Content

Introduction 3 - Sulfuric Acid 17

®
- Using the DION Chemical Resistance Guide 4 - Hydrochloric Acid 18
- Corrosion-Resistant Resin Chemistries 5 - Nitric and Chromic Acid 18
- Markets 5 - Hydrofluoric Acid 18
- Applications 5 - Acetic Acid 18
- Material Safety Data Sheets 5 - Perchloric Acid 18
®
- Ordering DION Resins 6 - Phosphoric Acid 18
- Changes 6 - Deionized and Distilled Water 19
- Disclaimer 6 - Desalination Applications 19
Resin Descriptions 7 - Electroplating and other Electrochemical Processes 19
Bisphenol Epoxy vinyl Ester Resins 7 - Fumes, Vapors, Hood & Duct Service 20
Urethane-Modified vinyl Ester Resins 7 - Flue Gas Desulfurization 21
Novolac Vinyl Ester Resins 8 - Gasoline, Gasohol and Underground Storage Tanks 21
Elastomer-Modified vinyl Ester Resins 8 - Methanol and Other Gasoline-Alcohol Blends 22
Bisphenol-A Fumarate Polyester Resins 8 - Ore Extraction & Hydrometallurgy 22
Isophthalic and Terephthalic Polyester Resins 9 - Potable Water 22
Chlorendic Polyester Resins 10 - Radioactive Materials 22
Specifying Composites Performance 11 - Sodium Hydroxide and Alkaline Solutions 23
Factors Affecting Resin Performance 11 - Solvents 23
- Shelf Life Policy 11 - Static Electricity 23
- Elevated Temperatures 11 - FDA Compliance 23
Laminate Construction 12 - USDA Applications 23
- Surfacing Veil 12 Common Types of Metal Corrosion 24
- Chopped Strand Mat 13 - Oxygen Cell-Galvanic Corrosion 24
- Woven Roving 13 - Passive Alloys and Chloride Induced Stress Corrosion 25
- Continuous Filament Roving 13 - Sulfide Stress-Cracking 25
- Resin Curing Systems 13 - CO2 Corrosion 25
- Post-Curing 14 - Other Types of Stress Corrosion 25
- Secondary Bonding 14 - Hydrogen Embrittlement 25
- Resin Top Coating 14 - Sulfate Reducing Bacteria and Microbially Induced
26
- Dual Laminate Systems 14 Corrosion (MIC)
- Maintenance and Inspection 15 Alternate Materials 27
Selected Application Recommendations 15 - Thermoplastics 27
- Abrasive Materials 15 Other Thermosetting Polymers 27
- Biomass and Biochemical Conversion 16 - Epoxy 27
- Bleaching Solutions 16 - Phenolic Resins 28
- Sodium Hypochlorite 17 - Rubber and Elastomers 28
- Chlorine Dioxide 17 - Acid Resistant Brick and Refractories 28
- Chlor-Alkali Industry 17 - Concrete 29
- Ozone 17 Additional Reference Sources 30 - 43
- Concentrated Acids 17 ASTM Reinforced Plastic Related Standards 44
Introduction
DION® resins are among the most established and best-recognized products in the corrosion-resistant resin market. DION®
resins were originally developed for some extremely demanding applications in the chlor-alkali industry and their success
has led to diverse and highly regarded applications. Reichhold is a dedicated thermosetting polymer company offering a
complete line of corrosion-resistant resin products and actively developing new resins to serve changing needs of the
industry.

Over many years DION® resins have shown good long term performance when used in composite tanks and pipes as well
as other structural parts made for the corrosion industry. DION® resins are known for their excellent chemical resistance and
high mechanical properties in corrosive environments. More specifically, these resins have shown excellent durability within
the chemically and oil/ gas industries, as well as the pulp and paper sectors.

The high resilience and water resistance of DION® resins also makes them particularly suitable for marine applications such
as boat hulls and swimming pools, as well as for use in building and construction where resistance to high static and
dynamic loads is required.

In applications requiring fatigue resistance and toughness, DION® resins have also proven themselves to be well suited.
This includes use in the wind energy, aviation and transportation sectors.

Help to Optimize Design and Performance

Composite material systems exhibit design freedom relating to shape, size, and weight to provide technical solutions for
proven long-term performance. In developing structural parts exposed in industrial environments, it is important for
designers to make the correct material selection based on the required service life. This guide will help in selecting the most
suitable material

80 Plus Years of Experience

As a company with a long history of technology development, Reichhold is well positioned to support with novel material
systems and technical expertise. With a network of technology centers and manufacturing plants around the world,
Reichhold provides the required backup and security of supply to deliver performance to end customers.

3
Using the DION® Chemical Resistance Guide

The chemical resistance and performance of DION® resins has been demonstrated over the past 50+ years through the
successful use of a variety of composite products in hundreds of different chemical environments. Practical experience has
been supplemented by the systematic evaluation of the composites exposed to a large number of corrosive environments
under controlled laboratory conditions. This corrosion guide is subject to change without notice in an effort to provide the
current data. Changes may affect suggested temperature or concentration limitations.

Laboratory evaluation of corrosion resistance is performed according to ASTM C-581, using standard laminate test coupons
that are subjected to a double-sided, fully immersed exposure to temperature-controlled corrosive medium. Coupons are
retrieved at internals of 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, then tested for retained flexural strength and modulus, Barcol hardness,
changes in weight, and swelling/ shrinkage relative to an unexposed control. The data and a visual evaluation of the
laminate’s appearance and surface condition are used to establish the suitability of resins in specific environments at
suggested maximum temperatures.

All of the listed maximum service temperatures assume that laminates and corrosion barriers are fully cured and fabricated
to industry quality standards. In many service conditions, occasional temperature excursions above the listed maximum
temperatures may be acceptable, depending on the nature of the corrosive environment. Consultation with a Reichhold
Technical Representative is then advised.

When designing for exposures to hot, relatively non-aggressive vapors, such as in ducting, hoods or stack linings,
temperature extremes above those suggested may be feasible; however, extensive testing is strongly urged whenever
suggested temperatures are exceeded. Factors such as laminate thickness, thermal conductivity, structural design
performance and the effects of condensation must be taken into account when designing composite products for extreme
temperature performance.

A Reichhold Technical Representative may be reached via the Reichhold Corrosion Hotline at (800) 752-0060, via
email at corrosion@reichhold.com, or at www.reichhold.com/corrosion. All inquiries will be answered within 24 hours.

4
Corrosion-Resistant Resin Chemistries

The diverse corrosive properties of industrial chemicals require that a number of resin chemistries be employed to optimize
the performance of composite materials. Basic resin chemistries include isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, vinyl ester,
chlorendic, and bisphenol fumarate resins. Each has unique advantages and disadvantages, and consequently it is
important to consider when creating resin specifications. Reichhold can supply all the corrosion-resistant resin types in
common usage and will assist in evaluating specific requirements.

Markets

DION® vinyl ester and corrosion-resistant polyester resins serve the needs of a wide range of chemical process industries.

● Pulp and paper ● Agriculture

● Chlor-Alkali ● Pharmaceutical
● Power generation ● Food Processing
● Waste treatment ● Automotive
● Petroleum ● Aircraft
● Ore processing ● Marine
● Plating ● Polymer concrete
● Electronics ● Alcohols and synthetic fuels
● Water service

Applications

DION® resins have over 50 years of field service in the most severe corrosive environments.

● Chemical storage tanks ● Chlorine cell covers, collectors

● Underground fuel storage tanks
● Pickling and plating tanks
● Chemical piping systems
● Large diameter sewer pipes
● Fume ducts and scrubbers
● Chimney stacks and stack liners
● Fans, blowers, and hoods
● Pulp washer drums, up flow tubes
● Secondary containment systems
● Wall and roofing systems
● Grating and structural profile
● Cooling tower elements
● Floor coatings and mortars
● Gasoline containment

Chemical attack can alter the structural performance of composites and must be considered in the selection of an
appropriate resin. Reichhold provides direct technical assistance for specific applications and for conditions that may not be
covered in the guide. Test coupons prepared according to ASTM C-581 are available for in-plant testing. When calling,
please have the following information ready for discussion:

1. Precise composition of the chemical environment

2. Chemical concentration(s)
3. Operation temperature
(including any potential temperature fluctuations, upsets, or cycling
conditions)
4. Trace materials
5. Potential need for flame-retardant material
6. Type and size of equipment
7. Fabrication process

5
Material Safety Data Sheets

Material safety data sheets are available for all DION® and Atprime® products listed in this brochure. Please request the
appropriate data sheets before handling, storing or using any product.

Ordering DION® Resins

To order DION® resins and Atprime® 2, call Reichhold customer service at 1-800-448-3482 or contact your local authorized
Reichhold distributor.

Changes

This corrosion guide is subject to change without notice in an effort to provide the current data changes may affect
suggested temperature or concentration limitations.

Disclaimer

The following are general guidelines intended to assist customers in determining whether Reichhold resins are suitable for
their applications. Reichhold products are intended for sale to sophisticated industrial and commercial customers. Reichhold
requires customers to inspect and test our products before use and satisfy themselves as to content and suitability for their
specific end-use applications. These general guidelines are not intended to be a substitute for customer testing.

Reichhold warrants that its products will meet its standard written specifications. Nothing contained in these guidelines shall
constitute any other warranty, express or implied, including any warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular
purpose, nor is any protection from any law or patent to be inferred. All patent rights are reserved. The exclusive remedy for
all proven claims is limited to replacement of our materials and in no event shall Reichhold be liable for any incidental or
consequential damages.

6
Resin Descriptions
Bisphenol Epoxy Vinyl Ester Resins DION® IMPACT 9160 is a low styrene content (<35%)
Bisphenol epoxy based vinyl ester resins offer excellent version of DION® 9100.
structural properties and very good resistance to many
corrosive environments. The resins are styrenated and DION® IMPACT 9102-70 (US) is a special version and
involve the extension of an epoxy with bisphenol-A to offers lower color, reduced viscosity and improved
increase molecular weight and feature the characteristic curing at lower promoter levels. The resin is particularly
vinyl ester incorporation of methacrylate end groups. suited for filament-winding applications which require
The inherent toughness and resilience of epoxy vinyl fast and efficient wet-out of reinforcement. It is certified
esters provides enhanced impact resistance as well as to NSF/ANSI Standard 61 for potable water tank and
improved stress properties, which is advantageous in piping at ambient temperature.
applications involving thermal and cyclic stress. Non-
promoted bisphenol-A based vinyl esters display a DION® FR 9300 Series are non-promoted, flame
minimum six-month shelf life, and the pre-promoted retardant vinyl esters with corrosion resistance similar
versions feature a three-month shelf life. to DION® 9100 and DION® 9102. Resin laminates
display a Class 1 flame spread with the addition of
DION® 9100 Series are non-promoted bisphenol-A 1.5% antimony trioxide or 3.0% antimony pentoxide.
epoxy vinyl esters use a wide range of acidic, alkaline DION® FR 9300 is frequently used in flame retardant
and assorted chemicals, including many solvents. The ducting which conforms to the requirements of the
pre-promoted versions of DION® 9100 are available. International Congress of Building Officials (ICBO).

DION® 9102* Series are lower viscosity, reduced
molecular weight versions of DION® 9100, with similar
corrosion resistance, mechanical properties and
storage stability. The DION® 9102 series also features
improved curing at lower promoter levels for enhanced
performance in filament-winding applications.
®
*DION 9102 comply with FDA Title 21 CFR 177 2420 and can be used for food contact applications
when properly formulated and cured by the composite fabricator.
DION® 9102-00 is unique since it is certified to
NSF/ANSI Standard 61 for use in domestic and
commercial potable water applications involving both
piping and tanks at ambient temperature.It has also
been used in the field fabrication of large diameter
Chiyoda-type Jet Bubbling Reactors (JBRs) associated
with gypsum by-product flue gas desulfurization
projects by major utility companies. Chimney and stack
liners have been other major applications.
DION® IMPACT FR 9310 & 9315 Series are non-
promoted, premium flame retardant resins designed to
meet ASTM E 84 Class 1 flame spread properties
without the addition of antimony based synergists.
DION® FR 9310 & 9315 series resins also have a low
VOC content (<35%) and provide corrosion resistance
equal to, or in some cases superior to well-recognized
DION® FR 9300 resin.
Urethane-Modified Vinyl Ester Resins
DION® 9800 Series (formerly ATLAC® 580-05 & 580-
05A) are premium highly regarded special urethane
modified vinyl esters with distinguishing features. The
vinyl ester does not foam when catalyzed with ordinary
methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) and displays
excellent glass wet-out characteristics. It may also be
thixed with conventional (non-hydrophobic) grades of
silica carbide. DION® 9800 is well-suited for hand lay-
up, filament-winding, and pultrusion applications and
displays many user-friendly features. DION® 9800
displays exceptional wet-out characteristics with carbon
fiber, aramid, and conventional glass fibers. The resin
has superior acid, alkaline, bleach and other corrosion-
resistant properties.

7
Resin Descriptions
Novolac Vinyl Ester Resins
Novolac vinyl esters are based on use of multi-
functional novolac epoxy versus a standard and more
commonly used bisphenol-A epoxy. This increases the
crosslink density and corresponding temperature and
solvent resistance.
DION® IMPACT 9400 Series provides good corrosion
resistance, including solvents. Due to reactivity, shelf
life is limited to three-months.
Elastomer-Modified Vinyl Ester Resins
Inclusion of high performance and special functional
elastomers into the polymer backbone on a vinyl ester
allows exceptional toughness.
DION® 9500 Series are non-accelerated rubber
modified vinyl esters that possess high tensile
elongation, good toughness, low shrinkage, and low
peak exotherm. They are well-suited for dynamic loads
and demonstrate excellent adhesion properties.
Corrosion resistance is good, but limitations occur with
solvents or other chemicals which display swelling with
rubber. DION® 9500 is well-suited for hand and spray
lay-up applications and other fabrication techniques. It
may also be considered for use as a primer with high
density PVC foam or for bonding FRP to steel or other
dissimilar substrates.
Bisphenol-A Fumarate Polyester Resins
Bisphenol fumarate polyester resins were among the
earliest and most successful premium thermosetting
resins to be used in corrosion-resistant composites.
They have an extensive history in challenging
environments since the 1950’s. Thousands of tanks,
pipes, chlorine cell covers, bleach towers, and
scrubbers are still in service throughout the world.
Bisphenol fumarate resins typically yield rigid, high
crosslink density composites with high glass transition
temperatures and heat distortion properties. These
attributes enable excellent physical property retention at
temperatures of 300°F and higher. Bisphenol fumarate
resins also have good acid resistance which is typical
for unsaturated polyesters, but unlike other polyesters
they also display excellent caustic and alkaline
resistance as well as suitability for bleach
environments.
All of the bisphenol fumarate resins have excellent
stability with a minimum shelf life of six-months.
DION® 382* Series (Formally ATLAC® 382) are
bisphenol fumarate resins with a long, world-wide
success history. They are normally supplied in pre-
promoted and pre-accelerated versions.
®
*DION 382 comply with FDA Title 21 CFR 177 2420 and can be used for food contact applications when
properly formulated and cured by the composite fabricator.

Laminates at Temperature

Resin Tensile Strength, psi Tensile Modulus, x 106 psi

77° F 150° F 200° F 250° F 300° F 77° F 150° F 200° F 250° F 300° F
25° C 66° C 93° C 121° C 149° C 25° C 66° C 93° C 121° C 149° C
DION® 9100/9102 19200 22100 22700 14600 9900 1.70 1.70 1.39 0.80 0.80
®
DION FR 9300 22600 28100 30100 21200 13700 2.16 1.94 1.82 1.62 1.18
DION® 9800 19500 19500 19500 13000 9000 --- --- --- --- ---
®
DION IMPACT 9400 23900 25000 27700 26700 20900 2.13 2.23 2.00 1.61 1.47

DION® 6694 22000 22400 24800 27700 25000 1.95 2.14 1.86 1.86 1.62

DION® 6631 3100 28600 24000 14700 4300 1.38 1.20 0.85 0.50 0.31

DION® 382 18000 21500 21500 20000 --- 1.45 1.40 1.35 1.20 ---
®
DION 797 16800 17800 19400 20200 10900 1.39 1.36 1.21 0.98 0.59
DION® 490 14300 16200 16600 15300 11700 1.15 0.90 0.76 0.58 0.47
Laminate Constuction V/M/M/WR/M/WR/M/WR/M WR = 24 oz woven roving
V = 10 mil C-glass veil Glass content = 45%
M = 1.5 oz/ sq ft chopped glass mat

8
Resin Descriptions
DION® 6694* Series are bisphenol fumarate resins DION® 6631* Series are rigid, thixotropic, pre-promoted
modified to optimize the unique properties of isophthalic resins developed for hand lay-up, spray-up, and
bisphenol fumarate polyesters. These resins offer filament-winding. A version which complies with SCAQMD
excellent chemical resistance. They are well suited Rule 1162 is also available.
to hot alkaline environments, like those found in ®
*DION 6631 comply with FDA Title 21 CFR 177 2420 and can be used for food contact applications when
caustic/chlorine production, and to oxidizing properly formulated and cured by the composite fabricator.
environments, like those used in pulp bleaching.
®
DION® 490 Series (Formally ATLAC® 490) are thixotropic,
*DION 6694 comply with FDA Title 21 CFR 177 2420 and can be used for food contact applications
when properly formulated and cured by the composite fabricator. pre-promoted resins formulated for high temperature
corrosion service that requires good organic solvent
Isophthalic and Terephthalic Unsaturated resistance. A key feature is the high crosslink density,
Polyester Resins which yields good heat distortion and chemical resistance
Isophthalic and terephthalic resins are formulated for properties. The most notable commercial application
corrosion applications and higher in molecular relates to gasoline resistance, including gasoline/ alcohol
weight than those often used in marine and other mixtures, where it is an economical choice. Approval has
laminated composites. These polyesters display been obtained under the UL 1316 standard. In some
excellent structural properties and are resistant to applications DION® 490 offers performance comparable
acids, salts, and many dilute chemicals at moderate with that of Novolac epoxy based vinyl esters, but at a
temperature. Resins are rigid, and some terephthalic much lower cost.
resins offer improved resiliency. They perform well in
acidic environments, however they are not DION® 495 Series are lower molecular weight and lower
recommended for caustic or alkaline environments, VOC versions of DION® 490.
and the pH should be kept below 10.5. Oxidizing
environments usually present limitations. These
resins have good stability, with a minimum three-
month shelf life.

DION® 6334* Series are resilient non-promoted non-

thixotropic resins. Their use is typically restricted to
non-aggressive ambient temperature applications,
such as seawater.
®
*DION 6334 comply with FDA Title 21 CFR 177 2420 and can be used for food contact applications
when properly formulated and cured by the composite fabricator.

Laminates at Temperature

Resin Flexural Strength, psi Flexural Modulus, x 106 psi

77° F 150° F 200° F 250° F 300° F 77° F 150° F 200° F 250° F 300° F
25° C 66° C 93° C 121° C 149° C 25° C 66° C 93° C 121° C 149° C
DION® 9100/9102 32800 33100 25700 3000 --- 1.17 1.12 0.83 0.37 ---
®
DION FR 9300 31700 30600 30500 5100 2800 1.53 1.35 1.22 0.23 0.19
DION® 9800 26300 25600 23100 19200 7400 1.01 0.87 0.74 0.58 0.32

DION® IMPACT 9400 30000 31800 33500 26000 7900 1.50 1.38 1.25 0.93 0.46

DION® 6694 28700 30400 30700 29600 20900 1.50 1.39 1.25 1.08 0.87

DION® 6631 31000 28600 24000 14700 4300 1.38 1.20 0.85 0.50 0.31

DION® 382 25500 27000 23500 17500 --- 1.21 1.10 1.00 0.88 ---
®
DION 797 30100 30000 29600 25200 15400 1.50 1.35 1.16 0.91 0.48
DION® 490 23600 25800 25500 22600 17100 1.08 0.99 0.85 0.60 0.41
Laminate Construction V/M/M/WR/M/WR/M/WR/M WR = 24 oz woven roving
V = 10 mil C-glass veil Glass content = 45%
M = 1.5 oz/ sq ft chopped glass mat

9
Resin Descriptions
Chlorendic Polyester Resins
Chlorendic polyester resins are based on the
incorporation of chlorendic anhydride or chlorendic acid
(also called HET acid) into the polymer backbone. Their
most notable advantage is superior resistance to mixed
acid and oxidizing environments, which makes them
widely used for bleaching and chromic acid or nitric acid
containing environments, such as in electroplating
applications. The cross linked structure is quite dense,
which results in high heat distortion and good elevated
temperature properties. This is a dense structure that
can display reduced ductility and reduced tensile
elongation. Despite good acid resistance, chlorendic
resins should not be used in alkaline environments.
Due to the halogen content, chlorendic resins display
flame retardant and smoke reduction properties.
DION® 797 Series are chlorendic anhydride based
resins with good corrosion resistance and thermal
properties up to 350° F/ 177° C. DION® 797 is supplied
as a pre-promoted and thixotropic version. An ASTM E-
84 flame spread rating of 30 (Class II) is obtained with
the use of 5% antimony trioxide. Many thermal and
corrosion-resistant properties are superior to those of
competitive chlorendic resins.
Atprime® 2 Bonding & Primer
Atprime® 2 is a two-component, moisture-activated
primer that provides enhanced bonding of composite
materials to a variety of substrates, such as FRP,
concrete, steel, or thermoplastics. It is especially suited
for bonding to non-air-inhibited surfaces associated with
contact molding or aged FRP composites. This ability is
achieved due to the formation of a chemical bond to the
FRP surface. Atprime® 2 is free of methylene chloride
and features good storage stability.
Atprime® 2 can be used for repairs of FRP structures.
Many FRP structures have been known to fail due to
the failure of secondary bonds, which can serve as the
weakest link in an otherwise sound structure. Thus
Atprime® 2 merits important consideration in FRP
fabrication. The curing mechanism relies on ambient
humidity and does not employ peroxide chemistry.

Castings
Tensile Flexural
Tensile Elongation Flexural Barcol
Resin Modulus x Modulus x HDT° F/° C
Strength psi at Break % Strength psi Hardness
106 psi 106 psi
DION® 9100/9102 11600 4.6 5.2 23000 5.0 35 220/ 104
DION® FR 9300 10900 5.1 4.0 21900 5.2 40 230/ 110
®
DION 9800 13100 4.6 4.2 22600 4.9 38 244/ 118

DION® IMPACT 9400 9000 5.0 3.0 20500 5.1 38 290/ 143

DION® 6694 8200 3.4 2.4 14600 4.9 38 270/ 132

DION® 6631 9300 5.9 2.4 16600 5.2 40 225/ 107

®
DION 382 10000 4.3 2.5 17000 4.3 38 270/ 132

DION® 797 7800 0.5 1.6 21700 1.0 45 280/ 138

DION® 490 8700 4.8 2.1 16700 5.2 40 260/ 127

10
Specifying Composites Performance
The design and manufacture of composite equipment
for corrosion service is a highly customized process. To
produce a product that successfully meets the unique
needs of each customer, it is essential for fabricators
and material suppliers to understand the applications
for which composite equipment is intended. One of the
most common causes of equipment failure is exposure
to service conditions that are more severe than
anticipated. This issue has been addressed by the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) in
their RTP-1 specification for corrosion-grade composite
tanks. RTP-1 includes a section called the User’s Basic
Requirement Specifications (UBRS). The UBRS is a
standardized document provided to tank manufacturers
before vessels are constructed. It identifies, among
other factors, the function and configuration of the tank,
internal and external operating conditions, and
mechanical loads on the vessel, installation
requirements and applicable state and federal codes at
the installation site. Reichhold strongly recommends
that the information required by the UBRS is reviewed
before any composite equipment is manufactured.
Factors Affecting Resin
Performance
Shelf Life Policy
Most polyester resins have a minimum three-month
shelf life from the date of shipment from Reichhold.
Some corrosion-resistant resins have a longer shelf life,
notably un-promoted bisphenol epoxy vinyl ester resins,
un-promoted and accelerated bisphenol fumarate
resins, and DION® 6694 modified bisphenol fumarate
resin.
11
See the individual product bulletins, available at
www.reichhold.com, for specific information for each
resin. Shelf stability minimums apply to resins stored in
their original, unopened containers at temperatures not
exceeding 75° F/ 24° C, away from sunlight and other
sources of heat or extreme cold. Resins that have
exceeded their shelf life should be tested before use.
Elevated Temperatures
Composites manufactured with vinyl ester or bisphenol
fumarate resins have been used extensively in
applications requiring long-term structural integrity at
elevated temperatures. Good physical properties are
generally retained at temperatures up to 200° F/ 93° C.
The selection of resin becomes crucial beyond 200° F/
93° C because excessive temperatures will cause
resins to soften and lose physical strength. Rigid resins
such as ultra-high crosslink density vinyl esters,
bisphenol fumarate polyesters, epoxy novolac vinyl
esters, and high-crosslink density terephthalics typically
provide the best high-temperature physical properties.
Appropriate DION® resin systems may be considered
for use in relatively non-aggressive gas phase
environments at temperatures of 350° F/ 177° C or
higher in suitably designed structures.
When designing composite equipment for high
temperature service, it is important to consider how
heat will be distributed throughout the unit. Polymer
composites have a low thermal conductivity
(approximately 0.15 btu-ft/ hr-sq. ft. ° F) which provides
an insulating effect. This may allow equipment having
high cross-sectional thickness to sustain very high
operating temperatures at the surface, since the
structural portion of the laminate maintains a lower
temperature.
Laminate Construction
Composite products designed for corrosion resistance
typically utilize a structural laminate and a corrosion
barrier. This type of construction is necessary since the
overall properties of a composite are derived from the
widely differing properties of the constituent materials.
Glass fibers contribute strength but have little or no
corrosion resistance in many environments. Resins
provide corrosion resistance and channel stress into the
glass fibers and have reduced strength when non-
reinforced. Consequently, a resin-rich corrosion barrier
is used to protect a glass-rich structural laminate.
In accordance with general industry practice, corrosion
barriers are typically 100 – 125 mils thick. They typically
consist of a surfacing veil saturated to a 90% resin
content, followed by the equivalent of a minimum of two
piles of 1.5-oz/ ft to 2-oz/ ft chopped strand mat
impregnated with about 70% resin. The structural
portion of the laminate can be build with chopped
strand mat, chopped roving, chopped strand mat
alternating with woven roving, or by filament-winding.
An additional ply of mat is sometimes used as a
bonding layer between a filament-wound structural
over-wrap and the corrosion barrier. Filament-wound
structures have a glass content of approximately 70%
and provide high strength combined with light weight.
plies of veil are used, and in areas where veil layers
overlap. Should the resin-rich veil portion of a corrosion
barrier crack, the barrier is breached and all of the
benefits of using multiple veils are lost. Furthermore,
multiple plies of synthetic veil can be more difficult to
apply and often lead to an increase in the number of air
voids trapped in the corrosion barrier. Many composite
specifications, including ASME RTP-1, impose a
maximum allowable amount of air void entrapment in
the corrosion barrier. Attempts to repair air voids are
time-consuming and can reduce the corrosion
resistance of the composite.
Fabricators utilizing two plies of synthetic veil should
carefully follow the veil manufacture’s instructions and
also take special caution to ensure that no excessively
resin-rich areas are formed. Where a two-ply corrosion
barrier is desired, C-glass veil can be used for one or
both plies. This provides a degree of reinforcement to
the corrosion barrier, reduces resin drainage, and
creates a corrosion barrier that is less prone to
interlaminar shear cracking.

Because resin provides corrosion resistance, a resin-

rich topcoat is often used as an exterior finish coat,
particularly where occasional contact or spillage with
aggressive chemicals might occur. UV stabilizers or
pigments may be incorporated into topcoats (to
minimized weathering effects) or used in tanks
designed to contain light sensitive products. A topcoat
is especially useful for filament-wound structures due to
their high glass content.

Surfacing Veil
A well-constructed corrosion barrier utilizing surface veil
is required for any polymer composite intended for
corrosion service. Veils based on C-glass, synthetic
polyester fiber and carbon are available. C-glass veils
are widely used because they readily conform to
complex shapes, are easy to wet-out with resin and
provide excellent overall corrosion resistance. Synthetic
veils require more handling to set in place and wet-out,
but can provide a thicker, more resin-rich corrosion
barrier.

The bulking effect of synthetic veil allows the outer

corrosion barrier to have a very high resin content,
which has both benefits and drawbacks. Higher resin
concentration can extend resistance to chemical and
abrasive attack, but also yields a corrosion barrier that
may be more prone to cracking in stressed areas. This
can be an issue in corrosion barriers where multiple

12
Laminate Construction
Chopped Strand Mat
Chopped strand mat is widely used in the fabrication of
corrosion-resistant structures to obtain consistent resin/
glass lamination ratios. Many types of glass mat are
available, and the importance of proper mat selection
should not be overlooked. Mats are available with a
variety of sizing and binders, and even the glass itself
can vary between manufacturers. These differences
manifest themselves in the ease of laminate wet-out,
corrosion resistance, mechanical properties, and the
tendency of the laminate to jackstraw. Manufactures of
glass mat should be consulted in selecting the most
suitable mat for specific and end-use applications.
Woven Roving
Woven continuous fiberglass roving at 24-oz/ sq. yd.
may be used to improve the structural performance of
FRP laminates. If more that one ply of woven roving is
used, it should be laminated with alternating layers of
glass mat separating each ply; otherwise, separation
under stress can occur. Due to the wicking action of
continuous glass filaments, woven roving should not be
used in any surface layer directly in contact with the
chemical environment.
Some laboratory studies have suggested that the
combination of benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and
dimethylaniline (DMA) may provide a more complete
cure before post-curing than the standard cobalt DMA/
MEKP (methyl ethyl ketone peroxide) system. In some
instances, resins have demonstrated a permanent
undercure for reasons that are not fully understood.
One theory is that undercure is related to initiator
dispersion. Typically BPO is used in paste form, which
is prepared by grinding solid BPO particles into an inert
carrier. Dispersion and dissolution of BPO paste is
clearly a more challenging procedure than blending in
low-viscosity MEKP liquid. Another advantage of MEKP
systems is a more positive response to post-curing,
Vinyl ester resin promoted with cobalt/ DMA tends to
foam when MEKP initiator is added. This increases the
difficulty of eliminating entrapped gases from the
laminate. Foaming can be reduced in a number of
ways. BPO/ DMA reduces foaming, as does the use of
an MEKP/ cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) blended or
straight CHP. Using a resin that does not foam, such
as, DION® 9800 urethane – modified vinyl ester resin or
a bisphenol fumarate resin, is another alternative.

Continuous Filament Roving High-quality composite products can be fabricated

Continuous roving may be used for chopper-gun using either of the promoter/ initiator combinations
lamination or in filament-winding. Filament-winding is described above. For end-users, it is suggested that the
widely employed for cylindrical products used in the preferences of the fabricator involved be taken into
chemical equipment market and is the predominant account when specifying initiator systems.
manufacturing process for chemical storage tanks and
reactor vessels. Glass contents of up to 70% can be
achieved using filament-winding, which provides
uniform, high-strength structural laminates. Because
the capillary action of continuous roving can carry
chemical penetration deep into the composite structure,
a well constructed, intact corrosion barrier is essential
for filament-wound structures. Topcoats are often used
for filament-wound products intended for outdoor
exposure to protect the glass fibers from UV attack.

Resin Curing Systems

One of the most important factors governing the
corrosion resistance of composites is the degree of
cure that the resin attains. For general service, it is
recommended that the laminate reach a minimum of
90% of the clear cast Barcol hardness value listed by
the resin manufacturer. For highly aggressive
conditions, it may be necessary to use extraordinary
measures to attain the highest degree of cure possible.
One effective way to do this is to post-cure the laminate
shortly after it has gelled and completed its exotherm.

13
Laminate Construction
Post-curing
Post-curing at elevated temperatures can enhance the
performance of a composite product in most
environments. Post-curing of composites provides two
benefits. The curing reaction is driven to completion
which maximizes the crosslink density of the resin
system, thus eliminating un-reacted cross-linking sites
in the resin. This improves both chemical resistance
and mechanical properties. Thorough and even post-
curing for an extended period of time can also relieve
stresses formed within the laminate during cure, thus
reducing the likelihood of warping during normal
thermal cycling/ operation. It is generally concluded that
the maximum exposure temperature is decreased when
no post cure cycle is used.
In general, one can relate the recommended post-
curing temperatures to the chemistry of the matrix resin
used in the construction – this mostly relates to the
HDT of the resin.
It is recommended that the construction is kept for 16 –
24 hours at room temperature (>77° F/ 25° C) before
post-curing at elevated temperature starts. Increasing
and decreasing temperature should be done stepwise
to avoid possible thermal shock, and consequent
possible built-in stresses.
Secondary Bonding
One of the most common of composite failures is at a
secondary bond. To develop a successful secondary
bond, the composite substrate must either have a
tacky, air-inhibited surface or it must be specially
prepared.
Composites with a fully-cured surface may be prepared
for secondary bonding by grinding the laminate to
14
exposed reinforcement prior to applying a new laminate
an ensuring elimination of containments. Secondary
bond strength can be greatly enhanced by using the
Atprime® 2 primer system. Atprime® 2 is specially
designed to provide a direct, chemical bond between
fully-cured composites and secondary laminates.
Atprime® 2 can also improve the bond of FRP
composites to concrete, metals, and some
thermoplastics.
Resin Top Coating
Topcoats are often used to protect the exterior surface
of composite products from weathering and from the
effects of occasional exposure to corrosive agents. A
topcoat may be prepared by modifying the resin used to
manufacture the product with thixotrope, a UV absorber
and small amount of wax. Blending 3% fumed silica,
suitable UV inhibitor along with 5% of a 10% wax
solution (in styrene) to a resin is a typical approach to
topcoat formulation.
Dual Laminate Systems
When vinyl ester or bisphenol fumarate corrosion
barriers are unsuitable for a particular environment, it
may still be possible to design equipment that takes
advantage of the benefits of composite materials by
employing a thermoplastic corrosion barrier. This
technology involves creating the desired structure by
shaping the thermoplastic, then rigidizing it with a
composite outer skin. Thermoplastics such as a
polyvinyl chloride, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride,
polypropylene, and a wide variety of high performance
fluoropolymers are commonly used. Dual laminates
may be used and can provide cost-effective
performance in conditions where composites are
otherwise inappropriate.
Laminate Construction
Maintenance and Inspection
The service life that can reasonably be expected from
corrosion-grade composite equipment will vary
depending upon a number of factors including
fabrication details, material selection, and the nature of
the environment to which the equipment is exposed.
For example, a tank that may be expected to provide
service for 15 years or more in a non-aggressive
environment may be deemed to have provided an
excellent service life after less than 10 years of
exposure to a more aggressive media. Other factors,
such as process upsets, unanticipated changes in the
chemical composition of equipment contents and
unforeseen temperature fluctuations, may also reduce
the service life of composite products. These are some
of the reasons why a program of regularly scheduled
inspection and maintenance of corrosion-grade
composite equipment is vital. A secondary benefit is the
reduction of downtime and minimization of repair
expenses.

Beyond issues of cost and equipment service life, the

human, environmental and financial implications of
catastrophic equipment failure cannot be understated.
A regular program of maintenance and inspection is a
key element in the responsible care of chemical
processes.

Selected Applications
Recommendations
Abrasive Materials
Composite pipe and ducting can offer significantly
better fluid flow because of their smooth internal
surfaces. For products designed to carry abrasive
slurries and coarse particulates, the effects of abrasion
should be considered during the product design
process. Resistance to mild abrasion may be enhanced
by using synthetic veil or, for extreme cases by using
silicon carbide or ceramic beads as barrier within in the
surface layer. Resilient liners based on elastomer –
modified vinyl ester resin are also effective in some
cases.

15
Selected Applications Recommendations
Biomass and Biochemical Conversion
Applications have been increasing for processes which
transform biomass or renewable resources into usable
products. Most of the impetus has been energy related,
but the technology has diverse relevance, such as
various delignification processes associated with
elemental chlorine-free pulp production. Raw materials
include things like grain, wood, agricultural or animal
wastes, and high cellulose content plants.
of which a readily available source is the residual un-
saturation associated with an incomplete cure.
Consequently, the resistance of composites to bleach
environments demands a complete cure, preferably
followed by post-curing. Since air-inhibited surfaces are
especially susceptible to attack, a good paraffinated
topcoat should be applied to non-contact surfaces,
including the exterior which may come into incidental
contact with the bleach.

Sometimes the processes involve pyrolysis or BPO/ DMA curing systems are sometimes advocated
gasification steps to break down the complex molecules for composites intended for bleach applications due to
of the biomass into simpler building blocks such as concerns over reactions with cobalt promoter involved
carbon monoxide or hydrogen, which in turn can be in conventional MEKP/ DMA curing systems. While
used as fuels or catalytically synthesized into other BPO/ DMA curing can offer appearance advantages,
products, such as methanol. However, the most the conventional MEKP/ cobalt systems yield very
common biochemical conversion process is dependable and predictable full extents of curing and
fermentation, in which simple sugars, under the thus have a good history success.
mediation of yeasts or bacteria, are converted to
ethanol. With lingo-cellulose or hemicellulose, the
fermentation must be preceded by thermochemical
treatments which digest or otherwise render the
complex polymers in the biomass more accessible to
enzymatic breakdown. These enzymes (often under
acidic conditions) then enable hydrolysis of starches or
polysaccharides into simple sugars suitable for
fermentation into ethanol. Many of the conversion steps
have other embodiments, such as the anaerobic
digestion to produce methane for gaseous fuel.

A great deal of technology and genetic engineering is

evolving to enable or to improve the efficiency of these
processes. It is expected that many of the process
conditions can often be quite corrosive to metals, and
FRP composites can offer distinct benefits.

Bleaching Solutions
Bleach solutions represents a variety of materials which
display high oxidation potential. These include
compounds or active radicals like chlorine, chlorine
dioxide, ozone, hypochlorite or peroxide. Under most
storage conditions these materials are quite stable, but
when activated, such as by changes in temperature,
concentration, or pH, the bleaches are aggressive and
begin to oxidize many metals and organic materials,
including resins used in composites. Thus, resins need
to display resistance to oxidation as well as to the
temperature and pH conditions employed in the
process. Most interest centers on bleaching operations
employed in the pulp and paper industry but similar
considerations apply to industrial disinfection and water
treatment applications.

Bleach solutions are highly electrophilic and attack

organic materials by reacting with sources of electrons,

16
Selected Application Recommendations
Sodium Hypochlorite
When activated, sodium hypochlorite generates
hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ions which afford
oxidation. Unstable solutions can decompose to form
mono-atomic or nascent chlorine compounds which are
exceptionally aggressive. Decomposition can be
induced by high temperature, low pH, or UV radiation.
Best stability is maintained at temperature no greater
then 125° F/ 52° C and a pH of > 10.5. This will often
happen if over-chlorination is used in the production of
sodium hypochlorite. Over-chlorination makes
temperature and pH control very difficult and can result
in rapid deterioration and loss of service life of the
hypochlorite generator. Adding chlorine gas to the
hypochlorite generator can cause mechanical stress, so
attention should be given to velocity, thrust, and other
forces which the generator may encounter. Composites
intended outdoor service should contain a UV
absorbing additive and a light colored pigment in the
final exterior paraffinated topcoat to shield the
hypochlorite solution from exposure.
Thixotropic agents based on silica should never be
used in the construction of composite equipment or in
topcoats intended for hypochlorite service. Attack can
be severe when these agents are used.
Chlorine Dioxide
Chlorine dioxide now accounts for about 70% of
worldwide chemically bleached pulp production and is
finding growing applications in disinfection and other
bleach applications. Use is favored largely by trends
toward TCF (totally chlorine free) and ECF (elemental
chlorine free) bleaching technology. Composites made
with high performance resins have been used with
great success for bleach tower up-flow tubes, piping,
and CIO2 storage tanks. Chlorine dioxide in a mixture
with 6 – 12% brown stock can be serviced at a
temperature up to 160° F/ 71° C. Higher temperature
can be used, but at the expense of service life. Under
bleaching conditions the resin surface may slowly
oxidize to form a soft yellowish layer known as chlorine
butter. In some cases the chlorine layer forms a
protective barrier which shields the underlying
composite from attack. However, erosion or abrasion by
the pulp stock can reduce this protective effect. DION®
6694, a modified bisphenol-A fumarate resin displays
some of the best chemical resistance to chlorine
dioxide.
Chlor-Alkali Industry
Chlorine along with sodium hydroxide is co-produced
from brine by electrolysis, with hydrogen as a
byproduct. Modern high amperage cells separate the
anode and cathode by ion exchange membranes or
17
diaphragms. Cells can operate at 200° F/ 93° C or
higher. Wet chlorine collected at the anode can be
aggressive to many materials, but premium corrosion-
resistant composites have a long history of successful
use. One of the best resins to consider is DION® 6694,
which was one of the original resins designed to
contend with this challenging application. A major
concern with chlorine cells is to avoid traces of
hypochlorite, which is extremely corrosive at the
temperatures involved. Hypochlorite content is routinely
monitored, but tends to form as the cell membranes
age or deteriorate, which allows chlorine and caustic to
co-mingle and consequently react.
Ozone
Ozone is increasingly used for water treatment as well
as for selective delignification of pulp. Ozone is highly
favored since it is not a halogen and is environmentally
friendly. It is generated by an electric arc process, and
in the event of leaks or malfunctions, the remedy can
be simply to stop electrical power.
The oxidizing potential of ozone is second only to that
of fluorine, and this makes ozone one of the most
powerful oxidizing agents known. Even at 5 ppm in
water, ozone is highly active and can attack the surface
of composites. Attack is characterized by a gradual
dulling or pitting. At <5 ppm a reasonable service life is
expected, but at higher concentrations (10 – 30 ppm)
serious erosion and degradation can occur. This
requires frequent inspection and eventual re-lining.
Concentrated Acids
Containment of acids is one of the most popular uses of
corrosion grade composites. Polyesters and vinyl esters
display excellent acid resistance, and almost all acids
can be accommodated in dilute form. However, there
are some concentrated acids which can be quite
aggressive or deserve special attention.
Sulfuric Acid
Sulfuric acid below 75% concentration can be handled
at elevated temperature quite easily in accordance with
the material selection guide. However, because of the
strong affinity of SO3 toward water, concentrated
sulfuric acid (76 – 78%) is a powerful oxidizing agent
that will spontaneously react with polymers and other
organic materials to dehydrate the resin and yield a
characteristic black carbonaceous char. Effectively,
composites behave in an opposite manner to many
metals. For very concentrated sulfuric acid, including
oleum (fuming sulfuric acid) it is common to use steel or
cast iron for shipment and containment, but even very
dilute sulfuric acid can be extremely corrosive to steel.
Selected Application Recommendations
Hydrochloric Acid
Although resins employed with hydrochloric acid are by
themselves resistive, HCI is sterically a relatively small
molecule which can diffuse into the structural
reinforcement by mechanisms which depend in some
part on the glass and sizing chemistry. This osmosis
can induce a gradual green color to the composite,
although this does not necessarily denote a problem or
failure. Wicking or blistering is also sometimes
observed. While elevated temperature and increased
concentration accelerates the attack by HCI, tanks
made from premium resins have provided service life of
20 years or more with concentrated (37%) acid at
ambient temperature. Muriatic acid and other dilute
forms can be handled up to 200° F/ 93° C. with no
blistering or wicking.
The osmosis or diffusion effects can result in localized
formation of water soluble salts, which in turn form salt
solutions. This creates a concentration gradient, and
the salt solutions effectively try to dilute themselves with
water diffusing from a salt solution of lower
concentration. The diffusing water thus creates osmotic
pressure with effects such as blistering.
Since osmotic effects are based on concentration
differences it is advisable to always use the tank with
the same concentration of acid and the tank should not
be cleaned unless necessary. The cleaning should
never be done with water. If cleaning is necessary,
some owners will employ a slightly alkaline salt
solution, typically 1% caustic and 10% NaCl.
Low grades of hydrochloric acid are often produced via
a byproduct recovery process and may contain traces
of chlorinated hydrocarbons. These high density
organic compounds are immiscible and may settle to
the bottom of the tank and gradually induce swelling of
the composite. For example this is a common problem
with rubber-lined railcars transporting low grade HCI.
Purity should thus be carefully evaluated in specifying
the equipment.
Nitric and Chromic Acid
Nitric and chromic acid (HNO3 and H2CrO4) are strong
oxidizing agents that will gradually attack the composite
surface to form a yellow crust which eventually can
develop microcracks and lead to structural
deterioration. Diluted nitric and chromic acids (5% or
less) can be handled at moderate temperatures in
accordance with the selection guide. These dilute acids
are commonly encountered in metal plating, pickling, or
18
electrowinning processes, where composites often out-
perform competitive materials such as rubber-lined
steel.
When dealing with nitric acid, care should always be
given to safe venting of NOX fumes as well as dealing
with heat of dilution effects. It is also important to avoid
contamination and avoid mixed service of the tank with
organic materials, which can react (sometimes
explosively) with nitric acid.
Hydrofluoric Acid
Hydrofluoric acid is a strong oxidizing agent and can
attack resin as well as glass reinforcements. This can
occur with concentrated as well as diluted acid (to 5%).
Synthetic surfacing veil is commonly used.
Fluoride salts, as well as fluoride derivatives (such as
hydrofluosilicic acid) used in fluoridation of drinking
water, can be accommodated with use of vinyl esters or
other premium resins as indicated in the material
selection guide. HF vapors associated with chemical
etching in the electronics industry can be
accommodated by resins appropriate for hood and duct
service.
Acetic Acid
Glacial acetic acid causes rapid composite deterioration
due to blister formation in the corrosion barrier. This is
usually accompanied by swelling and softening. Acetic
acid becomes less aggressive when diluted below 75%
concentration, and at lower concentrations can be
handled by a variety of resins.
Perchloric Acid
While perchloric acid can be an aggressive chemical, a
main issue from a composite standpoint is safety. Dry
perchloric acid is ignitable and presents a safety
hazard. When a tank used for perchloric acid storage is
emptied and allowed to dry out, residual acid may
remain on the surface. Subsequent exposure to an
ignition source, such as heat or sparks from a grinding
wheel may result in spontaneous combustion.
Phosphoric Acid
Corrosion-resistant composites are generally quite
resistant to phosphoric and superphosphoric acid.
Some technical grades may contain traces of fluorides
since fluoride minerals often occur in nature within
phosphorous deposits. This is ordinarily not a problem,
but is worth checking.
Selected Application Recommendations
Deionized and Distilled Water
High purity deionized water, often to the surprise of
many, can be a very aggressive environment. The high
purity water can effectively act as a solvent to cause
wicking and blistering especially at temperatures >150°
F/ 66° C. Purified water can also extract trace
components from the resin or glass reinforcement to
thereby compromise purity, conductivity, or other
attributes. Good curing, including post-curing,
preferably in conjunction with a high temperature co-
initiator, such a tertiary butyl perbenzoate (TBPB), is
suggested to maximize resistance and to prevent
hydrophilic attack of the resin. It is best to avoid using
thixotropic agents which can supply soluble
constituents, and where possible any catalyst carriers
or plasticizers should be avoided.
Desalination Applications
Droughts, demographic changes, and ever-increasing
need for fresh water are spurring needs to desalinate
brackish water and sea water to meet demand. There is
already on major project in progress in the City of
Tampa, and others are being considered on the east
coast as well as developing countries.
Reverse osmosis (RO) is a mature process, yet has
become more cost effective and energy efficient in
recent years due primarily to advances in membrane
technology. Although RO is regarded as the baseline
technology, there are other desalination processes
under development, many of which are a tribute to
ingenuity. These include processes such as vapor
recompression, electrodialysis, and gas hydrate
processes which entail crystalline aggregation of
hydrogen-bonded water around a central gas molecule
(for example propane), such that the hydrate can be
19
physically separated upon freezing, which takes less
energy than evaporation.
Very often, most of the expense in these processes is
associated with water pretreatment, but nevertheless
there is overall a great deal of equipment involved, such
as storage tanks, piping, and reaction vessels.
Upon desalination, some saline solutions must be
disposed. Chlorides and other constituents can greatly
limit the use of stainless steel, and often it is necessary
to consider titanium or high nickel content alloys, all of
which are expensive. Hence corrosion-resistant
composites can offer significant cost and technical
advantages.
Electroplating and other Electrochemical Processes
Electroplating is used to electrolytically deposit specific
metals onto conductive substrates for anodizing or
other functional or decorative purposes. Most plating
solutions are acidic and thus reinforced composites as
well as polymer concrete vessels that have been used
extensively. Some plating solutions, such as those
associated with chrome, are aggressive due to the
oxidation potential as well as the presence of fluorides.
Synthetic surfacing veils are commonly used. Good
curing is also necessary, especially if there are
concerns about solution contamination.
Apart from plating there can be growing applications in
electrolysis processes which might be practical for
hydrogen fuel production. The same applies to
accommodation of electrolytes (such as phosphoric
acid or potassium carbonate) associated with fuel cells.
Vinyl esters are already being used in fuel cell plate
and electrode applications.
Selected Application Recommendations
Fumes, Vapors, Hood & Duct Service
Composites are widely used in hood, ducting, and
ventilation systems due to corrosion resistance, cost,
weight considerations, and dampening of noise.
Generally speaking, corrosion resistance is quite good,
even with relatively aggressive chemicals since there is
so much dilution and cooling associated with the high
volume of air. When dealing with vapors it is good
practice to compute the dew point associated with
individual components of the vapor and to assess the
chance that the ducting may pass through the relevant
dew point to result in condensation and hence high
localized concentration of condensate. Because of the
high air volume, the dew points are reduced and there
is benefit from the low thermal conductivity of the
composite which has an insulating effect. If fumes are
combustible, applicable fire codes should be checked
especially if there is a chance that an explosive mixture
could be encountered.
Accidental fires are always a concern with ducting due
to potential accumulation of grease or other
combustibles. If a fire indeed occurs, drafts may serve
to increase fire propagation. Concern is highest for
indoor applications, especially in regard to smoke
generation. Brominated flame retardant resins with
combined corrosion resistance are normally selected
due to their self-extinguishing properties as well as
reduced flame spread. Unfortunately, the chemical
mechanisms which serve to reduce flame spread can
lead to reduce the rate of oxygen consumption, which
20
generates smoke or soot. Many techniques have
evolved to contend with smoke generation, including
the use of fusible link counterweighed dampers which
can shut off air supply. Dominant relevant standards
are those of the National Fire Prevention Association
(NFPA) and the International Congress of Building
Officials (ICBO). DION® FR 9300 flame retardant vinyl
ester is widely used in ducting applications and
conforms to ICBO acceptance criteria.
DION® flame retardant resins will meet ASTM E-84
Class 1 flame spread requirement of 25 when blended
with the appropriate amount of antimony trioxide.
Antimony trioxide provides no flame retardance on its
own, but has a synergistic flame-retardant effect when
used in conjunction with Brominated resins. It is
typically incorporated into resin at a 1.5 – 5.0% level.
Please consult the product bulletin for a specific resin to
obtain its antimony trioxide requirement. Antimony
trioxide typically is not included in the corrosion liner for
duct systems handling concentrated wet acidic gases in
order to maximize corrosion resistance. It is used in the
structural over-wrap to provide good overall flame
retardance. To maximize flame retardance in less
aggressive vapor-phase environments, antimony
trioxide may be included in the liner resin.
Selected Application Recommendations
Flue Gas Desulfurization
Corrosion-resistant composites are extensively used for
major components of FGD systems associated with
coal based power generation, and many of the
structures are the largest in the world. Components
include chimney liners, absorbers, reaction vessels,
and piping. Operating conditions of flue gas
desulfurization processes are quite corrosive to metals
due to the presence of sulfuric dioxide and sulfur
trioxide. These serve to form sulfuric acid either within
the scrubbing system itself or from condensation of SO3
as a consequence of it affinity for water and elevation of
dew point. Corrosion of steel is further aggravated by
the presence of free oxygen which originates from
excess air used in coal combustion, or in some
processes as a result of air blown into the system in
order to oxidize sulfite ions to sulfate.
Since there is new evaporation within the absorber, and
since coal ash contains soluble salts, chloride levels
can be quite high, which in turn limits the use of
stainless steel or else requires high nickel content
alloys, which are not only expensive, but also require
close attention to welding and other installation
procedures.
The acid and chloride resistance of FRP makes it an
excellent choice. Wet scrubbers typically operate near
to saturation temperatures of about 140° F/ 60° C, but
flue gas may sometimes be reheated to >200° F/ 93° C
to increase chimney draft or to reduce mist or plume
visibility. The worst upset conditions involve a total
sustained loss of scrubbing liquor or make-up water,
which may allow temperature to approach that of flue
gas leaving the boiler air pre-heater or economizer,
typically up to 350° F/ 177° C. Although such
temperature excursions are difficult to generalize, the
21
usual practice is to employ vinyl esters or other resins
with good heat distortion or thermal cycling properties.
Although there are negligible (if any) combustibles
present in FGD systems, the selected resins often
display flame retardant properties in the event of
accidental ignition or high natural drafts.
Gasoline, Gasohol, and Underground Storage
Tanks
Ethanol and Ethanol/ Gasoline Blends
Ethanol derived from corn has increasingly been used
to increase the extent of gasoline production and
maintain octane requirements. Ethanol can be corrosive
to steel, aluminum, and a variety of polymeric materials,
due to the alcohol itself and the possible companion
presence of water. Ethanol is miscible with water and
azeotropic distillation and drying techniques are
necessary in fuel applications. Phase separation,
compatibility with gasoline, or salt contamination can
influence many of the corrosion considerations. Vinyl
esters as well as isophthalic and terephthalic resins
(such as DION® 490) can display excellent resistance
to ethanol and various blends with gasoline, of which E-
85 (85% gasoline/ 15% ethanol) is a popular example.
The superior resins display a high crosslink density.
This directly increases the solvent resistance by
restricting permeability or diffusion into the resin matrix.
In addition, a high degree of cross-linking reduces any
extraction or contamination of the fuel by trace
components in the composite matrix, such as residual
catalyst plasticizer or carriers. As always, good curing
and post-curing will enhance resistance.
Selected Application Recommendations
Methanol and Other Gasoline-Alcohol Blends
Apart from ethanol, methanol is also widely considered
in gasoline applications, and in contrast to fermentation
of sugar or polysaccharides, methanol is ordinarily
made from carbon monoxide and hydrogen containing
gas associated with gasification or various synthesis
processes. Methanol has good octane properties, but
displays similar, if not more problematic concerns over
water
Longer chain alcohols, such as butanol may find
increasing favor over ethanol due to butanol’s lower
polarity, reduced fuel compatibility problems, and closer
resemblance to volatility and energy content of many
gasoline components. Historically, there have been
many cycles of interest in alcohol fuels and other fuel
additives, such a MTBE, and this is likely to continue
until energy policies become more definitive. Thus, it is
always good to select resins which are resistive to all
gasoline formulations which might be reasonable to
expect in the future. This is especially important in
regard to the octane properties offered by alcohols.
Octane requirements have significant implications
affecting refinery reforming capacity and in allowing
higher engine compression ratios necessary to meet
mileage standards mandated for newer automobiles.
Methanol has many other future implications for use as
a direct fuel for internal combustion engines and is in
the early stage of development for direct use in fuel
cells.
Ore Extraction & Hydrometallurgy
Apart from conventional mining, smelting, and high
temperature ore reduction, extractive metallurgy based
on aqueous chemistry has evolved to permit recovery
of metal from ores, concentrates, or residual materials.
Metals produced in this manner include gold,
molybdenum, uranium, and many others.
The first step involves selective leaching of the metal
from the ore using a variety of acidic or basic solutions
depending on mineral forms or other factors. Acids are
commonly sulfuric or nitric acid and common alkaline
materials include sodium carbonate or bicarbonate. The
leaching can be done on pulverized or specially
prepared ores, but some processes are amenable to in-
situ contact with the ore, which is sometimes called
solution mining.
Leached ores are then concentrated by a variety of
solvents or ion exchange type extraction processes.
The final step involves metal recovery and purification
using electrolysis (such as electrowinning) or various
gaseous reduction or precipitation processes.
22
Many of these unit operations can be induce galvanic
or stress related corrosion to metals. Consequently,
FRP has a long history of successful use in
hydrometallurgical applications.
Potable Water
Piping, tanks and other components used to contain or
to process potable water must conform to increasingly
stringent requirements, such as those of the National
Sanitary Foundation (NSF), Standards 61 and 14.
Standard 61 entails a risk assessment to be performed
by NSF on extracted organics and other health related
features. It is always the responsibility of composite
products to ensure that such standards are met.
Composites based on the DION® IMPACT 9102 series
of vinyl esters have conformed to requirements of NSF/
ANSI Standard 61 as applicable to drinking water
components. Resins, such as DION® 6631 also
conform to international standards associated with
drinking water, such a British Standard 6920.
When manufacturing composites for drinking water
applications it is good practice to obtain a good cure,
including post-curing and to wash exposed surfaces
thoroughly with a warm non-ionic detergent before
placing the equipment into service. It is also good to
use minimal amounts of plasticizers or solvent carriers
during fabrication.
Radioactive Materials
Polymer-matrix composites in general have very low
neutron cross-section capture efficiency. Therefore,
they are very well-suited to the containment of
radioactive materials, even at relatively high levels of
radioactivity. Testing of uncured DION® 382 by Atlas
Chemical Laboratories demonstrated that this resin is
highly resistant to molecular weight changes at
dosages up to 15 million rads. Extrapolations based on
this study estimate that DION® 382 may be able to
withstand 50 to 100 million rads. For reference, the
lethal radiation dose is about 400 rads. Given the
hazardous nature of radioactive material, testing is
recommended before actual use in high radiation
environments.
Selected Application Recommendations
Sodium Hydroxide and Alkaline Solutions
Alkaline solutions can attack the resin, usually by
hydrolysis of any ester groups. Glass fibers and other
silica based materials can also be attacked or digested.
This leads to a very characteristic type of wicking and
blistering, as well as fiber blooming. Dilute sodium
hydroxide is often more aggressive than the more
concentrated solutions. This relates to the fact that
NaOH is a very strong base, but at higher concentration
there is equilibrium between dissolved and solid phase
NaOH, which reduces the caustic effects. Epoxy based
vinyl esters and bisphenol-A based polyesters display
exceptional resistance to caustic.
Even though novolac based vinyl esters are well-
regarded for excellent corrosion and thermal resistance
in many applications, it is often observed that novolac
based resins can show somewhat inferior caustic
resistance. Laminated based on novolac vinyl esters
exposed to caustic have a tendency to develop a
pinkish color incipient to failure. It is speculated this is
due to formation of phenolates from the novolac
structure.
There is widespread belief that it is advisable to use
synthetic surfacing veils versus C-glass in caustic
applications. However, controlled laboratory tests
usually reveal no clear-cut or distinct advantages to a
synthetic veil, and there is a long history of use of C-veil
in alkaline environments.
The synthetic veil allows an increased resin content at
the surface to ostensibly afford more protection. On the
other hand, the resin rich areas can make the surface
more prone to cracking and can, at times, present more
fabrication difficulties.
Solvents
Organic solvents can exert a variety of corrosive effects
on composites. Small polar molecules, such as
methanol and ethanol, for example, may permeate the
corrosion liner, causing some swelling and blistering.
Chlorinated solvents, chlorinated aromatics, as well as
lower aldehydes and ketones, are especially aggressive
and can cause swelling and spalling of the corrosion
liner surface. Corrosive environments containing low
levels of solvents may still exert significant effects
depending on the solvent involved and the properties of
any other material present.

Best results in solvent environments are obtained by

using resins with high crosslink density, such as DION®
IMPACT 9400, DION® 6694, and DION® 490.

Static Electricity
Resin/ glass composites are non-conductive materials,
and high static electric charges can develop inducting
and piping. Static build-up can be reduced by using
conductive graphite fillers, graphite veils or continuous
carbon filaments in the surface layer. Use of copper
should be avoided because it can inhibit the resin cure.

FDA Compliance
® ® ® ® ® ®
The various versions of DION 382, DION 6631, DION 490, DION 9102, DION 6334, and DION 9100 conform to the formulation
provisions specified for food contact in FDA title 21, CFR 177.2420. These resins may be used for food contact when properly
formulated and cured. It is good practice to follow the general curing and surface preparation techniques that apply to potable water,
as described herein.

It is the responsibility of the manufacturer of composite material to ensure conformance to all FDA requirements.

UDSA Applications
USDA approvals must be petitioned directly form the USDA by the fabricator. Typically, any product which conforms to the
requirements of FDA Title 21, CFR 177.2420 will be approved.

23
Common Types of Metal Corrosion
Fiber reinforced composites do not match the
characteristically high elastic modulus and ductility of
steel and other metals, yet they display lower density,
this often translates to favorable strength/ weight ratio
which, in turn leads to favor in transportation and
various industrial and architectural applications.
Composites can present other advantages over steel,
such as low thermal conductivity and good dielectric or
electrical insulating properties. However, an
overwhelming advantage to composites rests with
corrosion resistance.
When the cost and benefits of FRP and special resins
are considered for particular environments, it is useful
to understand the common mechanisms by which
metals are oxidized or corroded. FRP is immune or
otherwise quite resistive to many of these influences, at
least within the range of practical limits of temperature
and stress.
Oxygen Cell-Galvanic Corrosion
The most commonly observed instances of corrosion to
carbon steel involve oxidation-reduction galvanic
couplings in the presence of molecular oxygen and
hydrogen ion associated with acids.
Most forms of steel corrosion relate to some variation of
these mechanisms, as hereby the steel effectively
functions as an anode and becomes oxidized.
Dissolved salts and ionic components can accelerate
this type of corrosion by increasing electrical
conductivity. It can also occur in the presence of stray
leaks of direct current, such as in the vicinity of mass
transit systems. Galvanic corrosion of steel is
accelerated in the vicinity of metals such as copper
which are cathodic to steel. Due to impurities, as well
as various metallurgical or geometric factors, steel
substrates are not always uniform There can be
Oxidation (anode)
Fe – 2e- → Fe2+
Reduction (cathode)
O2 + 2H2O + 4e- → 4OH-
2H+ + 2e- → H2
24
numerous microscopic anode-cathode couplings along
the surface or cross-sectional gradients of the steel,
and each can effectively function as a galvanic
oxidation cell.
Apart from paints and other protective or dielectric
coatings, various forms of cathodic protection are often
employed with steel. For small structures, sacrificial
anodes may be located near to the steel, so that these
anodes corrode selectively, or preferentially, to the
steel. Sacrificial anodes employ metals which are more
electronegative than iron within the galvanic series.
Examples include zinc, magnesium, or various
aluminum alloys. For larger structures, such as tanks,
impressed current methods are frequently used. This
involves use of separate anodes and DC current to
reverse or alter polarity, allowing the steel to function as
a cathode rather than as an anode, which is where the
oxidation occurs.
Galvanic corrosion is exceptionally severe in wet acidic
environments where free oxygen is present. Flue gas
desulfurization is a good example of where the
conditions strongly favor this type of corrosion. This is
due to the presence of sulfuric acid in combination with
oxygen associated with the excess air ordinarily
employed in coal combustion. Polyesters and vinyl
esters display excellent acid resistance and common
galvanic corrosion mechanisms do not influence
properly designed FRP.
Common Types of Metal Corrosion
Passive Alloys and Chloride Induced Stress
Corrosion
To avoid galvanic corrosion to steel, it is common
practice to employ stainless steel or other passive
alloys. Stainless steel contains at least 10.5%
chromium, which passivates the surface with a very thin
chrome-oxide film. This, in turn, serves to protect
against acids and other inducers of galvanic corrosion.
The most practical limitations occur in environments
where this chrome-oxide film can be broken down. Very
typically this occurs in the presence of the chloride ion,
particularly in the vicinity of areas such as welds, where
tensile stress is present. Although the mechanism can
be complex, the corrosion is accompanied by a
distinctive destruction of grain boundaries, which
characterize the morphology or metallurgical structure
of the stainless steel. This is ordinarily manifested as
pitting, crevice corrosion, or corrosion stress-cracking,
which may proceed rapidly once initiated. Chlorides can
often be present at exceptionally high levels, especially
in applications such as flue desulfurization, where there
is a net evaporation of water as well as leaching of coal
ash. Thus, even though stainless steel will display quite
good acid resistance, the corrosion can be severe due
to chlorides. Chlorides tend to be quite prevalent in
industrial environments, even in places where they
might not be obvious, so it is always important to be
wary in the use of stainless steel. Another corrosive
limitation to stainless steel relates to oxygen depletion.
Since the passivity of stainless steel depends on a thin
protective chrome-oxide film, it is important to keep the
surface in an oxidized state. The passive film may no
longer be preserved in certain reducing environments,
or where the surface is insulated from oxygen by scale
or other strongly adhering deposits.
The class of stainless steel most commonly considered
in corrosive environments is known as austenite, but
the other types (martensetic and ferritic) are also
common. Over the years, many grades have been
developed to improve resistance to chloride and to
afford better strength, heat resistance, and welding
properties to minimize the effects of stress induced
corrosion. Characteristically, increased nickel content
alloys are favored for high chloride applications, such
as type 317L stainless steel, Hastelloy™, Inconel, or
the various Haynes series alloys, such as C-276. Since
these alloys are expensive, applications often involve
cladding or thin “wallpapering” procedures. The use of
these selections involves a great deal of welding, which
must be done with a high degree of expertise, expense,
and high level inspections with attention to detail, since
welds are especially susceptible to stress corrosion.
25
Sulfide Stress-Cracking
Somewhat akin to chloride-induced stress corrosion is
sulfide stress corrosion-cracking. This is common in
oilfield and other applications, such as geothermal
energy recovery and waste treatment. Carbon steel as
well as other alloys can react with hydrogen sulfide
(H2S), which is prevalent in sour oil, gas, and gas
condensate deposits. Reaction products include
sulfides and atomic hydrogen which forms by a
cathodic reaction and diffuses into the metal matrix.
The hydrogen can also react with carbon in the steel to
form methane, which leads to embrittlement and
cracking of the metal.
CO2 Corrosion
Carbon dioxide can be quite corrosive to steel (at times
in excess of thousands of mils per year) due to the
formation of weak carbonic acid as well as cathodic
depolarization. This type of corrosion is especially
devastating in oil and gas production and is apt to
receive even more attention in the future due to
increased use of CO2 for enhanced oil recovery.
Additionally, various underground sequestering
processes are being inspired by concerns over global
warming. Turbulence, or gas velocity, can be a big
factor in the CO2 induced corrosion of steel due to the
formation and/ or removal of protective ion carbonate
scale. On the other hand, FRP is not affected by these
mechanisms of corrosion.
Other Types of Stress Corrosion
Sometime internal stress corrosion-cracking of steels
may occur unexpectedly due to mechanisms which are
not yet completely understood. For example, there is
some evidence this occurs with ethanol in high
concentrations, especially around welds. Likewise,
anhydrous methanol can be corrosive to aluminum as
well as titanium.
Hydrogen Embrittlement
Atomic hydrogen can diffuse or become absorbed into
steel. It then reacts with carbon to form methane or
microscopic gas formations which weaken and detract
from ductility. Usually this happens at high temperature
under conditions where FRP is ordinarily not
considered. The same type of mechanism of attack is
associated at lower temperatures with various forms of
galvanic or stress induced corrosion. Quite often
hydrogen embrittlement can be a problem for steel
which has been electroplated or pickled, especially
when done improperly or inefficiently. Some of these
matters are receiving more attention due to future
considerations of hydrogen in fuel cell and other energy
applications.
Common Types of Metal Corrosion
Sulfate Reducing Bacteria and Microbially Induced
Corrosion (MIC)
Colonies of microorganisms, especially aerobic and
anaerobic bacteria contribute greatly to corrosion of
steel through a wide variety of galvanic and
depositional mechanisms. Usually the corrosion is
manifested in the form of pitting or sulfide induced
stress-cracking. Perhaps the most significant type of
such corrosion involves sulfate-reducing bacteria
(SRB), which metabolize sulfates to produce sulfuric
acid or hydrogen sulfide. Such bacteria are prolific in
water (including seawater), mud, soil, sludge, and other
organic matter.
These bacteria are a major reason why underground
steel storage tanks are corroded, and this has lead to
widespread use of FRP as an alternative or as an
external protective barrier to steel. Various
manifestations of MIC are seen far and wide, including
industrial environments which inadvertently serve as
warm or nutrient-rich cultures for biological growth. FRP
is unaffected by many of the mechanisms associated
with MIC.
26
Apart from sulfate reducing bacteria, other forms of
microbial corrosion which affect metals include acid
producing bacteria, slime forming organisms,
denitrifying bacteria which generate ammonia, and
other corrosion associated with various species of
algae and fungi. It is expected that biologically induced
corrosion will receive increased attention as more
applications and technologies evolve in field of energy
production associated with biomass and renewable
resources. Processing will include such things as
aerobic and anaerobic digestion, fermentation,
enzymatic hydrolysis and conversion of cellulose, lignin,
or polysaccharides to sugars, which in turn may be
converted to ethanol.
Carbon and stainless steels are not the only metals
affected by MIC. Also routinely corroded are copper
and various alloys as well as concrete. The most
common example of which involves sewage and waste
water treatment applications in the presence of the
thiobacillus bacteria, with oxidizes H2S to sulfuric acid.
FRP has a long history of successful use in these
environments.
Alternate Materials
Thermoplastics
There are numerous commercially available
thermoplastics. In the context of most industrial
corrosion-resistant applications, the more common
competitive encounters with vinyl ester or polyester
composites involve the use of thermoplastics which are
glass reinforced. Apart from specialized and costly so-
called engineered plastics, most of these reinforced
thermoplastics are polyolefins, such as isotactic
polypropylene or polyethylene. These polymers tend to
be high in molecular weight and display good
resistance to solvents and many other chemical
environments.
A major disadvantage to thermoplastics involves
restrictions to the size of equipment. Thermoplastics
normally require extrusion, injection molding, blow
molding, or other methods either impractical or
prohibitively costly for some of the sizes commonly
involved with lay-up or filament-wound composites.
However, fairly large diameter extruded plastic pipe
(usually not reinforced) is commonly used.
Often plasticizers are necessary, which in some cases
can detract from chemical or thermal resistance, and
furthermore may introduce extraction concerns in the
final application. Glass and other fibrous reinforcement
can be difficult to wet-out or bind with thermoplastics.
Special coupling agents are normally required.
Longer fibers improve physical properties, but extrusion
and molding operating degrade longer fibers. Thus,
glass reinforced thermoplastics are limited to fairly short
fibers and cannot be employed with many of the
directional or multi-compositional reinforcements
common to the composites industry.
Although reinforcement greatly improves heat distortion
and thermal expansion properties, thermoplastic resins
differ quite distinctly from thermosetting resins (such as
crosslinked vinyl esters or polyesters). Thermoplastics
display distinct glass transition temperatures and can
melt or distort at elevated temperatures, so quite often
they cannot be considered in high temperature
applications.
Another problem with thermoplastics relate to water
absorption or permeation, which plagues even
expensive and highly corrosion-resistant plastics such
at fluoro-polymers. Due to water permeation, cracks or
other damages with thermoplastics are difficult, if not
impossible, to repair.
Cracking of thermoplastics is common due to loss of
ductility especially at low temperatures, and secondary
bonding or painting can be a big problem.
27
Some relatively large thermoplastic tanks are mass
produced by roto-molding techniques. These can be
made from thermoplastic powders by thermal rotational
casting methods, to avoid sophisticated high pressure
injection equipment. Most often, the polymer is a
crosslinkable polyethylene. High temperature peroxide
initiators are used to crosslink through vinyl
unsaturation incorporated into the polymer. Most often,
these tanks are used in municipal applications (such as
for storage of hypochlorite) or for agricultural uses and
liquid transport. Common problems involve cracking
and difficulties in repair. A variety of hybrids or
combined technologies have evolved. Sheet stocks or
specially reinforced thermoplastics can be bonded to
FRP surfaces during manufacturing, to make so-called
dual laminates. Various thermoplastic coatings are also
quite common. At times, thermoplastic piping may be
filament-wound with a thermosetting composite to
improve structural strength.
Other Thermosetting Polymers
Epoxy
The composites described in this guide are focused on
resins based on vinyl esters and polyesters.
Although vinyl esters employ epoxies in their
formulation, the epoxy (glycidal) functionality is
extended and chemically modified for vinyl curing, and
should not be confused with direct use of epoxy resins.
Both bisphenol-A as well as novolac epoxies may be
used directly in fiber reinforced composites. They are
cured on a two-component basis with aromatic or
aliphatic amines, diamines, or polyamides. Most epoxy
composite applications involve high glass content
filament-wound pipe used largely in oil recovery
applications. Generally speaking, viscosities are higher,
and glass wet-out and compatibility is always a
concern. At times solvents or reactive diluents are used
to reduce viscosity. Toughness is good, but thermal
properties are inferior to those of premium vinyl esters
and polyesters. A medium viscosity general purpose
aliphatic amine cured epoxy heat distortion temperature
can be typically only 155 - 160° F/ 68 - 71° C. Alkali and
solvent resistance are generally good, but acid
resistance can sometimes present limitations and is
highly dependent on the curing systems. Curing and
hardness development can be another limitation, which
may require heat activation and post-curing.
Alternate Materials
Phenolic Resins Acid Resistant Brick and Refractories
Phenolic resins have been used for a long time. They Both castable and mortar block chemically resistant
are highly crosslinked resins based on reaction refractories have been used extensively. A good
between phenol and formaldehyde. Advantages include example is in chimney construction, to withstand
very good heat resistance as well as low smoke sulfuric acid dew point corrosion. Usually steel is used
generation due to ablative or carbonizing properties. for structural support along with appropriate buckstays.
The ratio of phenol to formaldehyde primarily Installation costs can be high. Castable products must
determines the properties. Novolac resins are based on be anchored to the steel structure by studs or Y-
deficiency of formaldehyde and are supplied as solid anchors. Refractories are not ductile and concerns
powders typically used in reactive injection molding involve thermal cycling and cracking. Block must be
applications. They are then cured with hexa methylene skillfully placed with proper acid resistant mortar. High
tetramine, which provides a formaldehyde source. weight is a factor as well as seismic considerations.
Resoles, on the other hand, are made with an excess of The biggest problems involve operation of wet stack in
formaldehyde and are normally supplies as low conjunction with flue gas desulfurization. Moisture leads
viscosity liquids dissolved in water. They are normally to absorption and swelling, which may eventually
cured by application of heat and catalysis by an acid. induce leaning. It is also common practice with wet
Composite applications employ the resole versions. A stack to employ pressurized membranes to prevent
big disadvantage to resole resins is the out-gassing of condensation onto the cold external steel surface. This
water vapor which occurs during the cure. This leads to can also be expensive.
porosity and voids as well as odor problems during
processing. These voids detract from composite
properties including corrosion resistance. Glass wet-out
is another problem. Quite often glass reinforcement
commonly used in the composites industry is not
compatible with phenolic resin. Since resoles are water
soluble, corrosion resistance to water or aqueous
based solutions can be very poor if the cure is not
conducted properly. Care should also be taken to avoid
contact of phenolic composites with carbon steel in the
final application. Over time, the acid catalyst can leach
out and severely corrode the steel.

Rubber and Elastomers

Rubber often displays good chemical resistance,
especially to sulfuric acid. It is sometimes used in FGD
applications for lining of steel piping and process
equipment. Rubber liners have also been used in
various bleaching applications. Apart from corrosion
resistance, rubber can offer good abrasion resistance.

In the case of rubber linings, skilled and specialized

installation is required, which tends to make them
expensive. Many of the linings are difficult, if not
impossible, to install around restrictive geometry. It is
essential to obtain good bonding between the rubber
and steel since any permeation or damage to the liner
can cause the steel to quickly corrode. The low glass
transition temperature of rubber restricts use to
moderate temperatures. Some rubbers and elastomers
can become embrittled if subjected to cyclic wet and dry
conditions. Solvents present swelling problems, and
water permeation can be an important consideration.

28
Alternate Materials
Concrete
Without a doubt, concrete represents the world’s most
extensively used material of construction. However, it is
subject to direct corrosive attack as well as spalling, or
cavitation. Good examples of corrosive attack involve
acids, including even dilute acid associated with acid
rain. Sulfates are also especially aggressive to
concrete, which presents problems when used in the
vicinity of FGD applications. Protection of concrete
floors with a layer of FRP is common practice. Acid
resistant grades of concrete have been developed, as
well as so-called polymer concrete wherein resin is
used to replace all, or a portion, of the Portland cement
used in the concrete formulation.
Almost all concrete is reinforced with steel mesh or
rebar due to the low tensile strength of concrete. Upon
cracking and permeation by acids or salt solutions the
steel is attacked by galvanic corrosion. This then spalls
and weakens the structure due to high tensile stress in
the vicinity of the corroding steel. Dangerous situations
sometimes exist with concrete used in infrastructure
applications. Composite structures including composite
rebar offer novel approaches.
29
Another corrosion mechanism associated with concrete
is carbonation. It occurs when carbon dioxide from the
surrounding air reacts with calcium hydroxide contained
in the concrete, to produce calcium carbonate. Because
calcium carbonate is more acidic than the parent
material, it effectively depassivates the alkaline
environment of concrete. At pH levels below about 9.8,
the concrete mass can reduce the passive film which
serves to protect the steel reinforcement. This type of
attack is commonly observed with concrete hyperbolic
cooling towers, where elevated temperature and high
humidity promote the progression of a carbonation
front. The same conditions promote diffusion inside of
the hyperbolic tower. This can lead to corrosion of steel,
especially around cracks or in the vicinity of joints
associated with slip forms used in construction. Due to
water conservation as well as scarcity of fresh water,
greater use of evaporative cooling is leading to new
designs in cooling towers. As a result, more scale
formation along with higher salt concentrations favors
composites which can be used more extensively as an
alternative to concrete.
Additional Reference Sources

Suggested Temperature Limit, °F/ °C

Vinyl Ester Bisphenol Fumarate Terephthalic Isophthalic Chlorendic

% DION®
Chemical Environment
Concentration 9100
DION®
DION
®
DION® DION® DION® DION®
IMPACT DION® 382 DION® 490 DION® 797
9102 9800 6694 6631 6246
9400
DION®
9300

A
Acetaldehyde 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
10 210/100 210/100 210/100 210/100 210/100 170/75 170/75 120/45 210/100
Acetic Acid 25 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 150/65 150/65 120/45 210/100
50 140/60 140/60 140/60 140/60 140/60 --- --- 120/45 140/60
Acetic Acid, Glacial 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR
Acetic Anhydride 100 NR -- 100/35 110/40 110/40 NR NR --- NR
10 180/80 NR 180/80 180/80 180/80 NR NR NR NR
Acetone
100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Acetonitrile 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Acetophenone 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Acetyl Chloride 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Acrylic Acid 0-25 100/35 100/35 110/40 100/35 100/35 -- NR NR NR
Acrylic Latex All 120/45 150/65 120/45 150/65 150/65 130/55 --- --- 80/25
Acrylonitrile 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Acrylontirile Latex All --- 150/65 --- 150/65 150/65 --- --- --- 80/25
Alkyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid 92 120/45 120/45 120/45 150/65 150/65 --- --- --- 120/45
Alkyl Benzene C10 - C12 100 150/65 150/65 --- 150/65 --- --- --- --- 100/35
Allyl Alcohol 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Allyl Chloride All NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Alpha Methyl Styrene 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Alpha Olefin Sulfates 100 120/45 120/45 120/45 120/45 120/45 --- --- --- 80/25
Alum All 210/100 210/100 210/100 210/100 210/100 170/75 170/75 150/65 200/90
Aluminum Chloride All 210/100 210/100 210/100 210/100 210/100 170/75 170/75 150/65 210/100
Aluminum Chlorohydrate All 210/100 210/100 210/100 210/100 210/100 150/65 150/65 --- 165
Aluminum Chlorohydroxide 50 210/100 210/100 210/100 210/100 210/100 150/65 150/65 120/45 NR
Aluminum Citrate All 210/100 200/90 200/90 210/100 210/100 170/75 170/75 120/45 150/65
Aluminum Fluoride1 All 80/25 110/40 80/25 110/40 120/45 NR NR --- 150/65
Aluminum Hydroxide All 180/80 160/70 160/70 160/70 210/100 NR NR 150/65 NR
Aluminum Nitrate All 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 170/75 140/60 --- ---
Aluminum Potassium Sulfate All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 170/75 170/75 150/65 210/100
Aluminum Sulfate All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 175/80 170/75 150/65 220/105
Amino Acids All 100/35 100/35 100/35 100/35 100/35 --- --- --- ---
Ammonia, Liquified All NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR
Ammonia Aqueous
1 200/90 200/90 210/100 200/90 200/90 NR NR --- NR
(see Ammonium Hydroxide)
Ammonia (Dry Gas) All 100/35 200/90 180/80 200/90 200/90 -- --- NR NR
Ammonium Acetate 65 100/35 110/40 80/25 110/40 100/35 80/25 NR NR 80/25
Ammonium Benzoate All 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 140/60 --- --- 150/65
Ammonium Bicarbonate 100 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 170/75 120/45 120/45 --- 130/55
Ammonium Bisulfite
--- 180/80 180/80 180/80 210/100 180/80 NR NR --- 195/90
Black Liquor
Ammonium Bromate 40 160/70 160/70 150/65 160/70 160/70 --- --- --- 150/65
Ammonium Bromide 40 160/70 160/70 150/65 160/70 160/70 --- --- --- 150/65
Ammonium Carbonate All 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 140/60 80/25 NR 150/65
Ammonium Chloride All 210/100 210/100 210/100 210/100 210/100 170/75 170/75 150/65 200/90
Ammonium Citrate All 160/70 160/70 140/60 160/70 170/75 120/45 120/45 NR ---
Ammonium Fluoride3 All 150/65 120/45 120/45 120/45 150/65 NR NR NR 150/65

30
Additional Reference Sources

Suggested Temperature Limit, °F/ °C

Vinyl Ester Bisphenol Fumarate Terephthalic Isophthalic Chlorendic

% DION®
Chemical Environment
Concentration 9100
DION®
DION
®
DION® DION® DION® DION®
IMPACT DION® 382 DION® 490 DION® 797
9102 9800 6694 6631 6246
9400
DION®
9300
1 200/90 200/90 210/100 200/90 200/90 NR NR NR NR
5 180/80 180/80 170/75 180/80 180/80 NR NR NR NR
Ammonium Hydroxide
(Aqueous Ammonia) 10 150/65 140/60 170/75 170/75 150/65 NR NR NR NR
20 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 140/60 NR NR NR NR
29 100/35 100/35 100/35 100/35 100/35 NR NR NR NR
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate 30 120/45 120/45 120/45 120/45 120/45 --- --- --- ---
Ammonium Ligno Sulfonate 50 --- 160/70 --- 180/80 160/70 --- --- --- ---
Ammonium Nitrate All 200/90 200/90 200/90 210/100 220/105 140/60 140/60 NR 200/90
Ammonium Persulfate All 180/80 180/80 180/80 210/100 180/80 140/60 NR NR 150/65
Ammonium Phosphate
All 210/100 180/80 180/80 210/100 180/80 140/60 140/60 150/65 180/80
(Di or Mono Basic)
Ammonium Sulfate All 210/100 200/90 210/100 220/105 210/100 170/75 170/75 150/65 220/105
Ammonium Sulfide
All 120/45 110/40 110/40 110/40 110/40 --- NR NR 120/45
(Bisulfide)
Ammonium Sulfite All 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 80/25 NR NR 150/65
20 210/100 210/100 200/90 220/105 200/90 140/60 140/60 150/65 180/80
Ammonium Thiocyanate
50 110/40 110/40 100/35 110/40 150/65 80/25 80/25 --- 180/80
Ammonium Thiosulfate 60 100/35 100/35 100/35 150/65 110/40 --- NR NR 180/80
Amyl Acetate All NR NR 100/35 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Amyl Alcohol All 120/45 150/65 200/90 210/100 150/65 170/75 80/25 NR 200/90
Amyl Alcohol (Vapor) --- 150/65 180/80 150/65 210/100 210/100 100/35 100/35 150/65 100/35
Amyl Chloride All 120/45 --- 120/45 --- --- NR NR NR NR
Aniline All NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- ---
Aniline Hydrochloride All 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 140/60 --- --- ---
Aniline Sulfate Sat’d 210/100 200/90 210/100 220/105 200/90 140/60 140/60 120/45 200/90
Aqua Regia (3:1 HCl-HNO3) All NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR ---
Arsenic Acid 80 100/35 110/40 100/35 110/40 110/40 80/25 --- --- 110/40
Arsenious Acid 20 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 80/25 80/25 NR 180/80

B
Barium Acetate All 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 140/60 NR NR 180/80
Barium Bromide All 180/80 180/80 210/100 180/80 180/80 --- --- ---
Barium Carbonate All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 80/25 80/25 150/65 200/90
Barium Chloride All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 175/80 170/75 150/65 200/90
Barium Cyanide All 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 --- --- --- ---
Barium Hydroxide All 150/65 160/70 150/65 160/70 170/75 NR NR NR NR
Barium Sulfate All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 175/80 170/75 150/65 ---
Barium Sulfide All 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 NR NR NR ---
Beer --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 80/25 ---
Beet Sugar Liquor All 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 175/80 110/40 --- 180/80
Benzaldehyde 100 NR /R NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Benzene 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR
Benzene, HCl (wet) All NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Benzene Sulfonic Acid All 210/100 200/90 150/65 210/100 210/100 140/60 NR NR 200/90
Benzene Vapor All NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Benzoic Acid All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 170/75 170/75 150/65 220/105
Benzoquinones All 150/65 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 --- --- --- ---
Benzyl Alcohol All NR 110/40 NR 110/40 100/35 80/25 NR NR ---
Benzyl Chloride All NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR

31
Additional Reference Sources

Suggested Temperature Limit, °F/ °C

Vinyl Ester Bisphenol Fumarate Terephthalic Isophthalic Chlorendic

% DION®
Chemical Environment
Concentration 9100
DION®
DION
®
DION® DION® DION® DION®
IMPACT DION® 382 DION® 490 DION® 797
9102 9800 6694 6631 6246
9400
DION®
9300
Biodiesel Fuel All 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 175/80 140/60 --- 175/80
Black Liquor (pulp mill) All 180/80 200/90 160/70 210/100 200/90 NR NR --- NR
Bleach Solutions
(See Selected Applications)
Calcium Hypochlorite All 180/80 200/90 180/80 210/100 200/90 NR NR NR ---
Chlorine Dioxide --- 160/70 160/70 160/70 160/70 160/70 NR NR NR 180/80
Chlorine Water All 180/80 200/90 180/80 200/90 200/90 NR NR NR 200/90
Sodium Hypochlorite 15 125/50 125/50 125/50 125/50 125/50 NR NR NR ---
Borax All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 175/80 170/75 150/65 ---
Boric Acid All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 175/80 170/75 150/65 200/90
Brake Fluid --- 110/40 110/40 110/40 110/40 110/40 --- --- --- ---
Brine, salt All 210/100 210/100 210/100 210/100 200/90 175/80 170/75 150/65 220/105
Bromine Liquid NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR
Bromine Water 5 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 80/25 --- NR ---
Brown Stock (pulp mill) --- 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 --- NR --- ---
Bunker C Fuel Oil 100 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 175/80 140/60 --- 175/80
Butanol All 120/45 120/45 120/45 110/40 110/40 100/35 NR --- 100/35
Butanol, Tertiary All --- NR --- 110/40 110/40 --- --- --- 100/35
Butyl Acetate 100 NR NR 80/25 NR NR 80/25 NR NR 80/25
Butyl Acrylate 100 NR NR 80/25 NR NR NR NR --- NR
Butyl Amine All NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Butyl Benzoate 100 --- --- 100/35 NR NR NR --- --- NR
Butyl Benzyl Phthalate 100 180/80 180/80 180/80 210/100 210/100 175/80 NR --- NR
Butyl Carbitol 80 100/35 --- 100/35 NR NR NR NR --- NR
Butyl Cellosolve 100 100/35 100/35 100/35 120/45 120/45 NR NR NR 80/25
Butylene Glycol 100 160/70 180/80 180/80 180/80 200/90 175/80 150/65 --- 120/45
Butylene Oxide 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- ---
Butyraldehyde 100 NR NR 100/35 NR NR NR NR --- ---
50 210/100 210/100 180/80 210/100 210/100 210/100 80/25 150/65 120/45
Butyric Acid
85 80/25 110/40 110/40 110/40 100/35 NR NR NR ---

C
Cadmium Chloride All 180/80 190/85 180/80 190/85 180/80 140/60 140/60 --- 150/65
Calcium Bisulfite All 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 200/90 140/60 140/60 120/45 150/65
Calcium Bromide All 200/90 190/85 210/100 210/100 210/100 --- --- 200/90
Calcium Carbonate All 180/80 200/90 180/80 220/105 200/90 160/70 160/70 150/65 180/80
Calcium Chlorate
All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 150/65 150/65 150/65 220/105
(See Selected Applications)
Calcium Chloride Sat'd 210/100 210/100 210/100 190/85 190/85 175/80 170/75 150/65 220/105
Calcium Hydroxide All 180/80 160/70 120/45 160/70 210/100 160/70 160/70 80/25 NR
Calcium Hypochlorite
All 180/80 200/90 180/80 210/100 200/90 NR NR NR 180/80
(See Selected Applications)
Calcium Nitrate All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 170/75 170/75 150/65 200/90
Calcium Sulfate All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 175/80 170/75 150/65 220/105
Calcium Sulfite All 180/80 180/80 190/85 190/85 200/90 --- --- --- 180/80
Cane Sugar Liquor and Sweet
All 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 175/80 110/40 --- 180/80
Water
Capric Acid All 180/80 180/80 110/40 210/100 160/70 140/60 --- --- 180/80

32
Additional Reference Sources

Suggested Temperature Limit, °F/ °C

Vinyl Ester Bisphenol Fumarate Terephthalic Isophthalic Chlorendic

% DION®
Chemical Environment
Concentration 9100
DION®
DION
®
DION® DION® DION® DION®
IMPACT DION® 382 DION® 490 DION® 797
9102 9800 6694 6631 6246
9400
DION®
9300
Caprylic Acid (Octanoic Acid) All 180/80 160/70 180/80 180/80 210/100 140/60 --- 150/65 140/60
Carbon Dioxide Gas --- 210/100 200/90 300/145 300/145 300/145 210/100 210/100 150/65 210/100
Carbon Disulfide 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR
Carbon Monoxide Gas --- 210/100 200/90 300/145 300/145 300/145 210/100 210/100 150/65 160/70
Carbon Tetrachloride 100 100/35 100/35 100/35 100/35 100/35 NR NR NR NR
Carbowax7 100 100/35 120/45 120/45 100/35 100/35 120/45 --- --- ---
Carbowax7
All 150/65 180/80 180/80 180/80 --- --- --- --- 150/65
Polyethylene Glycols
Carboxy Methyl Cellulose All 160/70 150/65 160/70 160/70 --- --- --- --- ---
Carboxy Ethyl Cellulose 10 160/70 150/65 180/80 160/70 --- --- --- --- 150/65
Cashew Nut Oil All --- 200/90 --- 200/90 200/90 140/60 --- --- ---
Castor Oil All 160/70 160/70 160/70 160/70 160/70 80/25 --- --- ---
Chlorinated Pulp
--- 180/80 180/80 180/80 200/90 180/80 --- --- --- 180/80
(See Selected Applications)
Chlorinated Washer Hoods --- 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 NR NR --- 150/65
Chlorinated Waxes All 180/80 160/70 180/80 180/80 160/70 150/65 150/65 120/45 150/65
Chlorine (liquid) 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR
Chlorine Gas (wet or dry) --- 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 200/90 --- --- NR 200/90
Chlorine Dioxide --- 160/70 160/70 160/70 160/70 160/70 NR NR NR 160/70
Chlorine Water All 180/80 200/90 180/80 200/90 200/90 NR NR NR ---
25 180/80 --- 180/80 210/100 200/90 80/25 NR 80/25 80/25
Chloroacetic Acid
50 100/35 140/60 100/35 140/60 150/65 80/25 --- NR 80/25
Chlorobenzene 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR
Chloroform 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Chloropyridine 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Chlorosulfonic Acid All NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Chloroethylene
NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
(1,1,1-trichloroethylene)
Chlorotoluene 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Chromic Acid 5 110/40 110/40 110/40 120/45 110/40 80/25 NR NR 200/90
(see selected applications) 20 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR 195/90
Chromic:sulfuric acid 20:20 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 180/80
Chromium Sulfate All 150/65 140/60 150/65 140/60 180/80 140/60 140/60 ---
Chromous Sulfate All 180/80 140/60 150/65 140/60 180/80 140/60 140/60 150/65 150/65
Citric Acid All 210/100 200/90 220/105 220/105 200/90 175/80 160/70 150/65 180/80
Cobalt Chloride All 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 --- --- --- ---
Cobalt Citrate All 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 --- --- --- --- ---
Cobalt Naphthenate All 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 --- --- --- ---
Cobalt Octoate All 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 --- --- --- ---
Cobalt Nitrate 15 120/45 180/80 120/45 180/80 180/80 170/75 170/75 --- 120/45
Coconut Oil All 210/100 200/90 180/80 200/90 200/90 --- --- 120/45 ---
Copper Acetate All 210/100 180/80 180/80 210/100 200/90 170/75 170/75 150/65 ---
Copper Chloride All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 200/90 170/75 170/75 150/65 200/90
Copper Cyanide All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 200/90 140/60 130/55 150/65 200/90
Copper Fluoride All 210/100 --- --- --- 170/75 NR NR NR 170/75
Copper Nitrate All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 170/75 170/75 150/65 140/60
Copper Sulfate All 210/100 200/90 210/100 200/90 240/115 175/80 170/75 150/65 220/105
Corn Oil All 200/90 200/90 200/90 200/90 200/90 175/80 170/75 --- 175/80

33
Additional Reference Sources

Suggested Temperature Limit, °F/ °C

Vinyl Ester Bisphenol Fumarate Terephthalic Isophthalic Chlorendic

% DION®
Chemical Environment
Concentration 9100
DION®
DION
®
DION® DION® DION® DION®
IMPACT DION® 382 DION® 490 DION® 797
9102 9800 6694 6631 6246
9400
DION®
9300
Corn Starch All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 175/80 --- --- 200/90
Corn Sugar All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 --- --- --- 200/90
Cottonseed Oil All 210/100 200/90 200/90 200/90 200/90 175/80 --- --- 175/80
Cresol 10 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR
Cresylic Acid All NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR
Crude Oil, Sour or Sweet 100 210/100 200/90 210/100 200/90 200/90 170/75 170/75 150/65 210/100
Cyclohexane 100 120/45 NR 150/65 120/45 110/40 80/25 NR NR 140/60
Cyclohexanone 100 NR NR NR NR NR --- NR NR ---

D
Decanol 100 120/45 150/65 180/80 180/80 180/80 --- --- --- ---
Dechlorinated Brine Storage All 180/80 --- 180/80 180/80 180/80 --- --- --- 180/80
Deionized Water All 200/90 200/90 210/100 210/100 200/90 175/80 170/75 --- 200/90
Demineralized Water All 200/90 200/90 210/100 210/100 200/90 175/80 170/75 --- 200/90
Detergents, Organic 100 160/70 160/70 160/70 180/80 180/80 100/35 --- --- 100/35
Detergents, Sulfonated All 200/90 200/90 180/80 210/100 210/100 120/45 120/45 --- 200/90
Diallylphthalate All 180/80 210/100 180/80 180/80 180/80 175/80 110/40 140/60 120/45
Diammonium Phosphate 65 210/100 180/80 210/100 180/80 210/100 120/45 120/45 NR ---
Dibasic Acids (FGD Applications) 30 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 170/75 --- 180/80
Dibromophenol --- NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Dibromopropanol All NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Dibutyl Ether 100 NR NR 110/40 110/40 110/40 NR NR NR NR
Dibutyl Phthalate 100 180/80 180/80 200/90 180/80 200/90 175/80 150/65 100/35 80/25
Dibutyl Sebacate All 200/90 200/90 200/90 210/100 210/100 --- --- ---
Dichlorobenzene 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Dichloroethane 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Dichloroethylene 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Dichloromethane
100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
(Methylene Chloride)
Dichloropropane 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- ---
Dichloropropene 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- ---
Dichloropropionic Acid 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- ---
Diesel Fuel All 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 175/80 140/60 150/65 175/80
Diethanol Amine 100 80/25 110/40 110/40 120/45 110/40 NR NR NR 110/40
Diethyl Amine 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- ---
Diethyl Ether (Ethyl Ether) 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- ---
Diethyl Ketone 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- ---
Diethyl Formamide 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- ---
Diethyl Maleate 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- ---
Di 2-Ethyl Hexyl Phosphate 100 --- 200/90 --- 210/100 210/100 --- --- --- ---
Diethylenetriamine (DETA) 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- ---
Diethylene Glycol 100 200/90 200/90 200/90 220/105 210/100 175/80 170/75 140/60 100/35
Diisobutyl Ketone 100 NR NR 110/40 NR NR NR NR --- NR
Diisobutyl Phthalate 100 120/45 180/80 120/45 180/80 180/80 --- --- --- 80/25
Di-isobutylene 100 100/35 NR 100/35 NR NR NR NR --- ---
Di-isopropanol Amine 100 110/40 100/35 120/45 100/35 100/35 --- --- --- ---
Dimethyl Formamide 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Dimethyl Phthalate 100 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 170/75 NR 80/25 NR 80/25
Dioctyl Phthalate 100 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 150/65 150/65 120/45 80/25

34
Additional Reference Sources

Suggested Temperature Limit, °F/ °C

Vinyl Ester Bisphenol Fumarate Terephthalic Isophthalic Chlorendic

% DION®
Chemical Environment
Concentration 9100
DION®
DION
®
DION® DION® DION® DION®
IMPACT DION® 382 DION® 490 DION® 797
9102 9800 6694 6631 6246
9400
DION®
9300
Dioxane 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Diphenyl Ether 100 80/25 120/45 100/35 120/45 120/45 120/45 NR NR ---
Dipiperazine Sulfate Solution All --- 100/35 --- 100/35 --- 80/25 --- --- ---
Dipropylene Glycol All 200/90 200/90 200/90 210/100 220/105 175/80 170/75 --- ---
Distilled Water All 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 210/100 175/80 170/75 --- 200/90
Divinyl Benzene 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Dodecyl Alcohol 100 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 150/65

E
Embalming Fluid All 110/40 110/40 110/40 110/40 110/40 NR NR --- 110/40
Epichlorohydrin 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Epoxydized Soya Bean Oil All 150/65 200/90 150/65 200/90 200/90 --- --- --- 150/65
Esters of Fatty Acids 100 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 150/65 150/65 --- 120/45
Ethanol Amine 100 NR NR 80/25 NR NR NR NR --- NR
Ethyl Acetate 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Ethyl Acrylate 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
10 120/45 140/60 150/65 150/65 140/60 110/40 --- NR 110/40
Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol) 50 100/35 100/35 150/65 120/45 110/40 100/35 --- NR 125/50
95-100 80/25 80/25 80/25 110/40 110/40 80/25 80/25 NR 80/25
Ethyl Benzene 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Ethyl Benzene/ Benzene Blends 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Ethyl Bromide 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Ethyl Chloride 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Ethyl Ether (Diethyl Ether) 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Ethylene Chloride 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Ethylene Chloroformate 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Ethylene Chlorohydrin 100 100/35 110/40 100/35 110/40 110/40 NR NR NR 100/35
Ethylene Diamine 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Ethylene Dibromide All NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR
Ethylene Dichloride 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Ethylene Glycol All 200/90 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 180/80 170/75 150/65 210/100
Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl 100 100/35 100/35 100/35 100/35 100/35 NR --- --- NR
Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic
100 100/35 110/40 100/35 110/40 110/40 NR NR --- ---
Acid
Ethylene Oxide 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- ---
Eucalyptus Oil 100 140/60 140/60 140/60 140/60 140/60 --- --- --- ---

F
Fatty Acids All 210/100 200/90 200/90 220/105 200/90 175/80 170/75 150/65 210/100
Ferric Acetate All 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 --- --- --- ---
Ferric Chloride All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 170/75 170/75 150/65 ---
Ferric Nitrate All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 170/75 170/75 150/65 210/100
Ferric Sulfate All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 170/75 170/75 150/65 ---
Ferrous Chloride All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 170/75 170/75 150/65 ---
Ferrous Nitrate All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 170/75 170/75 150/65 210/100
Ferrous Sulfate All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 170/75 170/75 150/65 210/100
Fertilizer, 8,8,8 --- 120/45 110/40 120/45 110/40 120/45 120/45 120/45 --- ---
Fertilizer, URAN --- 120/45 110/40 120/45 110/40 120/45 120/45 120/45 --- ---
Flue Gases --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Fluoboric Acid 10 210/100 180/80 180/80 180/80 220/105 150/65 150/65 120/45 ---
Fluoride Salts & HCl 30:10:00 --- 120/45 --- 120/45 --- --- --- --- ---

35
Additional Reference Sources

Suggested Temperature Limit, °F/ °C

Vinyl Ester Bisphenol Fumarate Terephthalic Isophthalic Chlorendic

% DION®
Chemical Environment
Concentration 9100
DION®
DION
®
DION® DION® DION® DION®
IMPACT DION® 382 DION® 490 DION® 797
9102 9800 6694 6631 6246
9400
DION®
9300
10 150/65 150/65 120/45 150/65 150/65 NR NR NR 180/80
Fluosilicic Acid 35 100/35 100/35 100/35 100/35 100/35 NR NR NR 160/70
Fumes 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 NR NR NR ---
Fly Ash Slurry
--- --- 180/80 --- 180/80 --- --- --- --- ---
(See Selected Applications)
Formaldehyde All 150/65 110/40 110/40 110/40 110/40 NR NR 100/35 110/40
10 180/80 150/65 180/80 150/65 150/65 120/45 100/35 NR 180/80
Formic Acid
50 100/35 110/40 100/35 110/40 110/40 80/25 NR NR 100/35
Freon7 11 100 --- NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Fuel Oil 100 210/100 210/100 210/100 210/100 210/100 175/80 140/60 150/65 175/80
10 100/35 110/40 100/35 110/40 110/40 NR NR NR 80/25
Furfural
50-100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- 80/25

G
Gallic Acid Sat'd 100/35 100/35 100/35 100/35 100/35 --- --- --- ---
Gasoline
(SeeSelected Applications) 100 110/40 110/40 110/40 110/40 110/40 110/40 110/40 110/40
Premium Unleaded 100
Regular Unleaded 100 110/40 110/40 100/35 1110 110/40 110/40 110/40 --- 110/40
Alcohol-Containing 100 110/40 110/40 110/40 110/40 110/40 110/40 110/40 --- 110/40
Gluconic Acid 50 160/70 160/70 160/70 160/70 160/70 100/35 100/35 100/35 140/60
Glucose All 210/100 180/80 210/100 180/80 210/100 110/40 110/40 150/65 180/80
Glutaric Acid 50 120/45 120/45 120/45 120/45 120/45 --- --- 200/90
Glycerine 100 210/100 210/100 210/100 210/100 210/100 180/80 170/75 150/65 150/65
10 180/80 --- 200/90 --- 200/90 --- --- --- 200/90
Glycolic Acid (Hydroxyacetic Acid) 35 140/60 140/60 140/60 140/60 140/60 140/60 --- --- 200/90
70 80/25 --- 100/35 --- 100/35 --- --- --- 200/90
Glyoxal 40 100/35 110/40 100/35 110/40 110/40 80/25 80/25 --- 200/90
Green Liquor (pulp mill) --- 180/80 200/90 180/80 200/90 210/100 NR NR --- NR

H
Heptane 100 200/90 200/90 200/90 200/90 210/100 150/65 140/60 --- 200/90
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene 100 --- 110/40 110/40 110/40 100/35 80/25 NR NR 80/25
Hexachloropentadiene 100 --- --- --- 110/40 --- 80/25 NR --- ---
Hexamethylenetetramine 65 --- 110/40 --- 110/40 --- 80/25 NR --- NR
Hexane 100 150/65 140/60 150/65 140/60 150/65 80/25 80/25 80/25 ---
Hydraulic Fluid 100 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 NR NR 80/25 150/65
Hydrazine 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
18 180/80 200/90 180/80 210/100 210/100 140/60 --- 100/35 ----
Hydrobromic Acid
48 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 80/25 110/40 100/35 150/65
10 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 160/70 160/70 --- 210/100
15 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 140/60 110/40 --- 210/100
Hydrochloric Acid
25 160/70 150/65 160/70 150/65 150/65 140/60 110/40 NR 180/80
37 110/40 110/40 110/40 110/40 110/40 80/25 80/25 NR 110/40
Hydrochloric Acid and Organics --- NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Hydrocyanic Acid 10 180/80 200/90 200/90 210/100 170/75 140/60 80/25 NR 200/90
1 125/50 125/50 125/50 125/50 125/50 NR NR NR ---
Hydrofluoric Acid 10 100/35 100/35 100/35 100/35 100/35 NR NR NR 80/25
20 100/35 100/35 100/35 100/35 100/35 NR NR NR 80/25

36
Additional Reference Sources

Suggested Temperature Limit, °F/ °C

Vinyl Ester Bisphenol Fumarate Terephthalic Isophthalic Chlorendic

% DION®
Chemical Environment
Concentration 9100
DION®
DION
®
DION® DION® DION® DION®
IMPACT DION® 382 DION® 490 DION® 797
9102 9800 6694 6631 6246
9400
DION®
9300
10 180/80 150/65 160/70 150/65 150/65 NR NR --- 180/80
Hydrofluosilicic Acid
35 100/35 110/40 100/35 110/40 120/45 NR NR NR 160/70
Hydrogen Bromide, vapor All 180/80 --- 150/65 210/100 210/100 140/60 170/75 100/35 140/60
Hydrogen Chloride, dry gas 100 210/100 180/80 210/100 210/100 200/90 150/65 150/65 150/65 210/100
Hydrogen Fluoride, vapor All 150/65 150/65 150/65 180/80 180/80 80/25 80/25 NR 80/25
Hydrogen Peroxide (storage) 5 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 80/25 NR 150/65
Hydrogen Peroxide 30 100/35 150/65 100/35 100/35 100/35 NR NR NR 100/35
Hydrogen Sulfide, gas All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 170/75 140/60 140/60 150/65 210/100
Hydroiodic Acid 10 150/65 --- 150/65 150/65 150/65 80/25 80/25 NR ---
Hypophosphorus Acid 50 120/45 --- 120/45 120/45 --- --- --- NR 120/45

I
Iodine, Solid All 150/65 150/65 140/60 150/65 170/75 --- NR --- ---
Isoamyl Alcohol 100 120/45 120/45 120/45 120/45 120/45 --- --- --- ---
Isobutyl Alcohol All 120/45 125/50 120/45 125/50 125/50 120/45 --- --- ---
Isodecanol All 120/45 150/65 180/80 180/80 180/80 140/60 --- Ambient 150/65
Isononyl Alcohol 100 --- 125/50 140/60 125/50 125/50 --- --- --- 125/50
Isooctyl Adipate 100 --- 180/80 130/55 180/80 --- --- --- --- ---
Isooctyl Alcohol 100 --- 100/35 140/60 150/65 150/65 --- --- --- ---
Isopropyl Alcohol All 120/45 110/40 120/45 110/40 120/45 80/25 80/25 NR 120/45
Isopropyl Amine All 100/35 --- 120/45 --- 120/45 --- --- --- ---
Isopropyl Myristate All 200/90 200/90 200/90 210/100 210/100 --- --- --- ---
Isopropyl Palmitate All 200/90 200/90 200/90 210/100 210/100 180/80 --- 150/65 ---
Itaconic Acid All 120/45 125/50 120/45 125/50 125/50 80/25 --- --- 95/35

J
Jet Fuel --- 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 210/100 175/80 140/60 --- 175/80
Jojoba Oil 100 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 175/80 140/60 --- 180/80

K
Kerosene 100 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 210/100 175/80 140/60 150/65 175/80

L
Lactic Acid All 210/100 200/90 210/100 220/105 210/100 140/60 130/55 150/65 200/90
Latex All 120/45 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 120/45 --- --- 120/45
Lauric Acid All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 180/80 --- --- 180/80
Lauryl Alcohol 100 150/65 160/70 180/80 180/80 180/80 --- --- --- ---
Lauryl Mercaptan All --- 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 --- --- --- ---
Lead Acetate All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 140/60 110/40 150/65 160/70
Lead Chloride All --- 200/90 220/105 210/100 210/100 140/60 110/40 --- 200/90
Lead Nitrate All 210/100 200/90 200/90 210/100 220/105 140/60 110/40 --- 200/90
Levulinic Acid All 210/100 200/90 220/105 210/100 210/100 140/60 --- --- 200/90
Lime Slurry All 180/80 --- 170/75 180/80 210/100 170/75 160/70 80/25 NR
Linseed Oil All 210/100 200/90 210/100 200/90 220/105 180/80 160/70 150/65 200/90
Lithium Bromide All 210/100 200/90 220/105 210/100 220/105 170/75 170/75 150/65 ---
Lithium Carbonate All --- --- 150/65 --- --- --- --- --- ---
Lithium Chloride All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 180/80 170/75 150/65 ---
Lithium Sulfate All 210/100 --- 210/100 210/100 210/100 --- 150/65 --- ---

M
Magnesium Bicarbonate All 180/80 170/75 180/80 170/75 210/100 130/55 130/55 --- ---
Magnesium Bisulfite All 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 140/60 130/55 --- 180/80
Magnesium Carbonate 15 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 210/100 130/55 130/55 --- 180/80
Magnesium Chloride All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 140/60 140/60 150/65 210/100
Magnesium Hydroxide All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 130/55 150/65 80/25 NR

37
Additional Reference Sources

Suggested Temperature Limit, °F/ °C

Vinyl Ester Bisphenol Fumarate Terephthalic Isophthalic Chlorendic

% DION®
Chemical Environment
Concentration 9100
DION®
DION
®
DION® DION® DION® DION®
IMPACT DION® 382 DION® 490 DION® 797
9102 9800 6694 6631 6246
9400
DION®
9300
Magnesium Sulfate All 210/100 200/90 220/105 210/100 210/100 175/80 150/65 150/65 200/90
Magnesium Silica Fluoride 37.5 --- 140/60 140/60 140/60 140/60 --- --- --- 140/60
Maleic Acid All --- 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 140/60 140/60 --- 200/90
Maleic Anhydride 100 --- 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 140/60 140/60 80/25 ---
Manganese Chloride All 210/100 200/90 200/90 210/100 220/105 140/60 130/55 --- ---
Manganese Sulfate All 210/100 200/90 220/105 210/100 210/100 150/65 150/65 --- 150/65
Mercuric Chloride All 210/100 200/90 200/90 210/100 220/105 170/75 170/75 150/65 210/100
Mercurous Chloride All 210/100 200/90 200/90 210/100 220/105 170/75 150/65 150/65 210/100
Mercury --- 210/100 200/90 200/90 210/100 220/105 170/75 170/75 150/65 200/90
Methyl Alcohol (Methanol) 100 80/25 80/25 80/25 80/25 80/25 80/25 80/25 NR 80/25
Methyl Bromide (Gas) 10 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Methyl Ethyl Ketone All NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Methyl Methacrylate All NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Methyl Styrene 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Methyl Tertiarybutyl Ether(MTBE) All 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 --- 180/80
Methylene Chloride 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Milk and Milk Products All 210/100 --- --- 200/90 210/100 100/35 100/35 150/65 100/35
Mineral Oils 100 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 175/80 170/75 150/65 80/25
Molasses and Invert Molasses All --- 110/40 110/40 110/40 110/40 80/25 80/25 --- ---
Molybdenum Disulfide All 200/90 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Molybdic Acid 25 --- 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 140/60 --- --- ---
Monochloroacetic Acid 80 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Monochlorobenzene 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR
Monoethanolamine 100 80/25 NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Monomethylhydrazine 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- ---
Morpholine 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- ---
Motor Oil 100 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 210/100 140/60 170/75 --- ---
Mustard All 210/100 --- --- 210/100 --- 175/80 140/60 --- ---
Myristic Acid All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 80/25 80/25 --- ---

N
Naphtha, Aliphatic 100 180/80 150/65 200/90 180/80 150/65 130/55 110/40 --- 180/80
Naphtha, Aromatic 100 --- 110/40 120/45 120/45 120/45 120/45 120/45 --- ---
Naphthalene All 180/80 --- 200/90 200/90 220/105 130/55 130/55 150/65 ---
Nickel Chloride All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 180/80 140/60 150/65 180/80
Nickel Nitrate All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 180/80 140/60 150/65 180/80
Nickel Sulfate All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 180/80 140/60 150/65 180/80
Nicotinic Acid (Niacin) All --- 110/40 --- 110/40 --- 80/25 80/25 --- 110/40
2 --- 200/90 180/80 210/100 --- 150/65 150/65 NR 180/80
5 175/80 175/80 150/65 175/80 170/75 150/65 150/65 NR 180/80
Nitric Acid
35 120/45 --- 110/40 --- 140/60 NR NR NR 140/60
Fumes 180/80 --- --- --- --- 120/45 120/45 NR 180/80
Nitrobenzene 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Nitrogen Tetroxide 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR

O
Octylamine, Tertiary 100 --- 110/40 110/40 110/40 100/35 80/25 --- --- ---
Oil, Sweet or Sour Crude 100 210/100 200/90 180/80 210/100 210/100 175/80 140/60 --- 175/80
Oleic Acid All 210/100 200/90 200/90 210/100 210/100 175/80 140/60 150/65 200/90
Oleum (Fuming Sulfuric Acid) --- NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Olive Oil 100 210/100 200/90 210/100 200/90 220/105 175/80 170/75 150/65 ---

38
Additional Reference Sources

Suggested Temperature Limit, °F/ °C

Vinyl Ester Bisphenol Fumarate Terephthalic Isophthalic Chlorendic

Chemical Environment
% DION®
Concentration 9100
DION®
DION® DION® DION® DION® DION®
IMPACT DION® 382 DION® 490 DION® 797
9102 9800 6694 6631 6246
9400
DION®
9300
Orange Oil (limonene) 100 210/100 200/90 210/100 200/90 220/105 175/80 170/75 --- ---
Organic Detergents, pH<12 All 140/60 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 100/35 100/35 NR ---
Oxalic Acid 100 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 175/80 170/75 150/65 210/100
Ozone (< 4 ppm in water phase)
--- 80/25 80/25 --- 80/25 80/25 --- --- --- 80/25
(See Special Applications)

P
Palm Oil 100 210/100 200/90 210/100 200/90 220/105 175/80 170/75 --- 175/80
Palmitic Acid 100 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 175/80 170/75 150/65 ---
Paper Mill Effluent (typical) 100 --- 150/65 --- 150/65 150/65 NR NR 150/65 NR
Pentasodium Tripoly Phosphate 10 200/90 200/90 200/90 210/100 210/100 140/60 120/45 --- ---
Perchloroethylene 100 100/35 110/40 110/40 110/40 100/35 80/25 NR NR 110/40
10 150/65 --- 150/65 150/65 150/65 NR NR NR 80/25
Perchloric Acid
30 100/35 --- 100 100/35 100/35 NR NR NR ---
5 NR NR NR 110/40 80/25 NR NR NR 110/40
Phenol (Carbolic Acid)
>5 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR 100/35
Phenol Formaldehyde Resin All 100/35 120/45 120/45 120/45 120/45 80/25 80/25 --- ---
Phosphoric Acid 80 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 140/60 140/60 80/25 210/100
Phosphoric Acid Vapor &
--- 210/100 180/80 220/105 190/85 190/85 170/75 170/75 150/65 210/100
Condensate
Phosphorous Trichloride --- NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Phthalic Acid 100 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 170/75 170/75 ---
Phthalic Anhydride 100 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 170/75 170/75 150/65 210/100
Picric Acid (Alcoholic) 10 --- 110/40 110/40 110/40 110/40 80/25 NR NR 100
Pine Oil 100 --- 150/65 --- 150/65 150/65 NR NR --- ---
Pine Oil Disinfectant All --- 120/45 --- 120/45 120/45 NR NR --- ---
Piperazine Monohydrochloride --- --- 110/40 --- 110/40 110/40 --- --- --- ---
Plating Solutions
---
(See Special Applications)
Cadmium Cyanide 200/90 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 80/25 --- --- ---
Chrome 120 120/45 130/55 130/55 130/55 130/55 80/25 NR --- 200/90
Gold --- --- 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 140/60 120/45 --- 200/90
Lead --- --- 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 80/25 80/25 --- 200/90
Nickel --- --- 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 140/60 120/45 --- 200/90
Platinum --- --- 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 80/25 80/25 --- 200/90
Silver --- --- 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 140/60 --- --- 200/90
Tin Fluoborate --- --- 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 80/25 80/25 --- 200/90
Zinc Fluoborate --- --- 200/90 200/90 210/100 210/100 140/60 120/45 --- 180/80
Polyphosphoric Acid (115%) --- 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 140/60 140/60 --- 180/80
Polyvinyl Acetate Adhesive All --- 120/45 120/45 120/45 120/45 --- --- --- ---
Polyvinyl Acetate Emulsion All 120/45 150/65 140/60 150/65 140/60 120/45 120/45 80/25 120/45
Polyvinyl Alcohol All 120/45 150/65 120/45 150/65 150/65 80/25 80/25 --- 80/25
Potassium Aluminum Sulfate All 210/100 200/90 220/105 210/100 220/105 170/75 170/75 150/65 200/90
Potassium Amyl Xanthate 5 --- 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 140/60 --- --- 150/65
10 150/65 160/70 150/65 160/70 170/75 80/25 80/25 --- 80/25
Potassium Bicarbonate
50 140/60 140/60 140/60 140/60 140/60 80/25 80/25 --- 80/25
Potassium Bromide All 210/100 200/90 --- 210/100 210/100 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65
10 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 180/80 80/25 80/25 NR 110/40
Potassium Carbonate
50 140/60 110/40 100/35 110/40 140/60 NR 110/40 NR 110/40
Potassium Chloride All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 175/80 170/75 150/65 210/100
Potassium Dichromate All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 170/75 210/100 NR 200/90

39
Additional Reference Sources

Suggested Temperature Limit, °F/ °C

Vinyl Ester Bisphenol Fumarate Terephthalic Isophthalic Chlorendic

% DION®
Chemical Environment
Concentration 9100
DION®
DION
®
DION® DION® DION® DION®
IMPACT DION® 382 DION® 490 DION® 797
9102 9800 6694 6631 6246
9400
DION®
9300
Potassium Ferricyanide All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 130/55 210/100 150/65 200/90
Potassium Ferrocyanide All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 140/60 130/55 150/65 200/90
10 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 NR NR --- NR
Potassium Hydroxide
25 110/40 110/40 110/40 140/60 110/40 NR NR --- NR
Potassium Iodide All --- 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 140/60 --- ---
Potassium Nitrate All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 170/75 170/75 150/65 200/90
Potassium Permanganate All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 140/60 80/25 NR 150/65
Potassium Persulfate All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 80/25 140/60 NR 200/90
Potassium Pyrophosphate 60 --- 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 --- --- --- 150/65
Potassium Sulfate All 210/100 200/90 200/90 210/100 210/100 175/80 170/75 150/65 200/90
20 200/90 200/90 200/90 200/90 200/90 --- --- --- ---
Propionic Acid
50 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 --- --- --- ---
Propylene Glycol All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 175/80 170/75 150/65 180/80
i-Propyl Palmitate All --- 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 --- --- 150/65 ---
Pyridine 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR

Q
Quaternary Ammonium Salts All --- 150/65 --- 150/65 150/65 120/45 --- --- 80/25

R
Radioactive Materials, solids
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
(See Special Applications)
Rayon Spin Bath --- --- 150/65 140/60 140/60 140/60 NR NR --- 180/80

S
Salicylic Acid All 140/60 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 140/60 140/60 --- 200/90
Sea Water --- 210/100 210/100 210/100 210/100 210/100 175/80 170/75 --- 180/80
Sebacic Acid All 210/100 --- 210/100 210/100 210/100 --- --- --- 200/90
Selenious Acid All 210/100 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 140/60 --- --- 200/90
Silicic Acid (hydrated silica) All 220/105 --- 200/90 --- 220/105 170/75 170/75 150/65 ---
Silver Cyanide All 200/90 200/90 200/90 210/100 200/90 140/60 140/60 --- 200/90
Silver Nitrate All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 170/75 170/75 150/65 200/90
Sodium Acetate All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 170/75 170/75 150/65 200/90
Sodium Alkyl Aryl Sulfonates All --- 200/90 180/80 210/100 210/100 80/25 80/25 --- 120/45
Sodium Aluminate All 120/45 150/65 120/45 150/65 150/65 140/60 --- --- NR
Sodium Benzoate All 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 170/75 170/75 150/65 180/80
Sodium Bicarbonate All 180/80 180/80 150/65 180/80 210/100 100/35 100/35 120/45 140/60
Sodium Bichromate 100 210/100 --- --- 210/100 220/105 140/60 140/60 NR 200/90
Sodium Bifluoride 100 120/45 120/45 120/45 120/45 120/45 --- --- --- 120/45
Sodium Bisulfate All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 175/80 170/75 150/65 200/90
Sodium Bisulfite All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 170/75 170/75 80/25 170/75
Sodium Borate All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 170/75 170/75 150/65 170/75
Sodium Bromate 5 --- 110/40 110/40 110/40 110/40 --- --- --- 100/100
Sodium Bromide All 210/100 200/90 200/90 210/100 210/100 170/75 170/75 150/65 200/90
10 180/80 180/80 150/65 180/80 180/80 NR NR NR 80/25
Sodium Carbonate (Soda Ash)
35 160/70 160/70 --- 160/70 160/70 NR NR NR NR
Sodium Chlorate
All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 NR NR --- 175/80
(See Selected Applications
Sodium Chloride All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 130/55 130/55 NR 200/90
Sodium Chlorite 10 160/70 160/70 160/70 160/70 160/70 NR NR NR 160/70
Sodium Chromate 50 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 --- --- --- 180/80
5 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 140/60 80/25 --- 200/90
Sodium Cyanide
15 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 --- 80/25 --- --- 150/65

40
Additional Reference Sources

Suggested Temperature Limit, °F/ °C

Vinyl Ester Bisphenol Fumarate Terephthalic Isophthalic Chlorendic

% DION®
Chemical Environment
Concentration 9100
DION®
DION
®
DION® DION® DION® DION®
IMPACT DION® 382 DION® 490 DION® 797
9102 9800 6694 6631 6246
9400
DION®
9300
Sodium Dichromate All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 140/60 140/60 NR 200/90
Sodium Diphosphate 100 210/100 180/80 200/90 200/90 210/100 170/75 170/75 150/65 200/90
Sodium Dodecyl Benzene
All --- 200/90 --- 210/100 210/100 --- --- --- 120/45
Sulfonate
Sodium Ethyl Xanthate 5 --- 150/65 --- 150/65 150/65 140/60 140/60 --- ---
Sodium Ferricyanide All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 170/75 210/100 150/65 200/90
Sodium Ferrocyanide All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 170/75 170/75 150/65 200/90
Sodium Fluoride All 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 80/25 80/25 NR 180/80
Sodium Fluorosilicate All 120/45 120/45 120/45 120/45 120/45 --- --- --- ---
Sodium Hexametaphosphate 10 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 --- --- --- ---
Sodium Hydrosulfide 20 160/70 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 --- --- --- 160/70
1 150/65 200/90 140/60 210/100 210/100 NR NR NR ---
5 150/65 150/65 140/60 150/65 160/70 NR NR NR ---
Sodium Hydroxide 10 150/65 150/65 140/60 150/65 160/70 NR NR NR NR
25 150/65 150/65 140/60 160/70 160/70 NR NR NR NR
50 200/90 200/90 --- 210/100 210/100 NR NR NR NR
Sodium Hypochloride 15 125/50 125/50 125/50 125/50 125/50 NR NR NR NR
Sodium Hyposulfite 20 --- --- --- 200/90 210/100 170/75 170/75 --- 150/65
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate All 180/80 160/70 160/70 160/70 200/90 --- --- --- ---
Sodium Monophosphate All 210/100 200/90 210/100 200/90 210/100 170/75 170/75 150/65 ---
Sodium Nitrate All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 170/75 170/75 150/65 200/90
Sodium Nitrite All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 170/75 170/75 150/65 200/90
Sodium Oxalate All 180/80 180/80 200/90 200/90 200/90 --- --- --- ---
Sodium Persulfate 20 --- 200/90 --- 210/100 --- --- --- --- ---
Sodium Polyacrylate All 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 140/60 --- --- ---
Sodium Silicate, pH <12 100 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 80/25 80/25 NR NR
Sodium Silicate, pH >12 100 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 200/90 NR NR NR NR
Sodium Sulfate All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 180/80 170/75 150/65 80/25
Sodium Sulfide All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 80/25 80/25 NR 140/60
Sodium Sulfite All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 80/25 170/75 NR 200/90
Sodium Tetraborate All 200/90 170/75 170/75 170/75 210/100 170/75 170/75 150/65 170/75
Sodium Tetrabromide All --- 160/70 180/80 180/80 180/80 --- --- --- ---
Sodium Thiocyanate 57 180/80 --- 180/80 --- 180/80 140/60 140/60 --- ---
Sodium Thiosulfate All 180/80 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 140/60 140/60 --- ---
Sodium Triphosphate All 210/100 200/90 200/90 210/100 210/100 140/60 120/45 80/25 125/50
Sodium Xylene Sulfonate 40 --- 200/90 210/100 210/100 --- 140/60 80/25 NR 150/65
Sorbitol All 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 175/80 170/75 150/65 ---
Soybean Oil All 210/100 200/90 200/90 200/90 200/90 170/75 170/75 --- 200/90
Soy Sauce All --- --- --- 110/40 --- 80/25 --- --- NR
Spearmint Oil All --- 150/65 150/65 150/65 --- 80/25 --- --- ---
Stannic Chloride All 210/100 200/90 200/90 200/90 200/90 170/75 170/75 80/25 80/25
Stannous Chloride All 210/100 200/90 200/90 200/90 200/90 170/75 170/75 150/65 200/90
Stearic Acid All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 175/80 170/75 150/65 200/90
Styrene 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR
Styrene Acrylic Emulsion All 120/45 120/45 120/45 120/45 120/45 --- --- --- 80/25
Styrene Butadiene Latex All 120/45 120/45 120/45 120/45 120/45 --- --- --- 80/25
Succinonitrile, Aqueous All 100/35 110/40 100/35 110/40 110/40 80/25 --- --- ---
Sucrose All 210/100 190/85 210/100 190/85 210/100 140/60 140/60 --- 200/90
10 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 150/65 150/65 --- 200/90
Sulfamic Acid
25 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 110/40 110/40 --- 160/70
Sulfanilic Acid All --- 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 80/25 --- --- 160/70
Sulfite/Sulfate Liquors (pulp mill) --- 200/90 200/90 180/80 210/100 210/100 140/60 NR 150/65 NR

41
Additional Reference Sources

Suggested Temperature Limit, °F/ °C

Vinyl Ester Bisphenol Fumarate Terephthalic Isophthalic Chlorendic

% DION®
Chemical Environment
Concentration 9100
DION®
DION
®
DION® DION® DION® DION®
IMPACT DION® 382 DION® 490 DION® 797
9102 9800 6694 6631 6246
9400
DION®
9300
Sulfonated Animal Fats 100 --- 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 140/60 --- NR 180/80
Sulfonyl Chloride, Aromatic --- NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR
Sulfur Dichloride --- NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Sulfur DioxideH (dry or wet gas)
5 210/100 200/90 200/90 210/100 220/105 170/75 140/60 NR 200/90
(See Selected Applications)
Sulfur, Molten --- --- 150/65 --- 220/105 220/105 --- --- --- 150/65
Sulfur Trioxide Gas (dry)
trace 210/100 200/90 200/90 210/100 220/105 NR NR NR 200/90
(See Selected Applications)
0-25 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 175/80 170/75 120/45 200/90
50 180/80 200/90 180/80 210/100 200/90 160/70 140/60 NR 200/90
70 180/80 190/85 160/70 170/75 180/80 NR NR NR 190/85
Sulfuric Acid
75 120/45 110/40 100/35 110/40 110/40 NR NR --- 175/80
93 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR
Dry Fumes 210/100 200/90 200/90 200/90 200/90 175/80 170/75 150/65 200/90
Sulfuric Acid/Ferrous Sulfate 10/Sat'd --- 200/90 200/90 210/100 210/100 --- --- --- 200/90
Sulfuric Acid/Phosphoric Acid 10/20 --- 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 --- --- --- 200/90
Sulfuryl Chloride 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Superphosphoric Acid
100 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 140/60 120/45 --- 200/90
(105% H3PO4)

T
Tall Oil All 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 150/65 140/60 140/60 --- 150/65
Tannic Acid All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 170/75 170/75 150/65 200/90
Tartaric Acid All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 170/75 170/75 150/65 200/90
Tert-Amylmethyl Ether(TAME) All 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 180/80 170/75 170/75 --- 170/75
Tetrachloroethane 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Tetrachloropentane 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Tetrachloropyridine --- NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate 60 125/50 125/50 120/45 125/50 125/50 80/25 80/25 NR 80/25
Tetrasodium Ethylenediamine
All --- 120/45 --- 120/45 --- --- --- --- 80/25
Tetracetic Acid Salts
Tetrasodium Ethylenediammine --- 120/45 --- --- 120/45 120/45 80/25 --- --- ---
Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate 5 125/50 125/50 120/45 125/50 150/65 -- 130/55 NR ---
Tetrapotassium pyrophosphate 60 125/50 125/50 120/45 125/50 150/65 80/25 80/25 --- ---
Textone7 --- --- 200/90 --- 210/100 --- 140/60 80/25 --- ---
Thioglycolic Acid 10 100/35 120/45 --- 120/45 140/60 80/25 80/25 --- ---
Thionyl Chloride 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Tobias Acid (2-Naphthylamine
--- --- 180/80 200/90 210/100 210/100 --- --- --- ---
Sulfonic Acid)
Toluene 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR
100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR
Toluene Di-isocyanate (TDI)
Fumes 80/25 80/25 80/25 80/25 80/25 80/25 --- NR 80/25
Toluene Sulfonic Acid All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 --- 100/35 --- 100/35
Transformer Oils 100 210/100 210/100 210/100 210/100 210/100 175/80 140/60 --- 175/80
Tributyl Phosphate 100 --- 140/60 120/45 140/60 140/60 --- --- --- ---
Trichloroacetaldehyde 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- ---
Trichloroacetic Acid 50 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 80/25 80/25 NR ---
Trichloroethane 100 --- NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Trichlorophenol 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- NR
Tridecylbenzene All --- 200/90 --- 210/100 --- --- --- --- ---
Tridecylbenzene Sulfonate All 210/100 200/90 200/90 210/100 210/100 140/60 --- --- 120/45
Triethanolamine All --- 150/65 120/45 150/65 --- 120/45 110/40 --- ---

42
Additional Reference Sources

Suggested Temperature Limit, °F/ °C

Vinyl Ester Bisphenol Fumarate Terephthalic Isophthalic Chlorendic

% DION®
Chemical Environment
Concentration 9100
DION®
DION
®
DION® DION® DION® DION®
IMPACT DION® 382 DION® 490 DION® 797
9102 9800 6694 6631 6246
9400
DION®
9300
Triethanolamine Lauryl Sulfate All --- 110/40 --- 110/40 --- 80/25 --- --- ---
Triethylamine All --- 125/50 120/45 125/50 --- 80/25 --- --- ---
Triethylene Glycol 100 --- 180/80 180/80 180/80 --- --- --- --- ---
Trimethylamine Chlorobromide --- NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- ---
Trimethylamine Hydrochloride All 130/55 130/55 --- 130/55 130/55 NR 100/35 150/65 ---
Triphenyl Phosphite All --- --- --- --- 100/35 NR NR NR ---
Tripropylene Glycol 100 --- 180/80 --- 180/80 --- --- --- --- ---
Trisodium Phosphate 50 175/80 175/80 190/85 175/80 175/80 140/60 120/45 NR ---
Turpentine --- --- 150/65 --- 150/65 150/65 80/25 NR NR ---

U
Uranium Extraction (See Selected
--- --- 180/80 --- 180/80 --- --- --- --- NR
Applications)
Urea All 150/65 150/65 150/65 170/75 150/65 80/25 120/45 80/25 ---

V
Vegetable Oils All 210/100 200/90 210/100 200/90 220/105 170/75 170/75 --- 170/75
Vinegar All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 150/65 150/65 150/65 200/90
Vinyl Acetate All NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- ---
Vinyl Toluene 100 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR --- ---

W
Water, Deionized (see Selected
All 210/100 200/90 200/90 210/100 200/90 175/80 170/75 --- ---
Applications)
Water, Distilled (See Selected
All 210/100 200/90 200/90 210/100 200/90 175/80 170/75 --- ---
Applications)
Water, Sea --- 210/100 210/100 210/100 210/100 210/100 175/80 170/75 --- 180/80
Whiskey All --- --- --- 110/40 --- --- --- --- ---
White Liquor (pulp mill) (See
All 180/80 180/80 180/80 200/90 --- NR NR --- NR
notes)
Wine4 All --- --- --- 110/40 --- 80/25 80/25 --- ---

X
Xylene All NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR

Z
Zeolite All --- 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 --- --- --- ---
Zinc Chlorate All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 170/75 170/75 --- 200/90
Zinc Chloride All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 210/100 170/75 170/75 --- 200/90
Zinc Cyanide All --- --- 160/70 180/80 180/80 --- --- --- ---
Zinc Nitrate All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 170/75 170/75 --- 200/90
Zinc Sulfate All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 175/80 170/75 --- 200/90
Zinc Sulfite All 210/100 200/90 210/100 210/100 220/105 170/75 170/75 --- ---

43
ASTM Reinforced Plastic Related Standards

Calculating stress in plastic pipe under internal

ANSI/ ASTM E 84 Surface burning characteristics of building materials ASTM D 2153
pressure
Testing rigid sheet and plate materials used in Apparent tensile strength of ring or tubular plastics by
ASTM D 229 ASTM D 2290
electrical insulation split disk method
Impact resistance of plastic and electrical insulating Classification for machine-made reinforced
ASTM D 256 ASTM D 2310
materials thermosetting resin pipe
Standard definition of terms relating to plastic piping Underground installation of flexible thermoplastic
ASTM F 412 ANSI/ ASTM D 2321
systems sewer pipe
Tensile properties of glass fiber strands, yarns, and
ANSI/ ASTM D 445 Kinematic viscosity of transparent and opaque liquids ASTM D 2343
roving used in reinforced plastics
Apparent horizontal shear strength of reinforced
ASTM D 543 Resistance of plastics to chemical reagents ASTM D 2344
plastics by short beam method
External loading properties of plastic pipe by parallel-
ANSI/ ASTM D 570 Water absorption of plastics ASTM D 2412
plate loading
ASTM D 579 Woven glass fabrics ANSI/ ASTM D 2487 Classification of soils for engineering purposes
Chemical resistance of thermosetting resins used in Reinforced thermosetting plastic gas pressure pipe
ASTM C 581 ASTM D 2517
glass fiber-reinforced structures and fittings
Conditioning plastics and electrical insulating Classifying visual defects in glass-reinforced plastic
ASTM D 618 ANSI/ ASTM D 2563
materials for testing laminate parts
Indentation hardness of plastics by means of a Barcol
ASTM D 621 Deformation of plastics under load ASTM D 2583
Impressor
Rate of burning and/or extent and time of burning of
ANSI/ ASTM D 635 ASTM D 2584 Ignition loss of cured reinforced resins
self-supporting plastics in a horizontal position
Preparation and tension testing of filament-wound
ANSI/ ASTM D 638 Tensile properties of plastics ASTM D 2585
pressure vessels
Hydrostatic compressive strength of glass reinforced
ASTM D 648 Deflection temperature of plastics under flexural load ASTM D 2586
plastics cylinders
Flexural fatigue of plastics by constant-amplitude-of- Interlaminar shear strength of structural reinforced
ASTM D 671 ASTM D 2733
force plastics at elevated temperatures
Long-time creep or stress-relation test of plastics
Underground installation of thermoplastic pressure
ASTM D 674 under tension or compression loads at different ASTM D 2774
piping
temperatures
ANSI/ ASTM D 695 Compressive properties of rigid plastics ASTM D 2924 Test for external pressure resistance of plastic pipe
Beam deflection of reinforced thermoset plastic pipe
ASTM D 696 Coefficient of linear thermal expansion of plastics ASTM D 2925
under full bore flow
ASTM D 747 Stiffness of plastics by means of cantilever beam ASTM D 2990 Tensile and compressive creep rupture of plastics
Determining the physical properties of plastics at
ASTM D 759 ASTM D 2991 Stress relaxation of plastics
subnormal and supernormal temperatures
Rockwell harness of plastics and electrical insulating Obtaining hydrostatic design basis for reinforced
ASTM D 785 ASTM D 2992
materials thermosetting resin pipe
Specification for filament-wound reinforced
ASTM D 790 Flexural properties of plastics ASTM D 2996
thermosetting resin pipe
Specific gravity and density of plastics by Specification for centrifugally cast reinforced
ASTM D 792 ASTM D 2997
displacement thermosetting resin pipe
ASTM D 883 Definition of terms relating to plastics ANSI/ ASTM D 3262 Reinforced plastic mortar sewer pipe
Classification of soil-aggregate mixtures for highway
ASTM D 1045 Sampling and testing plasticizers used in plastics ASTM D 3282
construction purposes
Filament-wound glass fiber-reinforced polyester
ASTM D 1180 Bursting strength of round rigid plastic tubing ASTM D 3299
chemical-resistant tanks
Viscosity of paints, varnishes and lacquers by the Specification for reinforced plastic mortar pressure
ANSI/ ASTM D 1200 ASTM D 3517
Ford viscosity cup pipe
Fine-to-failure of plastic pipe under constant internal Determining dimensions of reinforced thermosetting
ANSI/ ASTM D 1598 ASTM D 3567
pressure resin pipe and fittings
Short-time rupture strength of plastic pipe, tubing, and Test for chemical resistance of thermoset molded
ASTM D 1599 ASTM D 3615
fittings compounds used in manufacture
Chemical resistance of reinforced thermosetting resin
ASTM D 1600 Abbreviation of terms related to plastics ASTM D 3681
pipe in the deflected condition
ASTM D 1694 Threads of reinforced thermoset resin pipe ASTM D 3753 Glass fiber-reinforced polyester manholes
Longitudinal tensile properties of reinforced Specification for reinforced plastic mortar sewer and
ASTM D 2105 ASTM D 3754
thermosetting plastic pipe and tube industrial pressure pipe
Determining dimensions of thermoplastic pipe and Recommended practice for underground installation
ANSI/ ASTM D 2122 ASTM D 3839
fittings of flexible RTRP and RTMP
Cyclic pressure strength of reinforced thermosetting Specification for RP mortar pipe fittings for non-
ASTM D 2143 ASTM D 3840
plastic pipe pressure applications
Specification for woven roving glass fiber for polyester Specification for contact molded glass fiber-reinforced
ASTM D 2150 ASTM D 4097
glass laminates thermoset resin chemical-resistant tanks
ASTM – The American Society for Testing and Materials ANSI = The American National Standards Institute

44
Revision: 12.15.2010 (precedes 08.12.2010