Chapter 3

CENG 212 – Mechanics of Materials
University of Bahrain
College of Eng.
Civil Eng. Dept.
Course:
CHAPTER 3:
CENG 212 - MoM
Instructor:
Mechanical Properties of Materials
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh (Based on Dr. Semih Erhan’s Material)
Table of Contents:
• Title
• Introduction Objectives:
• Axial Testing
• Stress Strain Diag. • The Stress Strain Relationship
• Ductile Materials
• Brittle Materials • Experimental Determination of those Relations
• Hooke’s Law
• Other • Material Behavior
• Poisson’s Ratio
• Example • Mechanical Properties
Book:
Mechanics of Materials
Hibbeler 9thed.
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh 1

Introduction
Why care about Material Characteristics?
Because those control the design of our structures and the size and
College of Eng. number of elements we use. They also allow us to estimate the behavior
Civil Eng. Dept.
of materials under loads and temperature changes.
Course:
CENG 212 - MoM Those are also one of our most important inputs in Structural Analysis Soft.
Instructor:
From AUTODESK ROBOT STR. SOFT.
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh
Table of Contents:
• Title
• Introduction
• Axial Testing
• Stress Strain Diag.
• Brittle Materials
• Hooke’s Law
• Other
• Example
Book:
Hibbeler 9thed.

Introduction
What is the first thing we care about?
University of Bahrain Strength: which measures the amount of stress materials can carry before
College of Eng.
Civil Eng. Dept. failure. (MPa)
Course:
CENG 212 - MoM How do Engineers find the strength of a material?
Instructor:
• Simple: By testing. Famous amongst those test is the axial
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh tension/compression test.
Table of Contents: • In Axial Tension/Compression Tests, the stress vs. strain is plotted and
• Title
• Introduction
useful information are obtained.
• Axial Testing How do we do a “tension test” for example?
• Ductile Materials It generally looks like this:
• Hooke’s Law Measure Put Specimen
• Other Prepare the
Important inside Perform Test Get Readings
Specimen
• Poisson’s Ratio Facts Machine
• Example
Book:
Mechanics of Materials d0 •Before testing, 2 small punch marks identified along
Hibbeler 9thed. specimen’s length.
•Initial x-sectional area A0 and gauge-length distance
L0 L0; between the two marks are measured.
•The specimen is seated into a testing machine.

Axial Testing
•Performing the tension or compression test
•At frequent intervals during test, data is recorded of the applied load P.
College of Eng.
Civil Eng. Dept.
Course:
CENG 212 - MoM
Instructor:
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh
Table of Contents:
• Title
• Introduction
• Axial Testing
• Hooke’s Law
• Other
• Example
Book:
Hibbeler 9thed.
•Elongation δ = L − L0 is measured using either a caliper or an extensometer
then δ is used to calculate the normal strain.
•Sometimes, strain can also be read directly using an electrical-resistance
strain gauge (A cool name for the simple word: sensor)
Axial Testing
•Stress-strain diagram
•A stress-strain diagram is obtained by plotting the stress and corresponding
College of Eng.
strain in the specimen
Civil Eng. Dept. •Conventional stress-strain diagram
Course: •Using recorded data, we can determine nominal or engineering stress by
CENG 212 - MoM
P
=
Instructor:
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh
A
Table of Contents:
• Title
• Introduction •Likewise, nominal or engineering strain is found directly from strain gauge
• Axial Testing
• Stress Strain Diag. reading, or by
• Brittle Materials 
• Hooke’s Law
• Other
 =
L0
• Example
Book:
Hibbeler 9thed.

Axial Testing
•Movie Time:
Ein Video der Fachhochschule Karlsruhe in Deutschland
College of Eng.
(A video from the Technical Univ. Karlsruhe in Germany)
Civil Eng. Dept.
Course: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D8U4G5kcpcM&ab_channel=MaterialsSc
CENG 212 - MoM
ience2000
Instructor:
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh
Table of Contents:
• Title
• Introduction
• Axial Testing
• Hooke’s Law
• Other
• Example
Book:
Hibbeler 9thed.

Axial Testing
Conventional stress-strain diagram (STEEL)
College of Eng.
Civil Eng. Dept.
Course:
CENG 212 - MoM
Instructor:
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh
Table of Contents:
• Title
• Introduction
• Axial Testing
• Hooke’s Law
• Other
• Example
Book:
Hibbeler 9thed.
Conventional and true stress-strain diagrams for ductile material (steel)

Axial Testing
Elastic behavior (Light Orange)
College of Eng. • Stress is proportional to strain (linearly elastic)
Civil Eng. Dept.
• Upper stress limit, or proportional limit; σpl
Course: • If load is removed upon reaching elastic limit,
CENG 212 - MoM
specimen will return to its original shape
Instructor:
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh
Yielding (Orange)
• Material deforms permanently; yielding; plastic deformation
Table of Contents:
• Title • Yield stress, σY
• Introduction
• Axial Testing
• Once yield point reached, specimen continues to elongate without any
• Stress Strain Diag. increase in load
• Brittle Materials • Material is referred to as being perfectly plastic
• Hooke’s Law
• Other
Strain hardening (Light Green)
• Poisson’s Ratio • Ultimate stress, σu
• Example
Book: • While specimen is elongating, its x-sectional area will decrease
Hibbeler 9thed.
• Decrease in area is fairly uniform over entire gauge length

Axial Testing
Necking (Green)
College of Eng. • At ultimate stress, x-sectional area begins to decrease in a localized
Civil Eng. Dept.
region
Course: • As a result, a constriction or “neck” tends to form in this region as
CENG 212 - MoM
specimen elongates further
Instructor:
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh
• Specimen finally breaks at fracture stress, σf
Fracture (Final Point)

Table of Contents:
• Title
• Introduction
• Axial Testing
• Specimen finally breaks at fracture stress, σf
• Hooke’s Law
• Other
• Example
Book:
Mechanics of Materials Necking
Hibbeler 9thed. Failure of ductile material

Axial Testing
WAIT!! Why are there two lines?
Simple. One is the “true” Stress and Strain, which is measured with the
College of Eng.
current area and length.
Civil Eng. Dept.
Course: The other is the “Engineering” stress and strain, which is measured using
CENG 212 - MoM
the initial Length and Area.
Instructor:
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh
Lone Explanation:
Table of Contents:
• Title
•Instead of using original cross-sectional area and length, we can use the
• Introduction actual cross-sectional area and length at the instant the load is measured
• Axial Testing
• Ductile Materials •Values of stress and strain thus calculated are called true stress and true
• Hooke’s Law strain, and a plot of their values is the true stress-strain diagram
• Other
• Example •Although both diagrams are different, most engineering design is done
Book:
Mechanics of Materials within elastic range. In elastic region, both conventional and true stress strain
Hibbeler 9thed.
diagram exhibits similar manner.

Ductile Materials
•Ductile materials
•Materials that can be subjected to large deformation (strains) before it
College of Eng.
ruptures, are called ductile materials. (e.g. mild steel)
Civil Eng. Dept. •Ductile materials are capable of absorbing shock or energy.
Course: •Ductility of material is define as its percent elongation or percent reduction
CENG 212 - MoM
in area at time of fracture
Instructor:
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh
Table of Contents: Lf − L0
• Title
• Introduction
Percent elongation= (100%)
• Axial Testing L0
• Hooke’s Law
• Other
• Example A0 − Af
Book: Percent reduction area= (100%)
Mechanics of Materials A0
Hibbeler 9thed.

Ductile Materials
Offset method
Most metals do not exhibit constant yielding behavior beyond the elastic
University of Bahrain range, e.g. aluminum
College of Eng.
Civil Eng. Dept.
It does not have well-defined yield point, thus it is standard practice to define
Course:
CENG 212 - MoM its yield strength using a graphical procedure called the offset method
Instructor:
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh
Table of Contents:
• Title
• Introduction
• Axial Testing •0.2 % strain is chosen.
• Hooke’s Law
•From this point on the  axis, a line
• Other parallel to initial straight-line portion
• Example of stress-strain diagram is drawn.
Book:
Hibbeler 9thed. •The point where this line intersects
the curve defines the yield strength.

Example
Example: A tension test was performed on an aluminum 2014-T6 alloy
specimen. The resulting stress–strain diagram is shown in the figure. Estimate
College of Eng. (a) the proportional limit, (b) the modulus of elasticity, and (c) the yield
Civil Eng. Dept. strength based on a 0.2% strain offset method.
Course:
CENG 212 - MoM
Ignore me
Instructor:
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh
Table of Contents:
• Title
• Introduction
• Axial Testing
• Ductile Materials This is what we want
• Hooke’s Law
• Other
• Example
Book:
Hibbeler 9thed.

Example
Solution:
Proportional Limit and Yield Strength: From the stress–strain diagram
College of Eng.
Civil Eng. Dept.
Course:  y = 420 MPa

CENG 212 - MoM
Instructor:
pl = 308 MPa
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh Offset line
Table of Contents:
• Title
• Introduction
• Axial Testing
• Hooke’s Law
• Other Modulus of Elasticity: From the stress–strain diagram, the corresponding strain for
• Example σpl = 308 MPa εpl = 0.004
Book:
308 − 0
Hibbeler 9thed.
E= = 77 103 MPa = 77 GPa
0.004 − 0

Brittle Materials
Brittle Materials
Material that exhibit little or no yielding before failure are referred to as
College of Eng.
brittle materials, e.g., gray cast iron
Civil Eng. Dept.
Course: Brittle materials do not have a well-defined tensile fracture stress, since
CENG 212 - MoM
appearance of initial cracks in a specimen is quite random.
Instructor:
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh
Table of Contents:
• Title
• Introduction Tension failure of a brittle material
• Axial Testing
• Hooke’s Law
• Other
• Example
Book:
Hibbeler 9thed.
Concrete
(https://failuremechanisms.wordpress.com/tag/reinforced-concrete/)

Brittle Materials
Stress strain diagram for typical concrete mix
College of Eng. σ (MPa)
Civil Eng. Dept.
Course:
15
CENG 212 - MoM (σt)max= 2.76
Instructor:
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh
Table of Contents:
• Title
• Introduction
-15
• Axial Testing
• Ductile Materials -30
• Hooke’s Law (σc)max==-34.5
-34.5
• Other
• Poisson’s Ratio -45
• Example
Book:
Hibbeler 9thed.

Hooke’s Law
VALID FOR ELASTIC REGION!!!
College of Eng.
Hooke’s law
Civil Eng. Dept. Most engineering materials exhibit a linear relationship between stress and
Course: strain with the elastic region:
CENG 212 - MoM
This relationship is described as follows:
 = E
Instructor:
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh
Table of Contents:
• Title
E is a constant value for each material, also called the modulus of elasticity or
• Introduction Young’s modulus.
• Axial Testing
• Ductile Materials Modulus of elasticity (E) is initial slope of stress-strain diagram and has same
• Hooke’s Law units of stress (Pascal, MPa or GPa).
• Other
• Example
Book:
Hibbeler 9thed.

Modulus of Elasticity
Modulus of Elasticity
• As shown above, most grades of
College of Eng.
steel have same modulus of
Civil Eng. Dept. elasticity, Est = 200 Gpa
Course: • Modulus of elasticity is a
CENG 212 - MoM
mechanical property that
Instructor: indicates the stiffness of a
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh
material
Table of Contents:
• Title
• Materials that are very stiff, such
• Introduction as steel, have large values of E,
• Axial Testing
• Stress Strain Diag. while spongy materials (rubber)
• Ductile Materials have low values.
• Hooke’s Law
• Other WARNING:
• Poisson’s Ratio Modulus of elasticity E, can be used
• Example
Book: only if a material has linear-elastic
Hibbeler 9thed. behavior. (Strain below yield strain)
If stress in material is greater than
the proportional limit, the stress-
strain diagram ceases to be a
straight line and the equation isDr.not
Mahmoud Jahjouh 18
valid
Wait wait….
• Wait… too much information!
College of Eng.
Ductile vs Brittle?
Civil Eng. Dept. Stiff (Rigid) vs Flexible?
Course: Strong vs. Weak?
CENG 212 - MoM
Instructor: What are those?

Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh
Table of Contents:
• Title
Ductile: Fails at high strains (large stress range, visible warning)
• Introduction Brittle: Fails at small strains (small stress range, no warning)
• Axial Testing
• Ductile Materials Stiff (Rigid): Has little strain at working loads and elastic region (high
• Hooke’s Law slope, high Elastic modulus)
• Other
Flexible: Has high strain at working loads and elastic region (low slope,
• Example low elastic modulus)
Book:
Hibbeler 9thed.
Strong: Can carry high stresses
Weak: Can carry low stresses.
(Think: what would you classify the following materials: (1) Steel (2)
Concrete (3) Rubber (4) wood) Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh 19
Example
Example: A concrete cylinder having a diameter of 150 mm and
gauge length of 300 mm is tested in compression. The results of the
College of Eng. test are reported in the table as load versus contraction. Draw the
Civil Eng. Dept. stress–strain diagram using scales of and From the diagram, determine
Course: approximately the modulus of elasticity.
CENG 212 - MoM
Instructor: Load (kN) Contraction (mm)

Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh
0 0
Table of Contents:
• Title 25 0.0150
• Introduction 47.5 0.0300
• Axial Testing
• Stress Strain Diag. 82.5 0.0500
102.5 0.0650
• Hooke’s Law 127.5 0.0850
• Other
• Poisson’s Ratio 150 0.1000
• Example
172.5 0.1125
Book:
Mechanics of Materials 192.5 0.1250
Hibbeler 9thed.
232.5 0.2750
250 0.3850

Example
Solution:
University of Bahrain σ=P/A (MPa) ε=δL/L (mm/mm)
College of Eng.
Civil Eng. Dept. 0 0
1.41 0.00005
Course:
CENG 212 - MoM 2.69 0.00010
Instructor: 4.67 0.000167

Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh
5.80 0.000217
Table of Contents: 7.22 0.000283
• Title
• Introduction 8.49 0.000333
• Axial Testing 9.76 0.000375
• Ductile Materials 10.89 0.000417
• Hooke’s Law 13.16 0.000917 Modulus of Elasticity: From stress-strain diagram
• Other 14.15 0.001283
• Poisson’s Ratio 4.67
• Example E= = 27964 MPa = 27.97 GPa
Book: 0.000167
Hibbeler 9thed.

Example
Example: The rigid pipe is supported by a pin at A and an A-
University of Bahrain 36 steel guy wire BD (Est=200 GPa). If the wire has a diameter of
College of Eng.
Civil Eng. Dept.
6 mm determine how much it stretches when a force P=3 kN
Course:
acts on the pipe.
CENG 212 - MoM
Instructor:
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh
Table of Contents:
• Title
• Introduction
• Axial Testing
• Hooke’s Law
• Other
• Example
Book:
Hibbeler 9thed.

Example
Solution:
University of Bahrain Free Body Diagram
College of Eng.
Civil Eng. Dept. FBD 3 kN
5 4
+  M A = FBD  (0.9) − 3 1.8 = 0
Course:
4
CENG 212 - MoM
3
5
Instructor:
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh Ax FBD = 7.5 kN
0.9 m 0.9 m
Table of Contents:
• Title
Ay
• Introduction
• Axial Testing The normal stress develops in the wire is:
• Stress Strain Diag. The normal strain develops in the wire is:
FBD 7.5(103 )
 BD = = = 265.3 MPa  BD 265.3
• Brittle Materials ABD  2  BD = = = 1.3265  10 −3
• Hooke’s Law (6 ) E 200(103 )
• Other 4
• Example
The unstretched length of wire:
Book:
The wire stretches:
Hibbeler 9thed. LBD = 0.92 + 1.22 = 1.5 m  BD = 1.3265 10−3 1500 = 1.99 mm

Strain Hardening
Strain hardening
If a specimen of ductile material (steel) is loaded
College of Eng.
into the plastic region and then unloaded, elastic
Civil Eng. Dept. strain is recovered as material returns to its
Course: equilibrium state.
CENG 212 - MoM
Instructor: • However, plastic strain remains, thus

Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh
material is subjected to a permanent set.
Table of Contents:
• Title
• Introduction • New stress-strain diagram has higher yield
• Axial Testing
• Stress Strain Diag. point (A’), a result of strain-hardening
• Hooke’s Law • Specimen has a greater elastic region and
• Other
• Poisson’s Ratio less ductility
• Example
Book:
Hibbeler 9thed.

Strain Hardening
Strain hardening
As specimen is unloaded and loaded, heat or
College of Eng.
energy may be lost
Civil Eng. Dept. Colored area between the curves represents lost
Course: energy and is called mechanical hysteresis
CENG 212 - MoM
Instructor: It’s an important consideration when selecting

Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh
materials to serve as dampers for vibrating
Table of Contents:
• Title
structures and equipment
• Introduction σ
• Axial Testing Plastic
Remember: Fatigue Elastic
• Ductile Materials region region
• Hooke’s Law B
• Other
• Poisson’s Ratio A’
• Example
Book:
Hibbeler 9thed.
Mechanical hysteresis
ε
O O’
Strain Energy
What is the work of a force? (Physics)
If the force (F) is constant and the distance in the direction of the force (x) is
College of Eng.
known:
Civil Eng. Dept. 𝑊=𝐹𝑥
Course: If forces are variable but distance is still in direction of force:
CENG 212 - MoM
𝑊 = ∫ 𝐹𝑑𝑥
Instructor: When material is deformed by external loading, energy is stored internally.
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh
What is the force?
Table of Contents:
• Title
Δ𝐹 = 𝜎 Δ𝐴 = 𝜎 Δ𝑦 Δ𝑥
• Introduction What is the deformation?
• Axial Testing
• Stress Strain Diag. 𝛿 = 𝜖 Δ𝑧
• Ductile Materials What is the relation between force and deformation?
• Hooke’s Law Linear: because deformation -> strain -> stress -> force
• Other
• Poisson’s Ratio From hooke’s law.
• Example
Book:
F
Hibbeler 9thed.
Work done

z
Strain Energy
Thus, change in energy is the integration = Area of Triangle.
1
Δ𝑈 = Δ𝐹 𝜖Δ𝑧
College of Eng. 2 F
Civil Eng. Dept.
Remember? Δ𝐹 = 𝜎 Δ𝐴 = 𝜎 Δ𝑦 Δ𝑥
Course:
CENG 212 - MoM
Work done
Instructor: 1 1
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh Δ𝑈 = 𝜎 Δ𝑦 Δ𝑥 𝜖 Δ𝑧 = 𝜎𝜖 Δ𝑉
2 2
Table of Contents:
• Title
• Introduction z
• Axial Testing •Strain-energy density is strain energy per unit volume of material
U   
• Hooke’s Law u= =
• Other
V 2
• Example
Book: If material is linear elastic, ( =E or =σ/E) applies:
Hibbeler 9thed.
  ( / E) 2
u= u=
2 2E
Modulus of Resilience
•Modulus of resilience
University of Bahrain •When stress reaches proportional limit, strain-energy-energy density is

College of Eng.
Civil Eng. Dept.
called modulus of resilience
Course: σ
CENG 212 - MoM
Instructor: σpl
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh
Table of Contents:
ur pl  pl pl 2
ur = =
• Title
• Introduction
• Axial Testing
2 2E
• Ductile Materials ε
• Hooke’s Law
εpl
• Other
Modulus of resilience, ur
• Example
Book:
Mechanics of Materials •A material’s resilience represents its ability to absorb energy without any
Hibbeler 9thed.
permanent damage

Modulus of Toughness
•Modulus of toughness
•Modulus of toughness ut, indicates the strain-energy density of material
College of Eng.
before it fractures
Civil Eng. Dept.
Course:
CENG 212 - MoM σ
Instructor:
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh
Table of Contents:
• Title
• Introduction ut
• Axial Testing
• Hooke’s Law ε
• Other
• Poisson’s Ratio Modulus of toughness, ut
• Example
Book:
Hibbeler 9thed.

Poisson’s Ratio
•Poisson’s Ratio:
When body subjected to axial tensile force, it elongates and contracts
College of Eng.
laterally
Civil Eng. Dept. Similarly, it will contract and its sides expand laterally when subjected to an
Course: axial compressive force
CENG 212 - MoM
Instructor:
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh
Table of Contents:
• Title
• Introduction
• Axial Testing
Tension
• Hooke’s Law
• Other
• Example
Book:
Mechanics of Materials Compression
Hibbeler 9thed.

Poisson’s Ratio
•Poisson’s Ratio:
•Strains are in longitudinal and lateral directions
College of Eng.
•Early 1800s, S.D. Poisson realized that within elastic range, ration of the two
Civil Eng. Dept. strains is a constant value, since both are proportional.
Course:
 lat
CENG 212 - MoM
Instructor: =−
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh
 long
Table of Contents:
• Title Poisson’s Ratio
• Introduction
• Axial Testing
• Stress Strain Diag. ν is unique for homogenous and isotropic material
• Hooke’s Law Why negative sign? Longitudinal elongation cause lateral contraction (-ve
• Other
strain) and vice versa
• Example
Book:
Mechanics of Materials Lateral strain is the same in all lateral (radial) directions
Hibbeler 9thed.
Poisson’s ratio is dimensionless, 0 ≤ ν ≤ 0.5

Example
Example: Bar is made of A-36 steel and behaves elastically. Determine
change in its length and change in dimensions of its cross section after load
College of Eng.
is applied.
Civil Eng. Dept.
Course:
CENG 212 - MoM
Instructor:
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh
Table of Contents:
• Title
• Introduction
• Axial Testing
• Hooke’s Law
• Other
• Example
Book:
Hibbeler 9thed.

Example
_
College of Eng.
Civil Eng. Dept.
Course:
CENG 212 - MoM
Instructor:
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh
Table of Contents:
• Title
• Introduction
• Axial Testing
• Hooke’s Law
• Other
• Example
Book:
Hibbeler 9thed.

Example
Solution:
University of Bahrain Normal stress in the bar:
College of Eng.
Civil Eng. Dept.
Course:
From Table, modulus of elasticity of steel is Est=200 GPa
CENG 212 - MoM
16 −5
Instructor: Normal strain in the bar:  = = 8  10
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh 200  103
Table of Contents:
• Title Axial elongation of the bar:  = 8 10−5 1500 = 0.12 mm
• Introduction
• Axial Testing
From Table, poisson’s ratio is νst = 0.32, in both x and y directions
• Hooke’s Law
• Other
Strains in transverse directions:
• Example  x =  y = −0.32  8 10−5 = −2.56 10−5
Book:
Hibbeler 9thed.
Thus changes in dimensions of cross-section are
 x =  x  Lx = −2.56  10−5  100 = −2.56  10−3 mm
 y =  y  Ly = −2.56 10−5  50 = −1.28 10−3 mm
More Info
Shear stress-strain diagram
Shear strain is angular change. Shear stress-strain diagram is obtained
College of Eng.
applying a torque and recording angle of twist for each load level.
Civil Eng. Dept.
Course:
CENG 212 - MoM
Instructor:
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh
Table of Contents:
• Title
• Introduction
• Axial Testing
• Hooke’s Law Hooke’s law for shear
• Other
• Example  = G
Book:
Mechanics of Materials G is shear modulus of elasticity
Hibbeler 9thed.
or modulus of rigidity.
G is slope of shear stress-strain
diagram
Shear stress-strain relationship
VERY IMPORTANT MATERIAL RELATION
The three material constants E, ν, and G is related by:
College of Eng.
Civil Eng. Dept.
Course:
CENG 212 - MoM
Instructor:
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh
Table of Contents: E
• Title
G=
2( 1 + v )
• Introduction
• Axial Testing
• Hooke’s Law
• Other
• Example
Book:
Hibbeler 9thed.

Example
Example: Specimen of titanium alloy tested in torsion & shear stress-strain
diagram shown below.
College of Eng.
Civil Eng. Dept.
Course:
CENG 212 - MoM
Instructor:
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh
Table of Contents:
• Title
• Introduction
• Axial Testing
• Ductile Materials Stress-strain diagram of titanium alloy
• Hooke’s Law a) Determine shear modulus G, proportional limit, and ultimate shear
• Other
stress.
• Example b) Determine the maximum distance d that the top of the block shown,
Book:
Mechanics of Materials could be displaced horizontally if material behaves elastically when
Hibbeler 9thed.
acted upon by V. Find magnitude of V necessary to cause this
displacement.

Example
Solution:
Shear Modulus
College of Eng. Obtained from the slope of the straight-line portion OA of the τ-γ diagram.
Civil Eng. Dept. Coordinates of A are (0.008 rad, 360 MPa)
Course:
CENG 212 - MoM
Instructor:
360
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh
G= = 45  103 MPa
Table of Contents: 0.008
• Title
• Introduction
• Axial Testing • From same diagram ultimate shear
• Ductile Materials stress and proportional limit
• Hooke’s Law
• Other
• Poisson’s Ratio u = 504 MPa
• Example
Book:
Hibbeler 9thed.
 pl = 360 MPa

Example
Solution:
Maximum elastic displacement and shear force
College of Eng.
Civil Eng. Dept.
d
Course: tan( 0.008 rad )  0.008 =  d = 0.4 mm
CENG 212 - MoM 50
Instructor: Max. elastic strain (γ)
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh
Table of Contents:
• Title V V
• Introduction  pl = 360 =
• Axial Testing A
( 75 )( 100 )
• Brittle Materials Max. elastic stress
• Hooke’s Law
• Other V = 2700 kN
• Example
Book:
Hibbeler 9thed.

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CENG 212 – Mechanics of Materials

Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh 1

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Conventional and true stress-strain diagrams for ductile material (steel)

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Fracture (Final Point)

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Course:  y = 420 MPa

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Instructor: What are those?

Instructor: Load (kN) Contraction (mm)

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Instructor: 4.67 0.000167

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Instructor: • However, plastic strain remains, thus

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Instructor: It’s an important consideration when selecting

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University of Bahrain •When stress reaches proportional limit, strain-energy-energy density is

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Poisson’s ratio is dimensionless, 0 ≤ ν ≤ 0.5

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