CHE 331 – PERANCANGAN ALAT

CONDENSER
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION 2 CONDENSATION
FUNDAMENTALS

3 PROBLEM SOLVING 4 CLOSING REMARK

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INTRODUCTION
• The construction of a condenser = shell & tube exchanger with a wider
baffle spacing, typically equals to Ds.
• For common condenser, the baffle spacing is between 0.2 (or 2 inch
whichever is greater as per TEMA standard) to 0.6 Ds.

Note: TEMA (Tubular Exchange Manufacturer’s Association) standards provide guidelines and recommendations for shell & tube exchanger design
 Why use shell side baffles ?

• The presence of baffles promote the crossflow pattern on the shell side
 better contact of the shell side fluid with the tube surface
 increase the heat transfer efficiency
• As support to tube bundles during operation and thus, minimize the
potential damage caused by flow-induced eddies vibration in the tubes.

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 Condenser Configurations
1 HORIZONTAL, with
condensation in the
shell, and the cooling
medium in the tubes
 the most common condenser
3 VERTICAL, with
condensation in the
shell
2 HORIZONTAL, with
condensation in the
tubes
 common arrangement for
heater/vaporizer
4 VERTICAL, with
condensation in the
tubes
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 Condensation Fundamentals

• Condensation involves a phase change that occurs simultaneously with

the heat transfer process.
• The removal of thermal energy from the vapor causes it lose its latent
heat of vaporization, and thus, to condense onto the surface.
• Vapor to be condensed is allowed to flow in tubes. The cool
temperature of the outer tube surface is maintained by circulating a
colder medium, often water.
• Condensation can be accomplished by decreasing temperature or
increasing pressure, or both.

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Three Types of Condensation Process:
1. Homogeneous Condensation
Homogeneous condensation occurs when the vapor condenses out as
droplets.
Three Types of Condensation Process:
2. Surface Condensation
- The vapor is in contact with a cool surface.
- This type of condensation is common in industrial application.
- Two types of surface condensation:
a. Filmwise condensation
b. Dropwise condensation
Two different mode of condensation (could be their combination)

lower thermal resistance

Surface coating to inhibit wetting is often
used (Teflon, silicone, waxes, fatty acids, etc)
higher heat transfer rate
UPDATE IN SCIENCE
Three Types of Condensation Process:
3. Direct Contact Condensation
- The vapor is in contact with a cold liquid.
- Simpler, less expensive to install, require less auxiliary equipment and
maintenance.
- Volume flow 10-20 times of surface condenser.
- The condensate cannot be reused & may be used to dilute process to
meet regulation of waste disposal.
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In distillation column condenser, we may design the condenser in
two parts.
- First condenser (condensing vapor at condensing temperature)
for returning reflux to the column
- Subcooler at desired temperature ( for storage or as a feed to
other process)

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 TASK #1 MAKE COMPARISON
(Advantage, Disadvantage, Applications)
 TASK #2 PROBLEM SOLVING

1-2 counterflow condenser is employed for the condensation of n-propanol

coming from the top of a distilling column operating at 15 psig, at which
pressure it boils at 244oF. Water is used as the cooling medium with its
temperature of 85oF. Assume that 8 inch tubes are used. Tubes are to be ¾ in
OD, 16 BWG on 15/16-in triangular pitch. If the load of the condenser is
60,000 lb/h of n-proponal and the temperature of water in the exit point is
120oF, please make an advice for this system.

For condensation in the shell:

where s = specific gravity of vapor
COMPARE YOUR DESIGN