥ α = ©
2κ
sin α(l − x) −α2 κt sin βx −β 2 κt
11. u(x, t) = A e +B e
sin αl sin βl
∞
(−)n B
     
X A nπ nπ 2
+ 2nπ − sin x exp − κt
n=1
(αl)2 − (nπ)2 (βl)2 − (nπ)2 l l
∞    nπ 2  i
X n nπ h
2
= 2Aπ sin x exp − κt − exp − α κt
n=1
(αl)2 − (nπ)2 l l
∞
(−)n n
   nπ 2  i
X nπ h
2
−2Bπ sin x exp − κt − exp − β κt .
n=1
(βl)2 − (nπ)2 l l
r
D
12. .þÝ lc = π .
α
 1 › o Ù 21

1 › o Ù

²¡4‹IX§¦>.^‡• u(r, φ)r=a = V sgn (sin φ)§KÎS>³©Ù•


1.
∞
4V X 1  r 2n+1 2V 2ar sin φ
u(r, φ) = sin(2n + 1)φ = arctan 2 .
π n=0 2n + 1 a π a − r2
 r m  b m
∞ −
ln b − ln r X b r

2. u(r, φ) = A0 +  m Am cos mφ + Bm sin mφ
ln b − ln a m=1  a m b
−
b a
 r m  a m
ln a − ln r
∞ −
a  r m Cm cos mφ + Dm sin mφ .
X

−C0 −
ln b − ln a m=1 a m  b
−
b a
Ù¥ Am , Bm Ú Cm , Dm ´ f (φ) Ú g(φ) ÐmXê§
X∞ ∞
X



f (φ) = A0 + Am cos mφ + Bm sin mφ , g(φ) = C0 + Cm cos mφ + Dm sin mφ .
m=1 m=1

∞  r 2m
M 1 Ma r 2M a X 1
3. u(r, φ) = + sin φ −
cos 2mφ.
khπ 2k ha + 1 a kπ m=1 (ha + 2m) 4m2 − 1 a
5µØ”b 1R†uζ© ΋IX§z ¶=•Î¶§ 1ì Œ‡Î¡ •
0 6 φ 6 π§K>.^‡•


∂u
  M sin φ,

0 ≤ φ ≤ π,
+ hu = k
∂r r=a 0, π < φ < 2π.


4. (1) u(r, φ) = a2 − r2 ;
1

(2) u(r, φ) = a2 − r2 r sin φ;
2
1

(3) u(r, φ) = a2 − r2 r2 sin 2φ;
3
1

(4) u(r, φ) = a2 − r2 r(sin φ + cos φ).
2
 r 4n  a 4n  b 4n  r 4n
∞ − + −
4V 2V X (−)n a r r b
5. u(r, φ) = φ+  4n   sin 4nφ
π π n=1 n b a 4n
−
a b
2n + 1
4V X 1 sinh ln b − ln a πφ
∞
ln r − ln a
= 2 sin (2n + 1)π.
π n=0 2n + 1 2n + 1 π ln b − ln a
sinh
ln b − ln a 4
22 S K ‰ Y

∞
sin pπr −(pπ)2 κt 2A X n sin nπr −(nπ)2 κt
6. u(r, t) = A e + (−)n 2 2
e .
r sin pπ π n=1 n −p r
XJ p = ê m§K•
∞
 −(mπ)2 κt 2A X0 (−)n n sin nπr −(nπ)2 κt
 
m sin mπr  2
u(r, t) = (−) A cos mπr+ 1−(2mπ) κt e + e ,
2mπr π n=1 n2 −m2 r
∞
Ù¥ 0
L«Úª¥Ø¹ n = m ‘©
P
n=1
 1 › Ê Ù 23

1 › Ê Ù

2k+1 (k!)2
, k ≥ l,


(k − l)!(k + l + 1)!

2.

0,

k < l.

2(ln 2 − 1),

l = 0,
3. (1) 2
−
 , l = 1, 2, 3, · · · ;
l(l + 1)
Γ (1 − α) Γ (l + α)
(2) 21−α ©
Γ (α) Γ (l − α + 2)

(−)m+n (2m+1)!(2n)!
, k + l = Ûê§Ø” k = 2n, l = 2m + 1,


2m+2n (m!n!)2

(3) (2m+1)(2m+2)−2n(2n+1) 2
1
k + l = óê;


 δkl ,
2l + 1
2(l + 1)
(4) ;
(2l + 1)(2l + 3)
2(l + 1)(l + 2)
(5) ;
(2l + 1)(2l + 3)(2l + 5)
4l(l + 1) − 2
(6) .
(2l − 1)(2l + 1)(2l + 3)
1 2
4. (1) x2 = P0 (x) + P2 (x);
3 3
∞  k+2
√ tk

2
X t
(2) 1 − 2xt + t = − Pk (x);
2k + 3 2k − 1
k=0
∞
X (2k)! 4k + 1
(3) |x| = (−)k−1 P2k (x);
(2k k!)2 2(2k − 1)(k + 1)
k=0
∞
1  1 X (2k)! 4k + 1
(4) x + |x| = P1 (x) + (−)k−1 k 2 2 P2k (x).
2 2 (2 k!) 2 (2k − 1)(k + 1)
k=0

2 b3 a2  r 2  a 3
 
b − 3a 2b a
5. u(r, θ) = u0 + u0 + − u0 P2 (cos θ).
3(b − a) 3(b − a) r 3 b5 − a5 a r
∞
M 1 M a X (−)l+1 (2l)! 4l + 1  r 2l
6. u(r, θ) = rP1 (cos θ) + l 2
P2l (cos θ).
2 Ha + k 2 Ha + 2lk (2 l!) (2l − 1)(2l + 2) a
l=0
∞
X 4l + 3 (2l)!  r 2l+1
7. u(r, θ) = u0 (−)l P2l+1 (cos θ).
2l + 2 (2l l!)2 a
l=0
u0
8. r cos θ.
a
24 S K ‰ Y

∞
X p p x
 
9. u(x, t) = Ak cos (k + 1)(2k + 1) ωt + Bk sin (k + 1)(2k + 1) ωt P2k+1 ;
l
k=0

4k + 3 l
Z x Z l
4k + 3 x
Ak = φ(x)P2k+1 dx, Bk = p ψ(x)P2k+1 dx.
l 0 l ωl (k + 1)(2k + 1) 0 l
∞

Q X (−)l (2l)!  r 2l  a 2l+1  r 2l
 


 − P2l (cos θ), r < a,
a (2l l!)2 a b b

l=0
10. u(r, θ) = ∞
Q X (−)l (2l)!  a 2l  a 2l  r 2l+1
 


 − P2l (cos θ), r > a.
r (2l l!)2 r b b

l=0
r
2√
r
2 π 0 2π  2
2
Y2 (θ, φ) + Y2−2 (θ, φ) ;
2 0

11. (1) sin θ cos φ = π Y0 (θ, φ) − Y2 (θ, φ) +
3 3 5 15
r r
2π 1 2π 1
Y1 (θ, φ) + Y1−1 (θ, φ) − Y2 (θ, φ) + Y2−1 (θ, φ) .
   
(2) −
3 15
r 1 r
12. (1) u(r, θ, φ) = P1 (cos θ) cos φ = − sin θ cos φ;
a a
1  r 2 1  r 2
(2) u(r, θ, φ) = − P2 (cos θ) cos φ = cos θ sin θ cos φ.
3 a a
1
1

13. u(r, θ, φ) = A r2 −a2 − Br2 r2 −a2 P12 (cos θ) cos φ
6 21
1  r 2 1

= A + Br2 r2 −a2 sin 2θ cos φ.
6 a 14
 1 › 8 Ù 25

1 › 8 Ù
 
π 1 b
2. (1) J2 (a); (2) exp − ;
a a 4a
2a(2b)ν bν b2
 
Γ (ν + 3/2)
(3) √ ; (4) exp − .
π (a2 + b2 )
ν+3/2 (2a2 )ν+1 4a2
1
4. (1) − x−n Jn (x); (2) a3 J1 (a) − 2a2 J2 (a);
2n n!
√
 
t −n n+1/2 t
(3) 2 sin ; (4) 2 πt Jn+1/2 .
2 2
∞
X 1 µ 
i µi
6. u(r, t) = 8A 3 J 0 r cos at, µi ´ J0 (x) 1 i ‡ ":§i = 1, 2, 3, · · · .
i=1
µi J1 (µi ) R R
∞
1 4 − (µ2i + 4)J0 (µi )  µi 
   
X µi 2
7. u(r, θ, t) = 4u0 sin 2θ J2 r exp − κt ,
µ4
i=1 i
J20 (µi ) a a
µi ´ J2 (x) 1i‡ ":§i = 1, 2, 3, · · · .
∞ Z 1
X 2
Bi J0 (µi r) exp − µ2i + n2 κt , Bi =


8. u(r, z, t) = sin nz f (r)J0 (µi r)rdr,
i=1
J21 (µi ) 0

µi ´ J0 (x) 1i‡ ":§i = 1, 2, 3, · · · .

∞
X J0 (µi b) 2
J0 (µi r)N0 (µi a) − J0 (µi a)N0 (µi r) e−µi κt ,
 
9. u(r, t) = πu0
i=1
J0 (µi a) + J0 (µi b)
µi ´‡ •§ J0 (µb)N0 (µa) − J0 (µa)N0 (µb) = 0 1 i ‡ Š§i = 1, 2, 3, · · · .
∞
X 1 1 µ  
i ωR µi 
10. (1) u(r, t) = 2AR2 J 0 r sin ωt − sin at ,
i=1
(µi a)2 − ω 2 R2 µi J1 (µi ) R µi a R
µi ´ J0 (x) 1i‡ ":§i = 1, 2, 3, · · ·©

ω д ,˜ ªÇ (~X§ω = µj a/R) ž§Œ^â7ˆ{K¦Ù4•Š§

AR 1 µ   µj R µj

j
u(r, t) = − J 0 r t cos at − sin at
a µ2j J1 (µj ) R R µj a R
∞
2AR2 X0 1 1 µ  
i µj µi 
+ 2 2 2 2 J0 r µi sin at − µj sin at ,
a i=1
µi (µi − µj ) J1 (µi ) R R R

∞
Ù¥ 0
L«Úª¥Ø¹ i = j ‘©
P
i=1
∞
2
X 1 1 µ  
i ωR µi 
(2) u(r, t) = 8AR 3 J0 r sin ωt − sin at ,
i=1
(µi a)2 − ω 2 R2 µi J1 (µi ) R µi a R
µi ´J0 (x) 1i‡ ":§i = 1, 2, 3, · · · ©
26 S K ‰ Y

eω д ,˜ ªÇ(~X§ω = µj a/R) ž§Œ^â7ˆ{K¦Ù4•Š§

4AR 1 µ  µ
j j µj µj 
u(r, t) = − 2 5 J0 r at cos at − sin at
a µj J1 (µj ) R R R R
∞
8AR2 X0 1 1  µi   µj µi 
+ J 0 r µi sin at − µj sin at ,
a2 i=1 µ4i (µ2i − µ2j ) J1 (µi ) R R R
∞
Ù¥ 0
L«Úª¥Ø¹ i = j ‘©
P
i=1
1 1 p √ 1 1 a
11. (1) √ √ b + a2 + b2 , √ √ p √ ;
2
2b a + b 2 2
2b a + b 2
b + a2 + b2
1
(2) 2 .
α + β2
I0 (2πr/h) 2π
12. u(r, z) = u0 sin z.
I0 (2πa/h) h
∞    
X  nπ  nπ 2
13. u(r, t) = 2u0 (−)n−1 j0 r exp − κt
n=1
a a
∞
2u0 a X (−)n−1
  nπ 2 
nπ
= sin r exp − κt .
πr n=1 n a a
r r
D D
14. .Œ»©O´ µ1 Úπ §Ù¥ µ1 = 2.4048 · · · ´ J0 (x) • ":©
β β
∞
X rl
15. er cos θ J0 (r sin θ) = Pl (cos θ) .
l!
l=0
 1 › Ô Ù 27

1 › Ô Ù
 
d dy

1. (1) x2 + λx + x2 y = 0;
dx dx
 
d dy
(2) xa (1 − x)b−a + λxa−1 (1 − x)b−a−1 y = 0;
dx dx
 
d dy
(3) xe−x + λe−x y = 0;
dx dx
 
d 2 dy 2
(4) e−x + 2λe−x y = 0.
dx dx
 2  
2n + 1 π ln r − ln a 2n + 1
2. λn = , Rn (r) = sin π , n = 0, 1, 2, · · · .
ln b − ln a 2 ln b − ln a 2
 
2nπ − θ 2nπ − θ
4. λn = , yn (x) = exp −i x , n = 0, ±1, ±2, · · · .
b−a b−a
5. α, β, γ I÷v sin(α + β) = sin γ cos γ ©
∞ X
∞
X Amn mπ nπ
7. u(x, y) = 2 2 sin x sin y,
m=1 n=1(mπ/a) + (nπ/b) a b
Z a Z b
4 mπ nπ
Amn = sin x dx f (x, y) sin y dy.
ab 0 a 0 b
 a 2 √ √
8. (1) Š λn ´•§ λ tan λl = 1 1 n ‡ Š§n = 1, 2, 3, · · ·¶ ¼ê•
√ c
Xn (x) = sin λn x¶
√ √
  2
a
− sin λn l sin λm l, m 6= m,
Z l 

c
(2) Xn (x)Xm (x)dx = 2 2
0 l − 1 a c

 , n = m.
2 2 a λn + c4
4
Z l
1 a2 c2
 
0 0 l
(3) Xn (x)Xm (x)dx = λn + δnm .
0 2 2 a4 λn + c4
28 S K ‰ Y

1 › l Ù
 r 
u0 p x
1. U (x, p) = exp − x , u(x, t) = u0 erfc √ .
p κ 2 κt
 r  
u0 p u0  x 
exp x , erfc − √ , x < 0,

 


 2p 
κ 2
2 κt
2. U (x, p) =  r  u(x, t) =
 u0 u0 p  u0  x 
 − exp − x , u0 − erfc √ , x > 0.

 

p 2p κ 2 2 κt
p p
A sinh p/κ (l − x) B sinh p/κ x
3. U (x, p) = + ©
p + α2 κ p + β 2 κ sinh p/κ l
p p
sinh p/κ l
‡ü u(x, t) ÚSK 13.11 /ªƒÓ©

4.
Z x+at Z tZ x+a(t−τ ) 
1  1 1
5. u(x, t) = φ(x + at) + φ(x − at) + ψ(ξ)dξ + f (ξ, τ )dξ dτ.
2 2a x−at 2a 0 x−a(t−τ )

2V0 ∞ I0 (kr) sin kz

Z
6. u(r, z) = dk.
π 0 I0 (ka) k
 1 › Ê Ù 29

1 › Ê Ù
 
q0
1 1 1
1. u(r, θ, φ) = − e−2r/a0 − e−2r/a0
4πε0
r a0 r
 
0 1 1 a 1
2. (1) G(r; r ) = − ;
4πε0 |r − r 0 | r0 |r − (a/r0 )2 r 0 |
(2) :>Ö¤3•••4¶••§¥¡þ a)>Ö—Ý•
a2 − r02

∂G  1
σ(θ, φ) = ε0 =− .
∂r r=a
 4πa a2 − 2ar0 cos θ + r02
3/2

3. ¥‹IX§‹I : u¥%§:>Ö u (r, θ, φ) = (r0 , 0, 0) ?§r0 > a©

!
1 1 a
G(r; r 0 ) = p −p , r > a.
4πε0 r2 + r0 2 − 2rr0 cos θ r2 r0 2 + a4 − 2a2 rr0 cos θ

4. „SK 13.6©
 
I |x − x0 |
5. G(x, t; x0 , t0 ) = η t − t0 − .
2ρa a
Z x+at
1  1
6. u(x, t) = φ(x − at) + φ(x + at) + ψ(ξ)dξ.
2 2a x−at
1 n |r − r 0 |2 o
7. G(r, t; r 0 , t0 ) = exp − η(t − t0 ).
8[πκ(t − t0 )] 3/2 4κ(t − t0 )
Z t ZZZ
1 1 0 2 0
9. u(r, t) = 3/2
dt 0
0 3/2
e−|r−r | /4κ(t−t ) f (r 0 , t0 ) dr 0
8(πκ) 0 (t − t )
ZZZ
1 0 2
+ 3/2
e−|r−r | /4κt φ(r 0 ) dr 0 .
8(πκt)
30 S K ‰ Y

1 › Ù
2
1. (1) yy 00 + y 0 = 0, y 2 = ax + b;

(2) y 00 − y = 0, y = a ex + b e−x ;
 
d x 1
(3) 0 2 = 0, y = ax3/2 − x2 + b;
dx x + y 2
d √ y0 √
 
(4) 1 + xp = 0, y = 2a 1 + x − a2 + b.
dx 1+y 0 2

θ+b
2. z cos √ = a.
2
3. az+bθ = c©Š•§ AÏœ/§•) z = ~ê!†‚ θ = ~ê±9AÏ Ú‚ az+bθ = 0©
a
4. u(r, θ, φ) = j1 (kr)Pl (cos θ)©
j1 (ka)
y 
5. (1) x + 1 = a cosh −b ;
a
 x + b 2
(2) y = + a2 ;
2a
(3) (y + b)2 + 4a4 (2x + 3)2 = 4a2 ;

(4) (x − a)2 + y 2 = b2 ;

(5) ey cos(x − a) = b;


(6) (x − y − a)2 = 4b2 x + y − b2 ;
 2a 
(7) θ = arcsin 1 − + b;
r
(8) r = aeθ .

6.

7. ƒA •¼4Š¯K´^‡4Š¯K
ZZZ ZZ
α
J[u] = (∇u)2 dr + u2 dΣ,
β
V Σ
  ZZZ
∂u
αu + β = 0, u2 dr = 1.
∂n Σ
V

8. (1) λ1 = 2.5, λ2 = 10.5;

√
(2) λ = 14 ∓ 133 = 2.467, 25.533.
 1 ›˜Ù 31

1 ›˜Ù
√ ∂2u ∂2u
1. (1) y > 0 ž•ý.©- ξ = x, η = 2 y §•§z• 2 + 2 = 0;
∂ξ ∂η
√ ∂ u ∂2u
2
y < 0 ž•V-.©- ξ = x, η = 2 −y §•§z• − 2 = 0;
∂ξ 2 ∂η
∂2u ∂2u
(2) ý .©- ξ = arcsinh x, η = arcsinh y §•§z• + 2 = 0;
∂ξ 2 ∂η
2
∂ u ∂u ∂u
(3) Ô.©- ξ = y sin x, η = y cos x§•§z• ξ 2 + η 2


2
−ξ +η = 0;
∂η ∂ξ ∂η
∂2u
(4) V-.©- ξ = x + y − cos x, η = x − y + cos x§•§z• = 0.
∂ξ∂η
∂2v ∂2v
2. (2) ŠC† u(x, y) = e−ax+by v(x, y)§=Œò•§z• 2
− 2 + (b2 − a2 )v = 0.
∂x ∂y
   
x + at x − at
3. u(x, t) = φ +ψ − φ(0).
2 2