ʯʨʭʫʨʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʨʳʷʨʳʰʴʫʬʲʰ

ʹʨʩʸ˃ʵʲʵˆʬʲʵʭʴʬʩʰʹʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ʹʶʵʸʺʰʹʹʨˆʬʵʩʨʪʨʹʨʸʯʵʩʰʹʨʹʬʰʸʵʹʨʴʨˆʨʵʩʨ
ʪʨʹʨʸʯʵʩ-ʹʨʴʨˆʨʵʩʰʯʰʨʹʶʨʸʬʮʵʩʨ
ʸʰʺʻʨʲʻʸ-ʹʨʴʨˆʨʵʩʰʯʰ
ʫʾʬʹʨʹ˄ʨʻʲʰʹʬʸʯ-ʬʸʯʰ
ˀʬʳʨʫʪʬʴʬʲʰʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ

6ʬʲʬʳʬʴʺʰʹʳʨʺʨʸʬʩʲʬʩʰ

ʯʬʳʬʩʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹʹʵʼʲʬʩʰʹʨʫʨʽʨʲʨʽʬʩʰʹʳʨʳʨʱʨ˂ʰ
ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʵʩʰʹʫʰʫʰʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ˄ʲʰʫʨʴʫʨʨˆʲʵʬʩʰʯ
˄ʲʨʳʫʬ

˃ʰʸʰʯʨʫʨʫˀʰʫʨʽʨʸʯʲʰʹʽʭʬʳʵʽʨʸʯʲʰʹʱʨˆʬʯʰʹ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʰʳʬʸʬʯʰʹʨ˅ʨʸʰʹʸʨ˅ʨ-ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʹ
ʪʻʸʰʰʹʯʬʳʬʩʰʫʨʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹʽʨʲʨʽʬʩʰʹʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʵʩʨ

2.ˇʪʻʼʬʩʰ ʹʶʵʸʺʻʲʰˇʪʻʼʬʩʰʫʨʹʬʽ˂ʰʬʩʰʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂
ʼʻʴʽ˂ʰʵʴʰʸʬʩʬʴʹʨʪʨʴʳʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʵ-ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵ
ʫʨ˄ʬʹʬʩʻʲʬʩʬʩˀʰʹʶʵʸʺʻʲʱʲʻʩʬʩʯʨʴʸʨʰʵʴʻʲ
ʱʻʲʺʻʸʰʹʹʨˆʲʬʩˀʰʹˆʭʨʫʨ˄ʬʹʬʩʻʲʬʩʬʩˀʰ

3ʰʴʫʰʭʰʫʬʩʰʵˇʨˆʬʩʰ ʩʬʸʻʨˀʭʰʲʬʩʰʹʵˇʨˆʰʽʨʸʬʲʰʹʯʬʳʰʫʨʴˀʰʫʨʽʨʸʯʲʰ

ʹʨʹʻʸʭʬʲʰʨʳʰʻʯʰʯʵʯ ʫʨʭʰʯʨˀʭʰʲʬʩʰʹʵˇʨˆʰʨˆʳʬʺʰʹʯʬʳʰʫʨʴʱʨˆʬʯʰ
ʸʨʵʫʬʴʵʩʸʰʭʰʳʨˁʭʬʴʬʩʬʲʰ ʿʻʸʨˀʭʰʲʬʩʰʹʵˇʨˆʰʱʨʹʶʰʹʯʬʳʰʫʨʴˀʰʫʨʽʨʸʯʲʰ
ʱʵʴʱʸʬʺʻʲʰʪʭʨʸ-ʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʰ ˆʨʩʨʸʬʲʬʩʰʹʵˇʨˆʰʽʨʸʬʲʰʹʯʬʳʰʫʨʴˀʰʫʨʽʨʸʯʲʰ
ʳ˅ʬʫʲʰˀʭʰʲʬʩʰʹʵˇʨˆʰʪʵʸʰʫʨʴˀʰʫʨʽʨʸʯʲʰ
ʳʻʳʲʨ˃ʬʬʩʰʹʵˇʨˆʰʲʨʪʵʫʬˆʰʹʯʬʳʰʫʨʴʱʨˆʬʯʰ
ˆʻʩʻʲʻʸʬʩʰʹʵˇʨˆʰ-ʹʱʸʨʹʯʬʳʰˀʰʫʨʽʨʸʯʲʰ
ʪʻʸʨʳʯʻˀʰˀʭʰʲʰ-ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰʮʨʽʨʸʰʨʳʵˆʰʨˀʭʰʲʰ-
ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰʳʨʳʻʲʨˀʭʰʲʰʪʰʵʸʪʰ-ʱʨʹʶʰʹʯʬʳʰˀʰʫʨ
ʽʨʸʯʲʰˀʵʯʨˁʵˁʰˀʭʰʲʰ-ʪʵʸʰˀʰʫʨʽʨʸʯʲʰʪʰʵʸʪʰ
ʪʨˁʬˁʰʲʨ˃ʬ-ʮʬʹʺʨʼʵʴʰʰʳʬʸʬʯʰʱʵʩʨʪʵʲʬʯʰʨʴʰ
ʵˇʨˆʰ-˂ʨʪʬʸʰʹʯʬʳʰʸ˅ʨ-ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʨʲʩʬʸʺʮʻʸʨʩʰʨʴʰ-
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʳʻʸʯʨʮʯʻʸʯʰʨ-ʹʨʳʸʬʪʸʬʲʵʩʬʽʨʾʭʰʴʰʨˀʭʰʲʰ
ʸʻʰʹʰʹʯʬʳʰʽʭʬʳʵʽʨʸʯʲʰʵʯʨʸʿʻʸʨˀʭʰʲʰ-
ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰʭʨʲʬʸʰʶʨʸʻʴʨˀʭʰʲʰ-ʹʨʪʨʸʬˇʵʹʯʬʳʰʪʵˁʨ
ʵʹʨ˃ʬ-ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰʪʻʸʨʳʹʨʳˆʨʸʨ˃ʬ-ʿʭʨʸʬʲʰʹʯʬʳʰ
ʱʨˆʬʯʰʸʬʮʵʯʨʩʻʱʨˀʭʰʲʰ-ʳ˂ˆʬʯʨʴʰʱʵʲʵʮ
ʳʬʲʰʽʰˀʭʰʲʰ-ʸʻʹʯʨʭʰʽʭʬʳʵʽʨʸʯʲʰʮʭʰʨʫ
 ʴʰʪʻʸʰʨʴʰ-ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹʯʬʳʰʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʸʵʩʬʸʺ˃ʰ˃ʰˀʭʰʲʰ
ʫʻˀʬʯʰʹʯʬʳʰʳ˂ˆʬʯʨ-ʳʯʰʨʴʬʯʰʹʸʬʪʰʵʴʰʳʨʳʬʫ
ʳʨʳʬʫʵʭʰ-ʳʨʸʴʬʻʲʰʹʯʬʳʰʽʭʬʳʵʽʨʸʯʲʰʳʨʳʬʫ
ʳʨʳʬʫʵʭʰ-ʯʬʲʨʭʰʱʨˆʬʯʰʭʨˆʺʨʴʪʮʵʰ˃ʬʽʵʩʻʲʬʯʰʫʨ
ʹˆʭʨ
ʵʩʰʬʽʺʰʹʶʸʨʽʺʰ˂ʰʸʬʩʨˀʰʫʨ˂ʭʨˀʰʨʾʵʸ˃ʰʴʬʩʨˀʰˁʨʸʯʻʲʰʨʴʳʨʹʯʨʴʱʨʭˀʰʸˀʰʳʿʵʼʰ
ʰʴʹʺʰʺʻ˂ʰʬʩʰʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʨ˂ʰʬʩʰʫʨʨˀ

Äʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ³ʫʨ˂ʭʨʹʨʫʨʳʰʹʶʵʶʻʲʨʸʰʮʨ˂ʰʨʹʨˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʹʨʸʨʬʸʯʰʨʸʨʹʨʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʵʯʻ
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˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹʶʸʨʽʺʰ˂ʰʸʬʩʰʹˆʬʲˀʬʳ˄ʿʵʩʹʨʽʳʰʴʵʩʨʹˆʬʲʳ˃ʾʭʨʴʬʲʵʩʹʨʨʰʶÄʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ
ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰʼʬʫʬʸʨ˂ʰʨ³ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ʯʨʭʰʹʰʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʰʹʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹʸʬʪʰʵʴʬʩˀʰˆʬʲʰ
ˀʬʻ˄ʿʵʸʬʪʰʵʴʨʲʻʸʰʼʬʫʬʸʨ˂ʰʬʩʰʹˁʨʳʵʿʨʲʰʩʬʩʨʹʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʮʬʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹʫʨ˂ʭʰʹʨʫʨ
ʶʵʶʻʲʨʸʰʮʨ˂ʰʰʹʹʨʽʳʬˀʰˁʨʸʯʻʲʰʨʨʨʰʶʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹʱʨˆʬʯʰʹʸʬʪʰʵʴʨʲʻʸʰʼʬʫʬʸʨ˂ʰʨ
ʨʨʰʶʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹˀʰʫʨʽʨʸʯʲʰʹʸʬʪʰʵʴʨʲʻʸʰʼʬʫʬʸʨ˂ʰʨʨʨʰʶʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ
ʰʳʬʸʬʯʰʹʸʬʪʰʵʴʨʲʻʸʰʼʬʫʬʸʨ˂ʰʨʨʨʰʶʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹʽʭʬʳʵʽʨʸʯʲʰʹʸʬʪʰʵʴʨʲʻʸʰ
ʼʬʫʬʸʨ˂ʰʨʨʨʰʶʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵ-ʮʬʳʵʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʼʬʫʬʸʨ˂ʰʨʨʨʰʶʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ
ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰʹʼʬʫʬʸʨ˂ʰʨʨʨʰʶʨ˅ʨʸʰʹʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹʼʬʫʬʸʨ˂ʰʨʹʨʬʸʯʨˀʵʸʰʹʵʹʨʽʭʬʲʳʵʽʳʬʫʵ
ʼʵʴʫʰ³ʽʨʸʯʻ³ʹʶʵʸʺʻʲʰʹʱʵʲʬʩʰʹʶʵʸʺʻʲʰʪʨʬʸʯʰʨʴʬʩʬʩʰʫʨʨˀ
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹʹʨʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʵʫʨʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵʹʨʪʨʴʳʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʲʵʹʬʽʺʵʸˀʰʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹʱʭʲʬʭʰʹ
ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹʨʫʨʶʵʶʻʲʨʸʰʮʨ˂ʰʰʹʳʰʳʨʸʯʻʲʬʩʰʯʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʬʴʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹʹʶʵʸʺʰʹʨʫʨ
ʨˆʨʲʪʨʮʸʫʵʩʰʹʹʨʽʳʬʯʨʹʨʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʵʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʼʰʮʰʱʻʸʰʨʾʮʸʫʰʹʨʫʨʹʶʵʸʺʰʹ
ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʵʻʴʰʭʬʸʹʰʺʬʺʰʰʭʨʴʬˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰʹʰʹʺʵʸʰʰʹʨʫʨʬʯʴʵʲʵʪʰʰʹʰʴʹʺʰʺʻʺʰʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ
ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰʨʸʽʰʭʰʰʲʰʨ˅ʨʭ˅ʨʭʨ˃ʰʹʹʨˆʬʲʵʩʰʹʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹʶʨʸʲʨʳʬʴʺʰʹʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰʩʰʩʲʰʵʯʬʱʨ
ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰʯʭʰʯʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʩʨʹʨˇʨʸʵʫʨʱʬʸ˃ʵʹʱʵʲʬʩʰʫʨʨˀ
ʵʩʰʬʽʺʰʹʨʾ˄ʬʸʨ

ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʨ ʼʰʮʰʱʻʸ ˄ʭʸʯʴʨʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʰ˃ʲʰʬʸʬʮʬ ʵʸʰʬʴʺʰʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʨʳʨʱʨ˂ʯʨ ʨʹʶʨʸʬʮʵʩʨʨ

ʻ˃ʭʬʲʬʹʰ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʹʨʩʸ˃ʵʲʵ-ʹʶʵʸʺʻʲʰ ˀʬˇʰʩʸʰʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʳʬ- ʹʨʻʱʻʴʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʫʨʱʨʸʪʨ ʹʨʩʸ˃ʵʲʵ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʬʼʬʽʺʻʸ ʹʶʵʸʺʻʲ ʹʨʴʨˆʨʵʩʨʫ ʰʽ˂ʨ. ʬʲʬʳʬʴʺʰ
ʱʵʳʶʲʬʽʹʻʸʰʨ ʳʰʹ ʹʶʬ˂ʰʼʰʱʨʹ ˀʬʸʱʰʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʻʹʰʱʰʹ ˂ʬʱʭʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˁʨ˂ʳʻʲʵʩʰʹ ʬʸʯʵʩʲʰʵʩʨ
ʪʨʴʨʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʹ   ʻʳʬʺʬʹʨʫ ʰʳʨʸʯʬʩʨ ʾʰʨ ˂ʰʹ ʽʭʬˀ ʩʨʲʨˆʰʯ ʨʴ ʴʨˆʬʸˆʰʯ ʫʨʼʨʸʻʲ ʨʴ ʯʰʭʨʳʵʿʸʰʲ
ˀʬʳʵʹʨʮʾʭʸʻʲ ʳʵʬʫʨʴʮʬ ʫʨʯʽʳʻʲ ʫʸʵʹ ʪʻʲˀʬʳʨʺʱʰʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ˀʬʱʸʻʲ ˄ʸʬˀʰ ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂
˄ʰʴʨʹ˄ʨʸ ˄ʳʬʴʫʬʴ ʽʭʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʶʨʬʽʸʵʩʰʹ ʫʨ˄ʿʬʩʨʹ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʳʻʹʰʱʨ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʻʸʰ ʮʻʸʴʨ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ
ʫʵʲʰ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʨʹ ʰ˄ʿʬʩʬʴ ʿʳʨ˄ʭʰʲʬʩʰ ʨʪʸ˃ʬʲʬʩʬʴ ʮʸʫʨʹʸʻʲʰ ʼʨʲʨʭʴʬʩʰ.
ʳʬʺʵʽʬʬʩʰ ˆʬʲʰʹ ˁʨʳʵʸʯʳʬʭʰʯ ˂ʭʲʰʨʴ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʹ ʫʨ ˁʵˆʨˀʰ ˆʬʲʰʹ ˁʨʭʲʬʩʰʯ ʰ˄ʿʬʩʬʴ ʵʸʯʨʩʸ˃ʵʲʨʹ
ʳʵʶʨʬʽʸʬʬʩʰ ʯʨʴʫʨʯʨʴ  ʨʽʺʰʻʸʫʬʩʰʨʴ  ʫʨ ʹʶʬ˂ʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʰʲʬʯʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʰʯ ˂ʫʰʲʵʩʬʴ ʳʵʰʶʵʭʵʴ
ʻʶʰʸʨʺʬʹʵʩʨ  ʳʻʹʰʱʨ ʵʸʯʨʩʸ˃ʵʲʰʹ ʱʭʨʲʫʨʱʭʨʲ  ʩʸ˃ʵʲʰʹʻʴʨʸʰʨʴʵʩʨʹ ʻʾʭʰʭʬʩʹ ʺʬʳʶʵ-ʸʰʺʳʹ
ʱʨʸʴʨˆʵʩʹ ʳʵʶʨʬʽʸʬʬʩʹ ʨʮʨʸʺʹ ˈʳʨʺʬʩʹ ʶʨʬʽʸʵʩʨʹ ˀʬʸʱʰʴʬʩʨ ʬʼʬʽʺʻʸʰ ʹʨʴʨˆʨʵʩʸʰʭʰʨ ʫʨ
ʳʸʨʭʨʲʸʰ˂ˆʵʭʨʴʪʻʲˀʬʳʨʺʱʰʭʨʸʹʰʮʰʫʨʭʹ
ˀʬʸʱʰʴʬʩʨ ʪʸ˃ʬʲʫʬʩʨ ˆʻʯʰ ˄ʻʯʰ ʪʨʳʨʸˇʭʬʩʨ ʽʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʻʶʰʸʨʺʬʹʵʩʰʯ ʪʨʴʰʹʨʮʾʭʸʬʩʨ ʫʸʵʰʹ
ʨʳʵ˄ʻʸʭʨʳʫʬ  Äʹʻʼʯʨ ʪʫʬʩʰʯ³ ʩʬ˅ʬʩʮʬ ʫʨʴʨʸ˂ˆʬʩʻʲʰ - ˄ʨʪʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʨʱʸ˃ʨʲʻʲʰʨ ʫʨ˂ʬʳʻʲ
ʳʵ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʬʹʯʨʴʩʸ˃ʵʲʰʹʪʨʪʸ˃ʬʲʬʩʨ. ʶʨʬʽʸʵʩʰʹʫʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʰʹʨʹʳʬʺʵʽʬʬʩʰʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʰʹʳʰʳʨʸʯ
ʶʨʺʰʭʰʹ˂ʬʳʨʹ ˆʬʲʰʹ ˁʨʳʵʸʯʳʬʭʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʳˆʨʸ-ʳʱʬʸʫʰʹ ʳʰʩˇʬʴʰʯ ʪʨʳʵˆʨʺʨʭʬʴ ʮʵʪˇʬʸ ˀʬʸʱʰʴʬʩʰʹ
ʩʵʲʵʹʼʨʲʨʭʴʬʩʰʳʵʬʫʨʴʹʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ˂ʬʱʭʰʹʰʲʬʯʬʩʰʹˀʬʹʸʻʲʬʩʰʯʺʵʭʬʩʬʴˆˀʰʸʨʫʪʨʳʨʸˇʭʬʩʻʲʰ
ʼʨʲʨʭʨʴʰ˂ʵ˂ˆʨʲʰʿʵˁʰʯʨʴʹˆʭʨʶʸʰʮʰʯˇʰʲʫʵʭʫʬʩʨ
ʽʨʸʯʻʲ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʨʹ ʹˆʭʨ ˆʨʲˆʬʩʰʹ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʻʲ ʹʨʩʸ˃ʵʲʵ-ʹʶʵʸʺʻʲʰ ʹʨˆʬʵʩʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʨʸˁʬʭʹ
ʹʶʬ˂ʰʼʰʱʻʸʰʰʲʬʯʬʩʰʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂˃ʰʸʰʯʨʫʨʫʹʨʬʸʯʵʨʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨʱʻʯˆʬˀʰʯʻʳ˂ʨ
ʨʸʰʹʲʵʱʨʲʻʸʰʪʨʴʹˆʭʨʭʬʩʬʩʰ
ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʼʬʸʵʭʴʬʩʨʹ ʯʨʴ ʨˆʲʨʭʹ ʰʲʬʯʬʩʰʹ ʹʰʳʸʨʭʲʬ ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ ʻʳʬʺʬʹ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰʹ
ʨʫʸʰʴʫʬʲʰ ʹʨˆʬʲ˄ʵʫʬʩʬʩʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ˀʬʳʵʸˁʨ ʨʹʬʯʬʩʰʨ ʱʨʻʸʬʩʰ ʾʵˇʻʸʬʩʰ ʯʬ˃ʵʬʩʰ ʳʵʪʭʬʸʫʬʩʰ
ʱʰʹʸʻʲʬʩʰʹʨʸʳʬʩʰʫʨʹˆʭʰʲʬʯʬʩʹ˃ʰʸʰʯʨʫʨʫˇʪʻʼʨʫˈʿʵʼʬʴ
ʹʨʸʳʨ ʰʹʬʯʰ ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʨʨ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʼʬˆʰʹ ʳʵʫʬʩʨ ˆʫʬʩʨ, ʳʵ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʬ, ʯʨʭʰʹ ʼʬˆʹ ˀʬʻʿʵʼʹ
ʳʵ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʬʩʹ ʼʬˆʬʩˀʻʨ; ʽʻʹʲʰʯʨ ʫʨ ˄ʭʰʭʰʹ ʻʱʨʴʨ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʹ ʳʵʹʫʬʩʹ ʳʵ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʰʹ ˄ʭʰʭʰʹ ʻʱʨʴʨ
ʴʨ˄ʰʲʹ ʫʨ ʼʬˆʰʯ ʯʨʭʰʹʱʬʴ ʬ˄ʬʭʨ, ˆʬʲʬʩʰʯ ʱʰ ʻʩʰ˃ʪʬʩʹ ʳʵ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʬʹ. ʨʸʰʹ ʹʨʸʳʰʹ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ
ʭʨʸʰʨʴʺʬʩʰ: ʨʳʵʹʳʻʲʰ ˀʻʨʹʨʸʳʨ, ʽʻʹʲʻʸʰ, ʪʨʸʬʹʨʸʳʨ, ʪʨʴʪʨʳʵʱʸʻʲʰ ˀʻʨ ʹʨʸʳʨ, ʪʨʳʵʱʸʻʲʰ ˀʻʨʹʨʸʳʨ
ʫʨ ʨ.ˀ.
ʱʨʻʸʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʵ˅ʰʫʨʭʬ ʬʸʯ ˆʬʲʹ ˁʨˈʱʰʫʬʩʹ ˁʵˆʰʹ ʿʻʸˀʰ, ʳʬʵʸʬ ˆʬʲʹ ʪʨʫʨʻʺʨʸʬʩʹ ʳˆʨʸʮʬ ʫʨ
ˁʨʨʭʲʬʩʹ ʽʨʳʨʸˀʰ, ʼʬˆʹ ʱʰ ˀʬʿʵʼʹ ʳʵ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʰʹ ʼʬˆʬʩˀʻʨ, ˀʬʳʵˆʭʬʭʹ, ʼʬˆʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʯʬ˃ʵʹ ʩʰ˃ʪʬʩʰʯ
ʳʨʾʲʨ ʨʹ˄ʬʭʹ ʳʵ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʬʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʳʵˈʿʨʭʹ ˄ʵʴʨʹ˄ʵʸʵʩʰʫʨʴ, ʯʨʭʰʹʱʬʴ ʳʰʰʮʰʫʨʭʹ ʫʨ ʨʪʫʬʩʹ ʪʻʲʨʾʳʨ.
ʱʨʻʸʬʩʰ˂ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʹʨˆʰʹʨʨ: ʳʱʲʨʻʸʰ ʪʨʸʬ ʱʨʻʸʰ, ʳʻˆʲʽʭʬˀʨ ˀʻʨ ʱʨʻʸʰ, ˁʨʱʬʺʰʲʰ ˀʻʨ ʱʨʻʸʰ ʫʨ ʨ.ˀ.
˂ʬʸʻʲʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʵ˅ʰʫʨʭʬ ʼʬˆʰʹ ʺʬʸʼʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰʯ ʳʵ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʬʹ ʪʨʸʬʫʨʴ ʨ˄ʭʬʩʨ ˄ʭʰʭʮʬ,
ʳˆʸʬʩʯʨʴ ˁʨʭʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʬʸʯʰ ˆʬʲʰʯ ʳʰʰʮʰʫʨʭʹ, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʬʵʸʬʯʰ ʪʨʴʰʮʰʫʨʭʹ ˄ʵʴʨʹ˄ʵʸʵʩʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʹʻʲ
ʳʵ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʬʹ. ˂ʬʸʻʲʹʨ˂ ʪʨʨˁʴʰʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʭʨʸʰʨʴʺʬʩʰ: ˂ʬʸʻʲʰ ʳˆʨʸʯʬ˃ʵʹ ʫʨ˅ʬʸʰʯ, ˂ʬʸʻʲʰ ʳˆʸʬʩˀʰ
ˆʬʲʰʹ ˁʨʭʲʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ. ʾʵˇʻʸʰ ʰʹʬʯʰ ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʨʨ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʳʵ˅ʰʫʨʭʬ ˆʬʲʬʩʹ ˀʬʳʵˆʭʬʭʹ ʳʵ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʬʹ
˄ʬʲʮʬ, ʯʨʭʰʹʱʬʴ ʳʰʰʮʰʫʨʭʹ, ʨʰʺʨ˂ʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʺʨʴʰʹ ʳʨʸ˂ˆʴʰʭ ʨʴ ʳʨʸˇʭʴʰʭ ˀʬʳʵʩʸʻʴʬʩʰʯ ʪʻʲʨʾʳʨ ʨʪʫʬʩʹ
ʹʨʸʩʰʬʲʮʬ. ʾʵˇʻʸʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʬʩʰʨ: ˄ʰʴʨ ʾʵˇʻʸʰ, ʻʱʨʴʨ ʾʵˇʻʸʰ, ʪʭʬʸʫʰʯʰ ʾʵˇʻʸʰ
ʳʵʪʭʬʸʫʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʵ˅ʰʫʨʭʬ ˆʬʲʹ ʨʭʲʬʩʹ ʳʵ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʬʹ ʽʨʳʨʸʹʨ ʫʨ ˁʵˆʰʹ ʿʻʸˀʰ, ʬʸʯʰ ʼʬˆʰ ˄ʰʴ
ʻʫʪʨʹ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʻʱʨʴ, ˄ʵʴʨʹ˄ʵʸʵʩʨʹ ʪʨʫʨʰʺʨʴʹ ˄ʰʴʨ ʼʬˆʮʬ, ʳʻˆʲʬʩˀʰ ʵʫʴʨʭ ʳʵʰˆʸʬʩʨ, ˀʬʳʵʩʸʻʴʫʬʩʨ,
ʪʭʬʸʫʹ ˀʬʨ˂ʻʸʬʩʹ ʳʵ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʰʹ ʳʻ˂ʲʰʹ ʽʭʬˀ, ʻʩʰ˃ʪʬʩʹ ʳʻ˂ʲʰʹ ʨʸʬˀʰ. ʳʻˆʲʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʰʳʨʸʯʬʩʨ,
ʳʵ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʬʹ ʪʨʫʳʵʰʺʨʴʹ ʫʨ ʨʪʫʬʩʹ. ʳʵʪʭʬʸʫʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʬʩʰʨ: ʳʵʱʲʬ ʳʵʪʭʬʸʫʰ, ʳʱʲʨʭˁʨʱʬʺʰʲʰ
ʳʵʪʭʬʸʫʰ, ʾʸʳʨ ʳʵʪʭʬʸʫʰ, ʪʸ˃ʬʲʰ ʳʵʪʭʬʸʫʰ ʫʨ ʨ.ˀ.
ʯʬ˃ʵʹ ˁʨʺʨʸʬʩʰʹʨʹ ʳʵ˅ʰʫʨʭʬ ʳʵ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʬʹ ˆʬʲʹ ʨʭʲʬʩʹ ˁʵˆʨʹʨ ʫʨ ʽʨʳʨʸˀʰ, ˄ʵʴʨʹ˄ʵʸʵʩʨʹ ʪʨʫʨʰʺʨʴʹ
˄ʰʴʨ ʼʬˆʮʬ, ʻʱʨʴʨ ʼʬˆʹ ʪʨʫʨʫʪʨʳʹ ʳʵ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʰʹ ʼʬˆʬʩˀʻʨ, ʳʻˆʲʬʩˀʰ ʵʫʴʨʭ ʳʵʰˆʸʬʩʨ, ʯʬ˃ʵʹ
ʳʰʨʿʸʫʴʵʩʹ ʳʵ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʰʹ ʩʨʸ˃ʨʿʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʻ˂ʲʰʹ ʨʸʬʹ, ʯʬ˃ʵʹ ʻʩʰ˃ʪʬʩʹ. ʳʻˆʲʬʩˀʰ ʪʨʰʳʨʸʯʬʩʨ, ˆʬʲʰʯ
ʳʵʰʮʰʫʨʭʹ ʫʨ ʯʬ˃ʵʮʬ ʪʨʫʳʵʺʨʸʬʩʰʯ ʨʪʫʬʩʹ ʪʻʲʨʾʳʨ. ʯʬ˃ʵʹʨ˂ ʪʨʨˁʴʰʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʭʨʸʰʨʴʺʬʩʰ: ʵʸʳˆʸʰʭʰ
ʯʬ˃ʵ, ˆʬʲʳʵˆʭʬʻʲʰ ʯʬ˃ʵ, ˀʬʩʸʻʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʯʬ˃ʵ ʫʨ ʨ.ˀ.
ʱʰʹʸʻʲʰʹ ˁʨʺʨʸʬʩʰʹʨʹ ʳʵ˅ʰʫʨʭʬ ˆʬʲʹ ʨʭʲʬʩʹ ʳʵ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʬʹ ˁʵˆʨˀʰ ʫʨ ˂ʸʻ ʳʵ˃ʸʨʵʩʰʯ ʪʨʳʵʰʿʭʨʴʹ
˄ʵʴʨʹ˄ʵʸʵʩʰʫʨʴ, ʹ˄ʸʨʼʨʫ ˀʬʩʸʻʴʫʬʩʨ, ʳˆʸʬʩʹ ʫʨ ˄ʬʲʹ ˀʬʻ˂ʻʸʬʩʹ ʳʻ˂ʬʲʹʨ ʫʨ ʳˆʸʬʩʯʨʴ, ʳʻˆʲʬʩˀʰ
ʪʨʰʳʨʸʯʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʳʵ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʬʹ ʳʵʰʱʰʫʬʩʹ ʮʻʸʪʮʬ, ˄ʰʴ ʫʨʰˆʸʬʩʨ, ʱʰʹʬʸʮʬ ʪʨʫʳʵʺʨʸʬʩʰʯ ʨʪʫʬʩʹ
˃ʰʸʹ.
ʩʸʻʴʬʩʰʹ ˁʨʺʨʸʬʩʰʹʨʹ ʳʵ˅ʰʫʨʭʬ ʳʵ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʬʹ ʯʬ˃ʵʮʬ ʨʴ ˀʻʨʱʨʻʸʮʬ ʳʿʵʼʹ ʨ˄ʬʭʹ ʳʨʾʲʨ ˆʬʲʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ
ʼʬˆʰʯ, ʨʪʫʬʩʹ ʪʻʲʨʾʳʨ ʻʱʨʴ. ʩʸʻʴʬʩʰʹ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʹʨˆʰʹʨʨ: ʪʨʸʬʱʨʻʸʰʹ ʩʸʻʴʰ, ˆʬʲʪʨʫʨʭʲʬʩʻʲʰ
ˀʻʨʱʨʻʸʰʹ ʩʸʻʴʰ ʫʨ ʨ.ˀ. ʫʾʬʰʹʨʯʭʰʹʫʨʼʰʽʹʰʸʬʩʻʲʰʨʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ-ʳʫʬʰʲʬʯʰʫʨ
ʱʵʴʺʸ-ʰʲʬʯʰ ʬʲʬʳʬʴʺʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʰʯʵʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʳʵ˅ʰʫʨʭʰʹ ʵʹʺʨʺʵʩʨʹ ʰʲʬʯʬʩʰʹ
ʱʵʳʩʰʴʰʸʬʩʨʪʨʴʹʨʮʾʭʸʨʭʹ
ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʫʨʳʨˆʨʹʰʨʯʬʩʬʲʰʨ ʸʨʰʴʫʻʲʰ ʹʻʲʰ. ʳʰʻʾʬʩʬʲʰʨ ʹʨʸʩʰʬʲʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʽ˂ʬʭʨ,
ʫʨ˂ʬʳʻʲʯʨʴ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʨ, ʳʵ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʰʹ ʪʨʴʮʸʨˆ ʫʨˀʨʭʬʩʰʹ ʳ˂ʫʬʲʵʩʨ. ˀʬʸʱʰʴʬʩʨ  ʶʰʸʫʨʶʰʸʰʨ: ˆʬʲʰ-
ˆʬʲʹ ʬʩʸ˃ʭʰʹ, ʼʬˆʰ-ʼʬˆʹ, ʯʬ˃ʵ-ʯʬ˃ʵʹ. ʪʨʳʵʸʰ˂ˆʻʲʰʨ ʳʰʶʨʸʭʨ, ʨʴ ʳʮʨʱʭʸʻʲʰ ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʨ. ʳʵ˅ʰʫʨʭʬʴʰ
˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ ʫʨ˄ʿʬʩʰʹʨʹ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʶʰʸʰʹʶʰʸ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʫʪʴʬʴ, ʯʻʱʰ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹʨʹ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ʫʨʬ˂ʬʳʨ,
ʫʨʻˀʭʬʩʬʲʰʨ ʳʨʹʯʨʴʩʸ˃ʵʲʰʹʪʨʪʸ˃ʬʲʬʩʨʳʨʹʮʬ ʳʰ˄ʵʲʨ ʨʴ ʳʵʬʫʴʰʫʨʴʪʨʫʨʪʵʸʬʩʨ. 
˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ ʹʸʻʲʿʵʼʨ ʯʨʵʩʰʫʨʴ ʯʨʵʩʨʮʬ ʪʨʫʨ˂ʬʳʨ ˆʫʬʩʨ ʵˇʨˆʬʩˀʰ ʹʵʼʲʬʩˀʰ ʯʬʳʬʩˀʰ ʨʫʸʬ
ʪʨʮʨʼˆʻʲʰʫʨʴ ʪʭʰʨʴ ˀʬʳʵʫʪʵʳʨʳʫʬ ʾʰʨ ʹʰʭʸ˂ʬˀʰ ʹʨʯʨʳʨˀʵʫ ʪʨʳʵʹʻʲʰ ʳʵʮʨʸʫʬʩʰ  ʳ˄ʭʸʯʴʬʲ-
ʳʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʲʰʹʪʨʸʬˀʬʰ˄ʿʬʩʬʴ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹʻʴʨʸ-ˁʭʬʭʬʩʰʹʫʨˆʭʬ˄ʨʹʰʿʬʴʬʩʬʴʴʨʴʨˆʯʻʻʱʭʬʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʫʨ
ʫʨˆʭʬ˄ʰʲʯʭʰʯˀʬʹ˄ʨʭʲʰʲʰʲʬʯʬʩʹʬʹʳʨʯʯʭʰʹʪʨʸʯʵʩʰʹʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰʫʸʵʰʹʪʨʺʨʸʬʩʰʹʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰ
ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʲʵʩʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʭʲʬʴʰʹ ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨʨ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʰ ʽʵʳʨʪʬʩʰ
ʬˆʳʨʸʬʩʰʨʴʳʨʯʰʲʬʯʰʹʹ˄ʵʸʨʫʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʨˀʰʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹˀʬʹ˄ʨʭʲʨʨʸʨʼʵʸʳʨʲʻʸʯʨʴʬʸʯʨʫ
ˆʫʬʩʨ ʼʵʸʳʨʲʻʸʨʫ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʵ ʫʨ ʻʳʨʾʲʬʹ ʹʨʪʨʴʳʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʲʵ ʫʨ˄ʬʹʬʩʻʲʬʩʬʩˀʰ ʼʰʮʰʱʻʸʰ
ʨʾʮʸʫʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʶʬ˂ʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʶʸʵʪʸʨʳʬʩʰʹ ʼʨʸʪʲʬʩˀʰ ʰʹʬ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ ʸʬʪʰʵʴʨʲʻʸʰ
ʼʬʫʬʸʨ˂ʰʬʩʰʹʳʰʬʸ
ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ ˇʪʻʼʰ-ʹʬʽ˂ʰʬʩʰ ˄ʸʬʬʩʰ ʼʻʴʽ˂ʰʵʴʰʸʬʩʹ ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʹʵʼʲʰʹʨ ʯʻ ʽʨʲʨʽʰʹ
ʹʶʵʸʺʻʲ˂ʬʴʺʸʬʩˀʰʹʨˇʨʸʵʫʨʱʬʸ˃ʵʹʱʵʲʬʩˀʰʱʲʻʩʬʩˀʰ.

ʨʨʰʶ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʼʬʫʬʸʨ˂ʰʰʹ³ ʫʨ ʸʬʪʰʵʴʨʲʻʸʰ ʼʬʫʬʸʨ˂ʰʬʩʰʹ
ʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʨ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʻʲʰʨ ʬʲʬʳʬʴʺʰʹ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʪʸ˃ʬʲʬʩʰʹʱʬʴ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʹʨʯʨʭʬˀʰ ʻʫʪʨʴʨʴ ʹʵʼʲʨʫ
ʯʻ ʽʨʲʨʽʨʫ ʹʶʵʸʺʻʲ-ʹʨʴʨˆʨʵʩʰʯʰ ˀʬˇʰʩʸʬʩʬʩʰʹ ʳʵ˄ʿʵʩʨʹ ʹʨʪʨʴʳʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʲʵ ʹʬʽʺʵʸʹʨ ʫʨ
ʳʵʿʭʨʸʻʲʯʨʪʨʬʸʯʰʨʴʬʩʬʩˀʰʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʰʼʨʲʨʭʴʬʩʰʹˁʨʸʯʭʰʯ˂ʵʫʴʰʹʪʨʫʨ˂ʬʳʰʹˆʬʲˀʬ˄ʿʵʩʨʹ
ʪʨʸʫʨ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰʹʨ ʬʲʬʳʬʴʺʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ˂ʵʫʴʰʹ ʪʨʫʨ˂ʬʳʨ ʹʨʪʨʴʳʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʲʵ-ʶʵʶʻʲʨʸʻʲʰ
ʶʻʩʲʰʱʨ˂ʰʬʩʰʯ ˆʫʬʩʨ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʹ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ ʨʸʨʬʸʯʰ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˃ʾʭʨʴʬʲʵ ʹʨʫʨ˂ ˀʬʹʻʲʰʨ
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʨ ʨʹʬʭʬ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ˀʬʳʵʸˁʬʴʰʲʰ ʰʲʬʯʬʩʰ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ
˂ʵʫʴʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʻʴʨʸ-ˁʭʬʭʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹ˄ʨʭʲʨʹ ˆʬʲʹ ʻ˄ʿʵʩʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʺʬʲʬʭʰʮʰʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʳʬʫʰʰʹ
ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʬʩʰʯ ʳʰʹʰ ʪʨˀʻʽʬʩʨ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ ʺʸʨʴʹʲʰʸʬʩʨ ʩʵʲʵ ʫʸʵʳʫʬ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʺʬʲʬʭʰʮʰʰʯ
ʪʨʫʨʰ˂ʬʳʵʫʨʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹˀʬʳʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʲʰʪʨʱʭʬʯʰʲʬʩʰ
ʫʾʬʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʬʲʬʳʬʴʺʰ ʹʵ˂ʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʰʹ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨʨ ʽʨʸʯʻʲ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʨʹ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂
ʸʨʰʴʫʵʩʰʹʰʴʹʺʰʺʻʺʹʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʰʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰʰʫʬʴʺʵʩʰʹʪʨʳʵʳˆʨʺʭʬʲʨʫʳʰʰˁʴʬʭʬʴʰʪʰˆʬʲʹʻ˄ʿʵʩʹ
ʯʬʳˀʰ ˇʨʴʹʨʾʰ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ ˄ʬʹʰʹ ʫʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʩʨʹ ʳʵʮʨʸʫʰ ʯʨʵʩʰʹ ʹʻʲʰʬʸ ʫʨ ʼʰʮʰʱʻʸ ʨʾʮʸʫʨʹ
ˇʨʴʹʨʾʰ ʶʨʬʽʸʵʩʰʹ ʹʻʲʰʹʱʭʬʯʬʩʰʹ ʺʵʲʬʸʨʴʺʻʲʰ ʩʻʴʬʩʰʹ ˁʨʳʵʿʨʲʰʩʬʩʨʹ ʬʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʩʨ ʭʨʷʱʨ˂ʻʸʰ
ʩʻʴʬʩʰʹʶʰʸʵʭʴʬʩʰʹʪʨʳʵʭʲʬʴʨʹ
ˀʬˇʰʩʸʬʩʬʩʰ ʰʳʨʸʯʬʩʨ ʨʸʨ ʳʨʸʺʵ ʯʬʳˀʰ ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʯʬʳʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ
ʻʳ˂ʰʸʬʹʵʩʬʩʰʯ ʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʻʲ ʸʬʪʰʵʴʬʩˀʰ ʫʨ ʳʻʲʺʰʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ
ˆʬʲʹ ʻ˄ʿʵʩʹ  ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʾʸʳʨʭʬʩʨʹ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʯʬʳʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʳʰʻˆʬʫʨʭʨʫ
ʬʯʴʰʱʻʸʰ ʯʻ ʸʬʲʰʪʰʻʸʰ ʪʨʴʹˆʭʨʭʬʩʰʹʨ ʨˆʨʲʪʨʮʸʫʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʳʬʪʵʩʸʬʩʨʹ ʯʨʵʩʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ
ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʰʹʪʨʴʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʨʹ
Äʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʨʹ³ ʨˆʨʹʰʨʯʬʩʹ ʸʨʰʴʫʻʲʰ ʩʻʴʬʩʨ ʰʹ ʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʩʹ ʳʵ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʰʹ ʶʨʺʰʭʰʹ˂ʬʳʰʹ
ʫʨ˂ʬʳʻʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʸʰʫʬʩʰʹ ʻʴʨʸʹ ʪʨʳʵʸʰ˂ˆʨʭʹ ʳʺʱʰʭʴʬʻʲ ʫʨ ˀʬʻʸʨ˂ʳʿʵʼʬʲ ʰʲʬʯʬʩʹ ʫʨʳʨʸ˂ˆʬʩʨ ʨʸ
ʪʻʲʰʹˆʳʵʩʹ ʳʺʸʵʩʨʹ ʴʬʩʰʹʳʰʬʸʰ ʶʨʬʽʸʵʩʨ ʳʬʺʵʽʬʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʳʬʪʵʩʸʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʳˆʨʺʭʬʲʰ ʸʰʺʻʨʲʰʯʨ
ʫʨˆʬʲʰʹˁʨʳʵʸʳʬʭʰʯʹʸʻʲʫʬʩʨˆʬʲʹʻ˄ʿʵʩʹʹʵ˂ʰʻʳˀʰʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʶʨʺʰʭʰʹ˂ʬʳʰʹʪʨʾʸʳʨʭʬʩʨʹ
ʬʲʬʳʬʴʺʰʹ ʬʸʯ-ʬʸʯʰ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʨʴʰ ʹʵ˂ʰʨʲʻʸ-ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʼʻʴʽ˂ʰʨʨ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʼʨʸʪʲʬʩʹ
ʪʨʸʬʯ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʰ ʽʨʸʯʻʲ ʫʰʨʹʶʵʸʬʩˀʰ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʰʫʬʴʺʵʩʰʹ ˀʬʪʸ˃ʴʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʴʨʸˁʻʴʬʩʨ
ʫʰʨʹʶʵʸʬʩʰʹʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʬʩʰʯʰʳʨʸʯʬʩʨˀʬˇʰʩʸʬʩʬʩʰʨʮʬʸʩʨʰˇʨʴˀʰʻʱʸʨʰʴʨˀʰʨˀˀ-ˀʰʸʻʹʬʯˀʰ
ʬʲʬʳʬʴʺʰ ʨʬʸʯʰʨʴʬʩʹ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʱʻʯˆʬˀʰ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʻʲʨʫ ˁʨʳʵʿʨʲʰʩʬʩʻʲ ʱʻʯˆʻʸ
ʰʲʬʯʬʩʹʻʮʸʻʴʭʬʲʿʵʼʹʳʨʯʹʰ˂ʵ˂ˆʲʰʹʻʴʨʸʰʨʴʵʩʨʹˆʬʲʹʻ˄ʿʵʩʹʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰʳʸʨʭʨʲʼʬʸʵʭʴʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʴʨʸˁʻʴʬʩʨʹʨʫʨ˄ʨʸʳʵˁʬʴʨʹ
ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ ʹʨʳʵʹʰ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʺʨʴʹʨ˂ʳʲʰʹ  ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰʨ ʫʨ ʳʨʳʨʱʨ˂ʰʹ  ʹʨʳʵʹʰʹ
ʳʹʪʨʭʹʨʫ  Äˁʵˆʨ³ ˈʽʭʰʨ ˁʵˆʨ ʻʹʨˆʬʲʵ ʻʹʨʿʬʲʵ ʫʨ ˄ʰʴʰʫʨʴ ʹʰʪʸʬ˃ʬʮʬ ˁʨ˅ʸʰʲʰ ʳʵʱʲʬ ˆʨʲʨʯʰʨ
ʹʰʪʸ˃ʬ-ʹʳʱʨʲʯʬʩʰʹʹʰʪʨʴʬ125ʹʳ.).ˁʵˆʨʰʱʬʸʬʩʨʹʽʬʲʰʫʨʳʱʭʸʰʭʰʺʰʲʵʹʪʨʴʱʨʲʯʬʩʰʹʽʵʩʨ
ʫʨʱʬ˂ʰʲʰʨ.  ʽʨʳʨʸʰ ʳʮʨʫʫʬʩʨ ʺʰʲʵʹ ʰʳʨʭʬ ʽʹʵʭʰʲʰʹʪʨʴ X55 ʽʵʩʨ ʹʨʳʵʹʲʰʹ ʱʰʫʻʸʰʹ ʹʨʫʬʩʰ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹʨʹ  ˀʨʲʰʹ ˆʨʲʨʯʹ ʰ˂ʭʨʳʫʴʬʴ ʽʨʳʨʸʰ ʼʨʲʨʭʴʰʹ ʱʵʹʺʰʻʳʰʹ ʨʻ˂ʰʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʬʲʬʳʬʴʺʰ
ʰʿʵ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂  ˄ʬʲʮʬ ʳʨʪʸʨʫ ʻʴʫʨ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ  ʳʵ˅ʬʸʰʲʰ ʼʬˆʮʬ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʽʨʲʨʳʴʬʩʰ ʬ˂ʭʨʯ ʯʨʭʮʬ
ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʸʰʭʹʭʨʴʻʸʰʽʻʫʰʬˆʻʸʨʯ.
ʽʨʲʬʩʰ ʨʸ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʬʴ ʯʻʳ˂ʨ ˂ʴʵʩʰʲʰʨ ʽʨʲʯʨ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ ʬʸʯʬʻʲʰ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʬʩʰ ʽʨʲʬʩʰ ʨʽʺʰʻʸʨʫ
ʪʻʲˀʬʳʨʺʱʰʭʸʵʩʬʴ ʳʵʶʨʬʽʸʬ ʭʨʷʬʩʹ ʩʵʲʵ ʫʸʵʳʫʬ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨˀʰ ʫʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʨˆʨʲʪʨʮʸʫʨ
ʽʨʲʰʹʨʯʭʰʹʯʨʭʰʹʳʵ˄ʵʴʬʩʰʹʳʰʮʴʰʯʨˆʨʲʪʨʮʸʫʨʳʨʳʨʱʨ˂ʬʩʰʹ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʨ
ˀʰʫʨʫʨʽʭʬʳʵʽʨʸʯʲʰʹʱʨˆʬʯʰʹʰʳʬʸʬʯʰʹʫʨʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹʹˆʭʨʱʻʯˆʬʬʩʰʹʹʵʼʲʬʩʹʨʯʻʸʨʰʵʴʻʲ
˂ʬʴʺʸʬʩˀʰ ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʻʲʰʨ ˀʬʸʱʰʴʬʩʰʹ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʨ ʾʰʨ ˂ʰʹ ʽʭʬˀ ʹʶʬ˂ʰʨʲʻʸʨʫ ʪʨʳʵʿʵʼʰʲ ʴʨˆʬʸˆʰʯʨ
ʯʻʩʨʲʨˆʰʯʫʨʼʨʸʻʲʳʵʬʫʨʴʮʬʨʹʬʯʰʨʹʶʨʸʬʮʵʩʨʯʨʴʹʫʬʭʹʸʬʲʰʪʰʻʸʫʾʬʹʨʹ˄ʨʻʲʬʩʹʪʰʵʸʪʵʩʨʹ
ʳʨʸʰʨʳʵʩʨʹʨʾʫʪʵʳʨʹʱʭʰʸʨ˂ˆʵʭʲʵʩʨʹʽʸʰʹʺʬˀʵʩʨʹʴʰʴʵʵʩʨʹʾʭʯʰʹʳˀʵʩʲʵʩʨʹʨʳʨʾʲʬʩʨʹʩʮʵʩʨʹ
ʹʨʳʬʩʵʩʨʹ ˆʨʸʬʩʨʹ ʼʬʸʰʹ˂ʭʨʲʬʩʨʹ ˇʭʸʰʹ ʨʳʨʾʲʬʩʨʹ ʶʬʺʸʬ- ʶʨʭʲʵʩʨʹ ʴʨʯʲʰʹʾʬʩʨʹ ʰʵʨʴʬ
ʴʨʯʲʰʹ˂ʬʳʲʵʩʨʹʫʨʨˀ
ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʫʾʬʹʨʹ˄ʨʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʸʫʨ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʬʲʵʹ ʩʬʭʸ ʹʵʼʬʲˀʰ ʮʨʼˆʻʲʵʩʰʯ ʹʨˆʨʲˆʵ
ʯʨʭʿʸʰʲʵʩʰʹʨʯʻʮʬʰʳʰʹʳʯʨʭʨʸʰʳʵʭʲʬʴʨʯʰʯʽʳʰʹʿʵʭʬʲʯʭʰʹʨʸʰʹʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʨʯʬʲʬʯˀʰ-
ʯʬʲʬʯʵʩʰʹʨʹʮʬʸʺˀʰ-ʻʹʨʴʬʯʵʩʰʹʨʹʩʬˀʻʳˀʰ-ˀʻʨʳʯʵʩʰʹʨʹʼʵʲʨʫʨʻʸˀʰ-ʳʨʸʬʯʵʩʰʹʨʹˆʨˀʻʸˀʰ-
ʪʵʸʯʨʵʩʰʹʨʹ ʽʹʵʭʸʰʹˀʰ - ʲʨˀʸʵʩʰʹʨʹ ʨˆʨʲʪʵʸˀʰ - ʬʸʰʹʯʨʵʩʰʹʨʹ ʳʨʸʺʿʵʼˀʰ - ʨʶʨʸʴʵʩʰʹʨʹ
ʯʬʯʸ˄ʿʲʬʩˀʰ-ʹʨʳʨʹʨʸʨʪʭʬʲʵʩʰʹʨʹʰʿʨʲʯʵˀʰ-ˀʵʯʨʵʩʰʹʨʹʹʰʾʴʨʾˀʰ-ʭʨʴʵʵʩʰʹʨʹʫʨʨˀ
ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʨʹʶʨʸʬʮʵʩʨˀʰ ʴʬʩʰʹʳʰʬʸʰ ʳʹʻʸʭʬʲʰ ʬʸʯʭʬʩʨ ʳʵ˅ʰʫʨʭʬʬʩʹ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʨˀʰ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʰ
ʯʨʴʨʹʵʼʲʬʲʰʪʨʴʹˇʰʹʫʨʪʨʳʸˇʭʬʩʻʲʹʨ˂ʰʹʪʨʳʵʨʭʲʬʴʹʹʨˆʨʲˆʵʨʹʶʨʸʬʮʵʩʨʹʹʵʼʲʰʹʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʵʩʰʹ
ʫʰʫʰʴʨ˄ʰʲʰʹʰˆʨʸʻʲʰʯʨʫʨʬʴʯʻʮʰʨʮʳʰʯʬʲʵʫʬʩʨ
ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ ʲʵʱʨʲʻʸʰ ʴʨʰʸʹʨˆʬʵʩʬʩʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ˀʬʳʵʸˁʬʴʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʫʨʳʵ˄ʳʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ
ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨʱʻʯˆʬˀʰʨʹʬʯʬʩʰʨ
1. ʰʳʬʸʬʯˀʰ-ʹʨʩʬ˅ʻʸʰʫʨʴ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʨʫʨʪʰʳʸʨʵʩʨ
2. ʸʨ˅ʨˀʰ-ʾʵˇʻʸʰʫʨˆʨ˂ʻʸʰ
3. ˆʬʭʹʻʸʬʯˀʰ-ʳʻʽʨʹʸʰʹʨʫʨʳʵˀʫʨʳʵˀ
 4. ʪʻʸʰʨˀʰ-˅ʬʫʵʩʨʫʨʺʬʱʵʩʨ
5. ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵˀʰ-ʸʱʰʴʬʩʨ
6. ʳʯʰʻʲʬʯˀʰ-ʰʾʲʰʾʵʸʨ
 ʹʨʰʴʪʰʲʵˀʰ-ʽʨʳʨʸʽʨʳʨʸ
 ʽʨʸʯʲʱʨˆʬʯˀʰ-ʳʨˇʻʸʨʯʭʨʲʨˆʭʬʻʲʰʳʱʬʸʫʨʵʩʨ
 ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ-ʲʰʩʸʪʰʬʲʰʲʰʩʻʸ˃ʪʨʲʰ
 ʼʸʨʪʳʬʴʺʻʲʨʫʨʸʰʹˀʬʳʵʸˁʬʴʰʲʰʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ-ʳʬʹˆʻʸʰ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʨ.
ʳʰʻˆʬʫʨʭʨʫ ʰʳʰʹʨ ʸʵʳ ʬʹ ʹʨˆʬʵʩʬʩʰ ˇʬʸ ʱʰʫʬʭ ʨʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʸˁʬʴʰʲʰ ʫʾʰʹ ˄ʬʹʸʰʪˀʰʫʪʨʹʳʨʯʰ ʳʰʳʨʸʯ
ʳʬʺʰ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨ ʼʰʽʹʨ˂ʰʨ ʶʵʶʻʲʨʸʰʮʨ˂ʰʨ ʹʨʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʵ ˀʬʹ˄ʨʭʲʨ ʫʨ ˄ʨˆʨʲʰʹʬʩʨ ʪʨʴʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʯ
ʹʨˀʻʸʰʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨˆʬʵʩʰʹ ʲʰʩʸʪʰʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʲʰʩʻʸ˃ʪʨʲʰ ʫʨ ʹʨʳ˂ˆʬ-ˇʨʭʨˆʬʯˀʰ
ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʰʳʬʹˆʻʸʰ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹˆʬʲˀʬ˄ʿʵʩʨ
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰ ʾʰʨ ˂ʰʹ ʽʭʬˀ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʰʹ ˀʬʴʨʸˁʻʴʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʹʨʹʻʸʭʬʲʰʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ
ʯʭʰʯʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʻʼʸʵ ʨʽʺʰʻʸʰ ˁʨʸʯʭʨ ʨˆʨʲʰ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʹʨ˅ʰʫʨʵ ʳʵʬʫʴʬʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʰ
ʹʰʭʸ˂ʰʹʪʨʳʵʹʨʿʵʼʨʫʸʨ˂ˆʬʲʹˀʬʻ˄ʿʵʩʹʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʰʹʪʨʪʸ˃ʬʲʬʩʨʹʳʵʳʨʭʨʲʯʨʵʩʬʩʰʹʫʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʨʹ
ʫʨˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʨʫʨʳʹʨˆʬʵʩʬʩʰʹʶʵʶʻʲʨʸʰʮʨ˂ʰʨʹ.
ʽʨʯʻʲʰ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʹ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲ ˄ʿʨʸʵʬʩˀʰ ʭˆʭʫʬʩʰʯ ʹʻʲˆʨʴ-ʹʨʩʨ
ʵʸʩʬʲʰʨʴʰʹʳʬ-ʳʬ-ʹʹʪʨʴʳʨʸʺʬʩʰʯ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʨ˅ʰʫʬʩʨ Äʨʸʹʳˆʬ˂ʰʫʨʱʨ˂ʰʸʨˀʬʰ˅ʰʫʴʬʴʪʰʴʨʳˆʬ˂ʰ
ʫʨʳˆʬ˂ʰʨʴʻʶʰʸʻʺʿʭʰʫʨʶʰʸʻʺʿʭʰˆʵʲʵʱʨ˂ʰʱʨ˂ʹʨʸʨʬ˅ʰʫʬʩʵʫʬʹʸʱʬʴʨʬ˄ʵʫʬʩʰʹ³>ʹʻʲˆʨʴ-ʹʨʩʨ
ʵʸʩʬʲʰʨʴʰ ʲʬʽʹʰʱʵʴʰ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʯʩ @ ʺʬʸʳʰʴʰ  B ʸʱʬʴʨʸʱʰʴʬʩʨ ʱʰ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʨʹ ˀʬʩʸ˃ʵʲʬʩʨʹ
ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ>ʨʩʻʲʨ˃ʬʰ˃ʭʬʲʰʽʨʸʯʻʲʰʬʴʰʹʲʬʽʹʰʱʵʴʰʳʨʹʨʲʬʩʰʪʨʳʵʳ˂Äʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʬʩʨ³ʯʩ@
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ˂ʴʵʩʨʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹˀʬʹʨˆʬʩʫʨ˂ʻʲʰʨ,;ʹ-ʰʹˈʨʪʰʵʪʸʨʼʰʻʲʴʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩˀʰBÄ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨ
ʹʭʰʳʵʴ ʳʬʹʻʬʺʰʹʨ³ ʸʵʳʬʲˀʰ˂ ʰʪʰ ʹʨˆʬʲ˄ʵʫʬʩʨ - ʸʱʬʴʨʯʰʨ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʰʬʩʻʲʰ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʨ ʯˆʮʻʲʬʩʨˀʰ
ʪʨʴˆʰʲʻʲʰʨʸʵʪʵʸ˂ʹʨʩʸ˃ʵʲʵˆʬʲʵʭʴʬʩʰʹʬʸʯ-ʬʸʯʰʳʰʳʨʸʯʻʲʬʩʨ
ˀʬʫʨʸʬʩʰʯʪʭʰʨʴʫʬʲ;9,ʹ-ʰʹʽʨʸʯʻʲʹʨʰʹʺʵʸʰʵʳ˄ʬʸʲʵʩʨˀʰBÄʳʬʹˆʻʸʰʽʸʵʴʰʱʬʩʰ³ʳʵʯˆʸʵʩʰʲʰʨ
ʹʨʳ˂ˆʬ-ʹʨʨʯʨʩʨʪʵʹ ʯʨʭʱʨ˂ʰʹ  B ʿʭʨʸʿʭʨʸʬʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʪʨʫʨʸˁʬʴʰʹ ʨʳʩʨʭʰ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ˆʵʴʯʽʸʰʹ ʱʨʸʮʬ
ˆʵʴʯʽʸʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ˀʬʸˁʬʻʲʰ ʼʨʲʨʭʴʰʹ ʫʨʳʨʸ˂ˆʬʩʰʯ ʫʨʰʳʹʨˆʻʸʨ >ʽʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʳʵʽ˂ʬʭʰʹʨ ʹʻʳʩʨʺʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʩʨʪʸʨʺʰʵʴʬʩʰʹˀʬʹʨˆʬʩʫʨʳʬʹˆʻʸʰʫʨʭʰʯʴʰʹʨʺʼ@
ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ ʹʰ˃ʭʬʲʬʹ ʨʲʨʭʬʸʫʰʹ ʱʬʫʬʲʮʬ ˀʬʹʸʻʲʬʩʻʲʰ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ ʹ˂ʬʴʨ˂ ʨʫʨʹʺʻʸʬʩʹ
ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʹʨˆʬʬʩʰ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʹʨʳʨʳʨʱʨ˂ʵ ʱʨʩʨ ʼʬˆʹʨʳʵʹʰʹ ʺʰʶʰ ʫʨ ʳʵ˃ʸʨʵʩʰʹ ʶʲʨʹʺʰʱʨ
ʬʸʯʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʴʨʫ ʽʨʸʯʻʲ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʻʲ ʹʨ˅ʰʫʨʵ ˆʬʲʵʭʴʬʩʨʮʬ ʳʰʨʴʰˀʴʬʩʹ >ʸʵʩʨʽʰ˃ʬ ʨʲ Äʹʶʵʸʺʰʹ
ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰʹʨˆʬʵʩʨʴʰ³ʲʬʽ˂ʰʬʩʰ@

  ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰ ʫʨ˂ʻʲʰʨ ʨʹʬʭʬ ʽʨʸʯʻʲ

ʼʵʲʱʲʵʸˀʰ ʶʸʵʮʨʹʨ ʫʨ ʶʵʬʮʰʨˀʰ ʬʸʯ-ʬʸʯʰ ʨʹʬʯʰʨ ʳʬʼʬ ʨʸˁʰʲ II 1647 - 1713) ʯˆʮʻʲʬʩʨ B -
Äʪʨʩʨʨʹʬʩʨʯʬʰʳʻʸʨʮʰʹʨʫʨʸʻʹʯʭʬʲʰʹʨʨʸˁʰʲʰʪʨʩʨʨʹʬʩʨʯʬʰʳʻʸʨʮʰʹʨʫʨʸʻʹʯʭʬʲʰʹʨ, ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ
ʳ˄ʬʸʲʵʩʨ ʺ 6 ʯʩ 1989). ʹʨʪʻʲʰʹˆʳʵʨ  ʨʹʬʭʬ  ʫʨ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ ʯʻ ʮʬʶʰʸʨʫ ʯʽʳʻʲʰ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʸʰ˂ˆʵʭʨʴʰ
ʲʬʪʬʴʫʬʩʰʫʨʨʴʫʨʮʬʩʰʸʨ˂ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹˆʨʲˆˀʰʶʵʶʻʲʨʸʵʩʰʹʫʨʹʺʻʸʰʨ
 Äʲʬʪʬʴʫʨʨʳʰʸʨʴʮʬ³
ʨʳʰʸʨʴʫʬʭʰˀʬʰʩʴʬʴ
ʳʰ˄ʨʹʪʨˈʽʵʴʫʨʪʸʰʨʲʰ
ʨʳʰʸʨʴʳʨʫʬʭʰʫʨʹ˂ʨ
ʨʫʪʰʲʰʫʨˆʭʫʨʽʭʰʨʴʰ
ʫʨʹ˂ʨʫʨʩʬ˅ʰʳʵʹʺʬˆʨ
ʫʨʨ˄ʿʬʩʰʴʨʾʸʰʨʲʰ³
ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹʨʫʳʰ ʫʰʫʰ ʳˆʨʸʫʨ˅ʬʸʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʹʰʳʶʨʯʰʰʯ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʪʨʴ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʴʰ ʳʬ- ʹʱ-ʰʹ
ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʰʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʳʵʾʭʨ˄ʬʬʩʰʰʲʰʨ˅ʨʭ˅ʨʭʨ˃ʬʨʱʨʱʰ˄ʬʸʬʯʬʲʰʨʴʺʵʴʼʻʸ˂ʬʲʨ˃ʬʹʬʸʪʬʰʳʬʹˆʰʪʸ
ʵʸʩʬʲʰʨʴʰʫʨʹˆʭʨʴʰʫʰʫʰʨʫʪʰʲʰˈʽʵʴʫʨʹʶʵʸʺʰʹʨʳʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʻʲʹʨˆʬʵʩʨʹʫʨʯʳʵʩʰʲʰʽʨʸʯʻʲʰʳ
ʫʸʵʰʴʫʬʲʷʻʸʴʨʲ-ʪʨʮʬʯʬʩˀʰBÄʰʭʬʸʰʨ³Äʫʸʵʬʩʨ³ʫʨʹˆʭʨ
ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹˀʬʹʨˆʬʩʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʹ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʻ˂ˆʵʬʲʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʯʨˁʨʴʨ˄ʬʸˀʰˇʰʵʭʨʴʰʶʲʨʴʵʱʨʸʶʰʴʰ
ʳʵʴʾʵʲʯʨʵʽʸʵʹʻʸʫʵˀʰʿʵʼʴʰʹʨʹʨʾ˄ʬʸʹʵʸʰʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʰʹ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹʴʨʾʭʲʰʨʴʰʹʺʵʸʰʨʹ>ʰʹʺʵʸʰʨ
ʳʵʴʾʵʲʬʩʰʹʨʴʨʱʭʯʩ@
˄ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰʰʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʨʼʸʨʴʪʳʨʳ˄ʬʸʨʲʳʨʬʯʴʵʪʸʨʼʳʨʫʨʶʸʵʼʬʹʵʸʳʨʩʨʸʵʴʫʬʩʨʰʳ-
  ʨʳʻʸ ʵʪʰʻʹʺ ʲʻʰ ˈʵʮʬʼ ʩʬʸʺʬʲʵ  ʳʨʴ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʯʨ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨ ʨʾ˄ʬʸʨ ʶʨʸʰʮˀʰ  ˄ʬʲʹ
ʪʨʳʵ˂ʬʳʻʲ ˄ʰʪʴˀʰ ʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʰʹ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯ ʳˆʨʸʬˀʰ³  $8 68' GH FKDLQH GX &DX-FDVH´ ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʬʸʯ-ʬʸʯ
ʴʨʱʭʬʯˀʰ˂ ʨʾ˄ʬʸʰʲʰʨ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʬʩʻʸʬʩʬʩʰ. ʩʨʸʵʴʰ ʫʬ ʩʨʰ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ʰʾʬʩʫʨ ˄ʰʪʴˀʰ
ʪʨʳʵʹʨʽʭʬʿʴʬʩʬʲ ʼʵʺʵʹʻʸʨʯʬʩʹʨ˂ ʰʲʻʹʺʸʰʸʬʩʻʲ ʼʸʨʴʪʻʲ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʬʳʨˀʰ ʨʸʰʹ ʵʸʰ ʹʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʵ
ʼʵʺʵʹʻʸʨʯʰʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ʨʭʺʵʸʹʱʨˆʬʯˀʰʨʲʨʭʬʸʫʵʩʨʮʬ³ʹʨʬʸʵʫʾʬʹʨʹ˄ʨʻʲʰʪʨʫʨʻʾʰʨ
˄ʬʲʹʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰˁʨʳʵʭʰʫʴʬʴʴʵʩʬʲʰʹʶʸʬʳʰʰʹʲʨʻʸʬʨʺʰʨʳʬʸʰʱʬʲʰʳ˄ʬʸʨʲʰˇʵʴʹʺʨʰʴʩʬʱʰ
ʫʨ ʼʵʺʵˆʬʲʵʭʨʴʰ ʸʵʩʬʸʺ ʱʨʶʨ ʨʴʫʸʬ ʼʸʰʫʳʨʴʰ  ʳʨʯ ʫʨʨʯʭʨʲʰʬʸʬʹ ʽʨʲʨʽʬʩʰ ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰ ʳ˂ˆʬʯʨ
ʪʵʸʰ ʨʺʬʴʰ ˁʨʽʭʰ ʩʨʯʻʳʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ ʪʵʸˀʰ ʿʵʼʴʰʹʨʹ ʨʳʬʸʰʱʬʲʬʩʹ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʰʯ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ
ˀʬˇʰʩʸʬʩʨʻʴʨˆʨʭʯʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ʫʬʺʨʲʻʸʨʫʨʾʻ˄ʬʸʰʨʯʯʨʭʰʹ˄ʰʪʴˀʰ
ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ ʺʻʸʴʰʸʬʩʹ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʻʲʫ ʳʨʸʯʨʭʫʴʬʴ ʹʨʶʨʺʰʵ ʹʺʻʳʸʰʹ ʫʨˆʭʬʫʸʰʹʨʹ ˆʨʲˆʻʸ
ʫʾʬʹʨʹ˄ʨʻʲʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ  ʻʽʳʬ ʫʾʬʬʩˀʰ  ʱʭʨʴʺʰ˃ʬ ʪ ʬʯʴʵʪʸʨʼʰʻʲʰ  ʹʻʸʨʯʬʩʰ ;9,,-;9,,, ʹʹ
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹʰʹʺʵʸʰʰʫʨʴKWWSLOLDXQLHGXJHXSORDGVRWKHUSGI).
˅ʰʫʨʵʩʨʨʹʬʭʬʯʨʴʹʫʬʭʫʨʸʰʺʻʨʲʻʸ-ʹʨʴʨˆʨʵʩʰʯʰ ˆʨʹʰʨʯʰʹ ʯʻʹˆʭʨʫʾʬʹʨʹ˄ʨʻʲʬʩʹʳʨʪÄʩʬʸʰʱʨʵʩʨ-
ʿʬʬʴʵʩʰʹ³ ʫʸʵʹ  ʼʨʲʨʭʨʴʯʨ ʫʨ˅ʰʫʬʩʰʹʨʹ ʪʨʳʨʸˇʭʬʩʻʲʹ ʿʬʬʴʨʫ ʰʸˁʬʭʫʴʬʴ >ˇʨʴʬʲʰ˃ʬ, ʫ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ
ʯʬʨʺʸʰʹ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʨ. ˄ʰʪʴʰ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ, ˆʨʲˆʻʸʰ ʹʨ˄ʿʰʹʬʩʰ ʯʩ., 1983@
;;ʹ-ʰʹ -ʰʨʴ ˄ʲʬʩʨʳʫʬ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʨ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʻʲʨʫ ʱʨʲʯʬʩʨʱʬ˂ʰʲ ʹʨʿʵʭʬʲʫʾʰʻʸʵ ˁʵˆʨˀʰ
ʪʨʳʵ˄ʿʵʩʰʲ ʼʨʲʨʭʴʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʰʳʨʸʯʬʩʵʫʨ ʱʭʨʴʺʰ˃ʬ ʪ ʬʯʴʵʪʸʨʼʰʻʲʰ  ʹʻʸʨʯʬʩʰ ;9,,-;9,,, ʹʹ
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʰʫʨʴ  KWWSLOLDXQLHGXJHXSORDGVRWKHUSGI ˆʵʲʵ ʫʾʬʭʨʴʫʬʲʰ ʼʵʸʳʨ
;;ʹ-ʰʹ–ʰʨʴʰ˄ʲʬʩˀʰˀʬʰʽʳʴʨ
ʳʬ- ʹʨʻʱʻʴʰʹ ʫʨʹʨ˄ʿʰʹʰʫʨʴ ʫʰʫʰ ʶʵʶʻʲʨʸʵʩʰʯ ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʫʨ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʨ ʯʩʰʲʰʹˀʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʫʰʫʰ
ʽʨʲʨʽʬʩˀʰ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʨʹʶʨʸʬʮʵʩʬʩʰ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʻʩʴʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʰʳʨʸʯʬʩʵʫʨ ʳʨʹˀʰ ʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʵʩʨʹ
ʾʬʩʻʲʵʩʫʴʬʴ ʨʸʨ ʳʨʸʺʵ ʽʨʲʨʽʬʲʬʩʰ ʨʹʬʭʬ ʨˆʲʵ-ʳʨˆʲʵ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʰʫʨʴ ˁʨʳʵʹʻʲʰ ʳʵˆʨʲʰʹʬʬʩʰ˂
ʳʹʨˇʬʩʨʫʰʴʰˀʴʬʩʵʫʴʬʴʳʨʿʻʸʬʩʲʬʩʰʫʨʴʿʭʬʲʨʮʬʹʨˆʬʲʵʭʨʴʴʰʫʨʫʨʸʩʨʰʹʬʲʰʶʰʸʴʰ˄ʸʬˀʰ˄ʬʹʸʰʪʰʹ
ʫʨʹʨʳʿʨʸʬʩʲʨʫʳʨʿʻʸʬʩʲʬʩʰʨʸˁʬʭʫʴʬʴʿʵˁʨʾʳʨʸʫ˅ʨʩʻʱʬʩʹʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ʱʵˆʺʨʫʪʨʳʵ˄ʱʬʶʰʲʰʹʨˆʸʰʯ
ʪʨʸʹʻʸʩʬʴʫʴʬʴ˄ʸʬʹʪʨʴʰʹʪʨʳˀʲʬʲʰʫʨʪʨʳʵ˄ʬʻʲʳʨʿʻʸʬʩʬʹʻʱʨʴʨˆʬʭʰʴʬʩʫʴʬʴʰʹʰʴʰʨʪʸʵʭʬʩʫʴʬʴ
ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʳʨʿʻʸʬʩʲʬʩˀʰ ʳʻʹʰʱʵʹʬʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʳʰʹʨ˂ʬʳ ʼʻʲʹ ʨʹʶʨʸʬʮʵʩʨʹ ʰ˄ʿʬʩʫʴʬʴ ʳʵʮʨʸʫʬʩʰ
ʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ʯʨʴʫʨʯʨʴ ˅ʨʩʻʱʬʩʰ ˂ʭʲʰʫʴʬʴ ʫʨ ʩʵʲʵʹ ʱʰ ʹʨˆʬʲʪʨʴʯʽʳʻʲʰ ʼʨʲʨʭʴʬʩʰ ʪʨʳʵʫʰʵʫʴʬʴ
>ʩʨʸʴʵʭʰ ʨ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʨ ˃ʭʬʲ ʯʩʰʲʰʹˀʰ ʯʩ@ ʯʰʯʵʬʻʲ ʳʵ˅ʰʫʨʭʬʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʳʵʳˆʸʬʬʩʰ
ʪʻʲˀʬʳʨʺʱʰʭʸʬʩʰˈʿʨʭʫʨʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯʼʨʲʨʭʨʴʹˀʬ˃ʨˆʰʲʬʩʰʯʨʫʨʿʰʷʰʴʰʯʨʳˆʴʬʭʬʩʫʴʬʴ
;,; ʹʨʻʱʻʴʰʹ ʪʨʴʯʽʳʻʲʰ ʼʨʲʨʭʴʬʩʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʨʴ ʳʬʺʰʭʬ ʫʨʯʨ ˆʰʮʨʳʩʨʸʬʲʰ ʳʬʫʸʵʪʬ ʻʸʬˆʨ ʰʭʨʴʬ
ʿʰʸʰʳʬʲʨˀʭʰʲʰ ʱʻʲʨ ʪʲʫʨʴʬʲʰ ʴʰʱʨ ʳʬʺʬˆʬʲʰ ʹʨʸʽʰʹʨ ʨʭʲʨʩʨʸʬʲʰ ʯʵˆʨʴʨ ʫʨ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʹˆʭʨ
ʨʹʬʭʬ˂ʴʵʩʰʲʰˆʫʬʩʨʰʹʰ˂ʸʵʳʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲˀʬʸʱʰʴʬʩʨˀʰˀʬˆʭʬʫʸʬʩʰʽʨʲʩʨʺʵʴʬʩʹˀʵʸʰʹʨ˂ʰʳʨʸʯʬʩʵʫʨ
>ʩʨʸʴʵʭʰʨ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʨ˃ʭʬʲʯʩʰʲʰʹˀʰʯʩ@

   

ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʨ;,;ʹ-ʳʫʬʰʳʨʸʯʬʩʵʫʨʾʰʨ˂ʰʹʽʭʬˀʹʨʪʨʴʪʬʩʵʫˀʬʸˁʬʻʲʳʵʬʫʴʬʩʮʬ
ʯʩʰʲʰʹˀʰ ʹʨ˅ʰʫʨʵ ʳʵʬʫʴʬʩʰ ʰʿʵ ˆʨʸʼʻˆˀʰ ʳʯʨ˄ʳʰʴʫʨʮʬ ʫʰʫʻʩʬˀʰ ʪʲʫʨʴˀʰ ʪʨʸʬ ˄ʸʬ³
ˀʨʭʴʨʩʨʫʨʮʬʹʨʿʰʴʻʲʬ³ʫʨʯʰʯʽʳʰʹʿʭʬʲʨʻʩʨʴˀʰ
ʹʨ˅ʰʫʨʵʹʰʭʸ˂ʬʬʩʹʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʰˈʽʵʴʫʨʯʸʵʳʬʲʯʨʴʨ˄ʰʲʰʽʨʲʨʽʰʹʺʵʶʵʴʰʳʨʫʰʽ˂ʨʨʹʬʯʬʩʰʨ
ʰʺʨʲʰʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʩʨʾʰ³  ʬ˄ ʪʸʰˀʻʨʹ ʩʨʾʰ³ Äʳʻˀʺʨʬʫʰ³  ʴʬʨʶʵʲʰ³ Äʪʵʪʰʲʵʹ ʨʩʨʴʵ³ Äˁʰˆʸʨ˃ʬʬʩʰʹ
ʹʨˆʬʸˆʰ³Äʺʸʨʳʭʨʬʲʯʨʹʨˆʲʯʨʴ³Äʼʰʽʸʰʹʼʬʰʽʸʬʩʰʹʪʵʸʨ³ʫʨʹˆʭ
ʹʨ˅ʰʫʨʵ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰ ʳʵ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʭʬʸʰʹ ʹʨʹʨʼʲʨʵʹ ʨˆʲʵʹ ʳʨˆʨʯʨʹ ʳʯʨʮʬ ʰʨʪʵʸʨʹ ʩʨʲʨʪʨʴʮʬ
ʨʸʹʬʴʨʲʹʨ ʫʨ ʬʭʸʵʶʰʹ ʩʨʾˀʰ ˆʻʫʨʫʵʭʰʹ ʺʿʬˀʰ ʫʰʫʻʩʬˀʰ-ʾʭʯʰʹʳˀʵʩʲʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ʳʨˆʲʵʩʲʨʫ
˃ʭʬʲʰ ʰʶʵʫʸʵʳʰʹ ʶʰʸʫʨʶʰʸ ʳʺʱʭʨʸʯʨʴ ʯʨʭʨʫ ˂ʰ˂ʰˀʭʰʲʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʳʨʳʻʲˀʰ ʳʵ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ
ʪʨʫʨˆʻʸʻʲʰʹʨ˅ʰʫʨʵʳʵʬʫʨʴʰʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂Äʱʴʰʨʮʬʩʰʹʱʸʻʪʹ³ʻ˄ʵʫʬʩʫʴʬʴ
ʹʵʼʲʬʩˀʰ ʰʹʬʭʬ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʽʨʲʨʽʬʩˀʰ ʹʨʨʹʶʨʸʬʮʵ ʳʵʬʫʴʬʩʹ ˀʬʸʽʳʬʻʲʰ ʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʰʯ ʳʵʰˆʹʬʴʰʬʩʫʴʬʴ
ʸʵʪʵʸʰ˂ʨʨ Äʹʨʼʨʲʨʭʴʵ ʺʿʬ³ Äʹʨ˅ʰʫʨʵ ʭʬʲʰ³ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ ;,; ʹ-ʫʨʴ ʹʨ˅ʰʫʨʵ ʾʰʨ ʹʰʭʸ˂ʬʹ ˂ʰʸʱʰʹ ʨʸʬʴʬʩʰ
ˀʬʬʳʨʺʨʹʨʫʨ˂ʽʨʸʯʻʲʹʪʨʸʫʨʰʳʨʸʯʬʩʵʫʨʼʸʨʴʪʻʲʰ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʬʩʰ
;;ʹ-ʰʹ--ʰʨʴʰ˄ʲʬʩʰʫʨʴʫʨʫʪʰʴʫʨʹʨ˅ʰʫʨʵʳʵʬʫʴʰʹʹʺʨʴʫʨʸʺʰʸʵʳʲʰʹʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯʹʨʸʩʰʬʲʰ-
ʳʬʺʸʰʫʰʨʳʬʺʸʰʹʨʻʴʫʨʰʿʵʹʹ˄ʵʸʰʫʨʻʴʫʨˈʽʵʴʫʬʹʨʸʨʴʨʱʲʬʩ-ʹʳʹʰʹʽʰʹʴʨˆʬʸˆʰʹʯʰʭʰʹʨʴ
ʹʰʲʰʹʼʬʴʨʪʨʴʰʹʨʮʾʭʸʨ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹˆʨʴʪʸ˃ʲʰʭʵʩʨ
ʹʵʼʲʨʫ ʹʨʫʾʬʹʨʹ˄ʨʻʲʵʫ ʨʴ ʹʨˆʬʲʫʨˆʬʲʵʯ ʳʵ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʰ ʳʵʬʫʨʴʰ ʽʭʬʩʰʹʪʨʴ ʪʨ˄ʳʬʴʫʰʲʰ
ʩʨʲʨˆʰʹʯʰʭʰʹʨʴʴʨˆʬʸˆʰʹʹʨʼʨʸʰʨʴʰʨ

ʵʩʰʬʽʺʰʹʫʾʬʭʨʴʫʬʲʰʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨ

ʶʸʨʽʺʰʱʨˀʰʼʨʸʯʵʫʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʨʫʰ ;

ʹʨˀʻʨʲʵʫʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʨʫʰ 

ʳʰʴʰʳʨʲʻʸʨʫʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʨʫʰ 

ʳʰʭʰ˄ʿʬʩʻʲʰ 
ʨʾʫʪʬʴʰʹʨʾʵʸ˃ʰʴʬʩʰʹʶʸʵ˂ʬʹˀʰ 

 ʬʲʬʳʬʴʺʯʨʴʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʻʲʰʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʰʹʳʵʱʲʬʨʾ˄ʬʸʨ

ʯʨʴʨʳʬʫʸʵʭʬ ʳʵʴʨ˂ʬʳʬʩʰʯ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰ ʼʻʴʽ˂ʰʵʴʰʸʬʩʹ Äʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ
˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʼʬʫʬʸʨ˂ʰʨ³ ʸʵʳʲʰʹ  ʳʰʮʨʴʰʨ  ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ  ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʬʩʰʹ
ʫʨ˂ʭʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ˀʬʳʫʪʵʳʰ ʪʨʴʭʰʯʨʸʬʩʨ ʪʨʸʫʨʭ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰʹʨ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʳʯʬʲ
ʺʬʸʰʺʵʸʰʨʮʬ ˁʨʳʵʿʨʲʰʩʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʨʸʨʹʨʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʵ ʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʨ˂ʰʬʩʰ ʸʬʪʰʵʴʨʲʻʸʰ
ʼʬʫʬʸʨ˂ʰʬʩʰ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹˀʬʳʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʲʰ˄ʸʬʬʩʰʹʬʽ˂ʰʬʩʰˆˀʰʸʨʫʹʨˇʨʸʵʹʱʵʲʬʩˀʰ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ
ʹʨʳʵʿʭʨʸʻʲʵ ˄ʸʬʬʩʰʨ ʪʨˆʹʴʰʲʰ ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʳ˄ʭʸʯʴʬʲ-ʳʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʲʬʩʰ ʳʵʮʨʸʫʬʩʹ ʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʰʨʴ
ʹʶʵʸʺʰʹʨʳʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʻʲʹʨˆʬʵʩʨʹ
ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʼʬʫʬʸʨ˂ʰʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʸʬʪʰʵʴʨʲʻʸʰ ʼʬʫʬʸʨ˂ʰʬʩʰʹ ʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʬʩʰʯ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʹʨ ʯʻ
ʽʨʲʨʽʬʩˀʰ ʺʨʸʫʬʩʨ ʨʹʨʱʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʫʨ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ˁʬʳʶʰʵʴʨʺʬʩʰ ʹʨˆʬʲʵʩʰʯʰ ʺʻʸʴʰʸʬʩʰ.
ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʨʹʵʼʲʬʩˀʰˆʨʲˆʻʸʫʾʬʵʩʬʩʰʹʪʨʴʻʿʵʼʬʲʰˀʬʳʨʫʪʬʴʬʲʰʨ.
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʽʨʲʨʽʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ ʸʬʪʰʵʴʬʩˀʰ ʽʨʸʬʲʰ ʹʵʼ ˆʵʭʲʬ ʹʨʳʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ
ʪʨʳʨʸʯʻʲʰʨ ʯʨʴʨʳʬʫʸʵʭʬ ʹʺʨʴʫʨʸʺʬʩʰʹ ʳʽʵʴʬ ʹʨ˅ʰʫʨʵ ʫʨʸʩʨʮʬʩʰ ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʰʳʨʸʯʬʩʨ
ʹʨʬʸʯʨˀʵʸʰʹʵʫʵʴʰʹˀʬˇʰʩʸʬʩʬʩʰʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʫʨʱʲʨʹʰʱʻʸ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʨˀʰˀʬʳʵʸˁʬʴʰʲʰʨʨʹʬʭʬ
ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʻʲʰʾʰʨ˂ʰʹʽʭʬˀʪʨʳʨʸʯʻʲʰʹʨ˅ʰʫʨʵʳʵʬʫʴʬʩʰ.

 


 



ʼʬʫʬʸʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʯʻ ʹˆʭʨ ʹʶʵʸʺʻʲʰ ʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʨ˂ʰʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʪʨʳʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʨʹʶʨʸʬʮʵʩʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʸʫʨ
ʫʾʬʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯ ʹʵʼʬʲʹʨ ʯʻ ʸʨʰʵʴˀʰ ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʻʲʰʨ ˀʬʸʱʰʴʬʩʰʹ
ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʨ ʾʰʨ ˂ʰʹ ʽʭʬˀ ʹʶʬ˂ʰʨʲʻʸʨʫ ʪʨʳʵʿʵʼʰʲ ʴʨˆʬʸˆʰʯʨ ʯʻ ʩʨʲʨˆʰʯ ʫʨʼʨʸʻʲ
ʳʵʬʫʨʴʮʬ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʨʹʶʨʸʬʮʵʩʨ ʯʨʴ ʹʫʬʭʹ ʸʬʲʰʪʰʻʸ ʫʾʬʹʨʹ˄ʨʻʲʬʩʹ ʪʰʵʸʪʵʩʨʹ ʳʨʸʰʨʳʵʩʨʹ
ʨʾʫʪʵʳʨʹ ʱʭʰʸʨ˂ˆʵʭʲʵʩʨʹ ʽʸʰʹʺʬˀʵʩʨʹ ʴʰʴʵʵʩʨʹ ʾʭʯʰʹʳˀʵʩʲʵʩʨʹ ʨʳʨʾʲʬʩʨʹ ʩʮʵʩʨʹ
ʹʨʳʬʩʵʩʨʹ ˆʨʸʬʩʨʹ ʼʬʸʰʹ˂ʭʨʲʬʩʨʹ ˇʭʸʰʹ ʨʳʨʾʲʬʩʨʹ ʶʬʺʸʬ- ʶʨʭʲʵʩʨʹ ʴʨʯʲʰʹʾʬʩʨʹ ʰʵʨʴʬ
ʴʨʯʲʰʹ˂ʬʳʲʵʩʨʹʫʨʨ.ˀ.)

ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʫʾʬʹʨʹ˄ʨʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʸʫʨ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʬʲʵʹ ʩʬʭʸ ʹʵʼʬʲˀʰ ʮʨʼˆʻʲʵʩʰʯ ʹʨˆʨʲˆʵ

ʯʨʭʿʸʰʲʵʩʰʹʨ ʯʻ ʮʬʰʳʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʨʸʰ ʳʵʭʲʬʴʨ ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʿʵʭʬʲʯʭʰʹ ʨʸʰʹ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʨ
ʯʬʲʬʯˀʰ-ʯʬʲʬʯʵʩʨʮʬʸʺˀʰ-ʻʹʨʴʬʯʵʩʨʩʬˀʻʳˀʰ-ˀʻʨʳʯʵʩʨʼʵʲʨʫʨʻʸˀʰ-ʳʨʸʬʯʵʩʨ
ˆʨˀʻʸˀʰ - ʪʵʸʯʨʵʩʨ ʽʹʵʭʸʰʹˀʰ - ʲʨˀʸʵʩʨ ʨˆʨʲʪʵʸˀʰ - ʬʸʰʹʯʨʵʩʨ ʳʨʸʺʿʵʼˀʰ - ʨʶʨʸʴʵʩʨ
ʯʬʯʸ˄ʿʲʬʩˀʰ-ʹʨʳʨʹʨʸʨʪʭʬʲʵʩʨʰʿʨʲʯʵˀʰ-ˀʵʯʨʵʩʨʹʰʾʴʨʾˀʰ-ʭʨʴʵʵʩʨʫʨʨ.ˀ).

ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʨʹʶʨʸʬʮʵʩʨˀʰ ʴʬʩʰʹʳʰʬʸʰ ʳʹʻʸʭʬʲʰ ʬʸʯʭʬʩʨ ʳʵ˅ʰʫʨʭʬʬʩʹ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʨˀʰ

ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʰʯʨʴʨʹʵʼʲʬʲʰʪʨʴʹˇʰʹʫʨʪʨʳʸˇʭʬʩʻʲʹʨ˂ʰʹʪʨʳʵʨʭʲʬʴʹʹʨˆʨʲˆʵʨʹʶʨʸʬʮʵʩʨʹ
ʹʵʼʲʰʹʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʵʩʰʹʫʰʫʰʴʨ˄ʰʲʰʹʰˆʨʸʻʲʰʯʨʫʨʬʴʯʻʮʰʨʮʳʰʯʬʲʵʫʬʩʨ.

ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰ ʾʰʨ ˂ʰʹ ʽʭʬˀ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʰʹ ˀʬʴʨʸˁʻʴʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʹʨʹʻʸʭʬʲʰʨ ʨˆʨʲʰ

ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʹʨ˅ʰʫʨʵ ʳʵʬʫʴʬʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʰ ʹʰʭʸ˂ʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʿʵʼʨ ʸʨ˂ ˆʬʲʹ ˀʬʻ˄ʿʵʩʹ
ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʰʹ ʪʨʪʸ˃ʬʲʬʩʨʹ ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲ ʯʨʵʩʬʩˀʰ ʳʨʯ ʫʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʨʫ ʼʰʮʰʱʻʸʰ
ʨʽʺʰʭʵʩʰʹ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ˄ʬʹʨʫʫʨʴʬʸʪʭʨʹ.
ʾʰʨ ˂ʰʹ ʽʭʬˀ ʳʵ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʰ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʹʨ˅ʰʫʨʵ ʹʰʭʸ˂ʬʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʨʸʯʭʨ ʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʱʻʸʰ ʫʨ
ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʯʭʨʲʹʨʮʸʰʹʰʯʨ˂ ʳʵʳʪʬʩʰʨʴʰ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ ʪʨʰʮʸʫʬʩʨ ʺʻʸʰʹʺʬʩʰʹ ʳʬʺʰ
ʫʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʨ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʰʹ ʬʸʯ-ʬʸʯʰ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʨʴʰ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰʹ -
˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹʳʰʳʨʸʯ.
 
ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹʹʨˆʬʲʵʭʨʴʰ˄ʨʸʳʵʳʨʫʪʬʴʲʬʩʰʨʸʰʨʴ

ʽʸʰʹʺʬʼʵʸʬ ʴʰʴʰʨˀʭʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʩʰ˃ʰʴʨ ʳʨʮʰʨˀʭʰʲʰ ʸʵʳʲʬʩʳʨ˂ ʨʾʮʨʸʫʬʹ ʬʭʸʵʶʰʹ,

ʵʲʰʳʶʰʻʸʰ ʯʨʳʨˀʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʹʵʼʲʰʵ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ˁʬʳʶʰʵʴʬʩʰ: ʨʴʮʵʸ ʱʰʱʴʨ˃ʬ ʨʴʮʵʸ
ʳʨʸʺʿʵʼʲʰˀʭʰʲʰ, ʸʨʳʨʮˆʨʸˀʰʲʨ˃ʬ.

ʪʻʸʨʳ ʶʨʶʰʺʨˀʭʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʪʰʭʰ ʮʨʻʺʨˀʭʰʲʰ ʸʵʳʲʬʩʳʨ˂ ʨʾʮʨʸʫʬʹ ʬʭʸʵʶʰʹ, ʵʲʰʳʶʰʻʸʰ

ʯʨʳʨˀʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʹʵʼʲʰʵ ˁʬʳʶʰʵʴʬʩʰ: ʨʴʮʵʸ ʽʰʩʸʵ˄ʨˀʭʰʲʰ, ˀʵʯʨ ˁʵˁʰˀʭʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʯʬʳʻʸ
ˆʻʩʻʲʻʸʰ

ʹʰʳʵʴ ʳʨʰʹʻʸʨ˃ʬ – ʪʨʳʵˁʬʴʰʲʰ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ ʵʹʺʨʺʰ ʳ˄ʭʸʯʴʬʲʰ ʫʨ ˄ʰʪʴʰʹ

ʨʭʺʵʸʰʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʨ³˄ʫʨʹˆʭʨʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ.

   


ʳʵʹʨʲʵʫʴʬʲʰʸʰʹʱʬʩʰ

ʳʰʻˆʬʫʨʭʨʫʰʳʰʹʨʸʵʳʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʨʼʨʸʯʵʫʨʸʰʹʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʻʲʰʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ
ʹʵʼʲʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ ʽʨʲʨʽʬʩˀʰ ʳʰʹ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʻʲʵʩʨʹ ʹʨʼʸʯˆʬ ʬʳʻʽʸʬʩʨ  ʰʱʨʸʪʬʩʨ ʱʻʯˆʻʸʰ
˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ ˃ʰʸ˃ʭʬʲʰ ʰʲʬʯʬʩʰ ʾʰʨ ˂ʰʹ ʽʭʬˀ ʹʨ˅ʰʫʨʵ ʨʹʶʨʸʬʮʵʩʬʩʰʹ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʰʹ
ʳʵˀʲʨ ʸʬʨʲʻʸ ʹʨʼʸʯˆʬʹ ʻʽʳʴʰʹ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʼʬʸʵʭʴʬʩʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵˆʨʺʻʲʬʩʨʹ.


 ʬʲʬʳʬʴʺʯʨʴʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʻʲʰʫʨʳʨʺʬʩʰʯʰʰʴʼʵʸʳʨ˂ʰʨˀʬʴʰˀʭʴʬʩʰ

ʸʬʱʵʳʬʴʫʨ˂ʰʬʩʰ˄ʰʴʨʫʨʫʬʩʬʩʰ

ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ˇʨʴʹʨʾʰ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ ˄ʬʹʰʹ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʨʴʰ ˀʬʳʨʫʪʬʴʬʲʰ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰʹ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ
ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʼʬʸʵʭʴʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʰʫʬʴʺʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʳˆʨʺʭʬʲʰ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʶʵʶʻʲʨʸʰʮʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʯʭʨʲʹʨʮʸʰʹʰʯ ʫʾʰʹ ˄ʬʹʸʰʪˀʰʨ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʾʵʴʰʹ˃ʰʬʩʬʩʰʹ ˁʨʺʨʸʬʩʨ  ˄ʬʲʹ
˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʳʨ ʼʬʫʬʸʨ˂ʰʨʳ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʹ ʳˆʨʸʫʨ˅ʬʸʰʯ ˀʬʰʳʻˀʨʭʨ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ
ʪʨʴʭʰʯʨʸʬʩʰʹ ʪʸ˃ʬʲʭʨʫʰʨʴʰ - ʶʸʵʶʪʸʨʳʨ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʹʶʵʸʺʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʨˆʨʲʪʨʮʸʫʵʩʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʹʨʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʵʹ ˄ʨʸʫʪʬʴʰʯ ʫʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ
ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʨ1 414). ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰʶʸʵʪʸʨʳʰʹ  ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʨʹ ʰʾʬʩʹ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂
ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʨʹʬʭʬʨʸʨʹʨʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʵʹʬʽʺʵʸʰʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰʯʭʰʯʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʩʨʯʬʳʬʩʰ

ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹʳʸʨʭʨʲʼʬʸʵʭʴʬʩʰʹʨʫʨʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʰʹʳʰʹʰʸʵʪʵʸ˂ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʰʹˀʬʹʨʴʨʸˁʻʴʬʩʲʨʫ
ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʨ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʻʲʬʩʰʯ ʽʳʬʫʰʯʰ ʴʨʩʰˇʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʫʨʫʪʳʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʯʭʰʯʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʩʰʹ
ˆʬʲˀʬ˄ʿʵʩʰʯ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʮʬ ʹʵʼʲʬʩˀʰ ʳʬʺʰ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨ ʻʴʫʨ ʫʨʬʯʳʵʹ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʹʨ˅ʰʫʨʵ
ʳʵʬʫʴʬʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʿʵʼʨʹ ˆʬʲʰ ʻʴʫʨ ˀʬʬ˄ʿʵʹ ʹʨʬʸʵ ʫʨ ʸʬʲʰʪʰʻʸʰ ʫʾʬʹʨʹ˄ʨʻʲʬʩʰʹ
ʫʸʵʹ ʺʻʸʴʰʸʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʨʸʯʭʨʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʵˆʫʬʹ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ ʲʵʱʨʲʻʸʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʬʩʻʸʬʩʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʭʲʬʴʨ
ʼʰʽʹʰʸʬʩʨʫʨˀʬʹ˄ʨʭʲʨʳʨʯʰʶʵʶʻʲʨʸʰʮʨ˂ʰʨʻʴʫʨ˄ʨˆʨʲʰʹʫʬʹʹʨʪʨʴʳʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʲʵʹʰʹʺʬʳʨˀʰ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ
ˀʬʳʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʲʰ ˄ʸʬʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʬʽ˂ʰʬʩʰʹ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨ ʪʨʰʳʨʸʯʵʹ ʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʬʩʻʲʰ ʺʻʸʴʰʸʬʩʰ ʪʨʻʳˇʵʩʬʹʫʬʹ
ʰʳʼʸʨʹʺʸʻʽʺʻʿʸʨʫʨʨˀ


11. ʵʩʰʬʽʺʯʨʴʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʻʲʰʫʵʱʻʳʬʴʺʨ˂ʰʨʫʨʩʰʩʲʰʵʪʸʨʼʰʨʫʨʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʨ
ʸʨʵʫʬʴʵʩʨˀʬʴʨˆʭʰʹʨʫʪʰʲʰ

VDD5ULF[YREDUD7L 

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ELEOLRJUDILD 1.ʨʩʻʲʨ˃ʬ  ʰ  ˃ʭʬʲʰ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʬʴʰʹ

ʲʬʽʹʰʱʵʴʰʯʩ
 ʩʨʸʴʵʭʰ ʨ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʨ ˃ʭʬʲ ʯʩʰʲʰʹˀʰ
ʯʩ.
3.ʩʬʸʰ˃ʬʯ.˃ʭʬʲʰʯʩʰʲʰʹʰʹʹʻʸʨʯʬʩʰ
4ʪʨʮʹʵʼʲʰʹ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨʯʩ
5ʪʨʮ.Äʲʬʲʵ;1
6.ʪʨʳʩʨ ʷʨʱ ʼʸʨʴʹʻʨ Äʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʵʩʨ
ʨʳʰʬʸʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʨˀʰ - ˄ʲʬʩˀʰ³ ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰ

ʬʲʨˀʭʰʲʰʭʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʨʯʩ
ʯʵʳʨˀʭʰʲʰʰ.-Äʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʨ³
ʰʹʺʵʸʰʨʳʵʴʾʵʲʬʩʰʹʨʴʨʱʭʯʩ
 ʱʵʾʻʨ ʱ ʩʸʰʴˇʨʵʹ ʳʵʸʱʰʴʨʲʯʨ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʨʴʨ
ʯʩ
 ʳʨʰʹʻʸʨ˃ʬ ʹ  ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʨ³
ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰ
  ʸʵʩʨʽʰ˃ʬ ʨʲ  Äʹʶʵʸʺʰʹ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ
ʹʨˆʬʵʩʨʴʰ³ʲʬʽ˂ʰʬʩʰ)
 ʸʻˆʨ˃ʬ ˇ Äʩʻʴʬʩʰʹ ˃ʨʲʯʨ ʨʾʵʸ˃ʰʴʬʩʰʹ
ˆʨʲˆʻʸʰ ʫʾʬʹʨʹ˄ʨʻʲʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰ³
ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʬʩʨ˄
 ʹʭʨʴʬʲʰ ʰ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹ
ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˃ʾʭʨʴʬʲʵʯʩ
 ʹʻʲˆʨʴ-ʹʨʩʨ ʵʸʩʬʲʰʨʴʰ ʲʬʽʹʰʱʵʴʰ
ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰʯʩ
 ʽʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʳʵʽ˂ʬʭʰʹʨ ʹʻʳʩʨʺʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʩʨʪʸʨʺʰʵʴʬʩʰʹˀʬʹʨˆʬʩʫʨʳʬʹˆʻʸʰʫʨʭʰʯʴʰʹʨ
ʺʼ
 ˁˆʨʺʨʸʨʰˀʭʰʲʰ ʽ Äʴʨʸʱʭʬʭʬʩʰ ʹʨʳˆʬʫʸʵ
ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʰʫʨʴ ʼʬʵʫʨʲʻʸ
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰ³ʯʩ
 ˁˆʬʺʰʨ ˀ ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰʹ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ
ʳʨʹʨʲʬʩʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹʨ ʫʨ ʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʰʹ
ʰʹʺʵʸʰʰʹʨʯʭʰʹʺʼ
 ˂ʰʩʨ˃ʬ ʨ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʵʸ˅ʰʫʰ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂
ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲ ʳˆʬʫʨʸʯʨ ʹʨʳˆʬʫʸʵ-ʼʰʮʰʱʻʸʰ
ʳʵʳʮʨʫʬʩʰʹʽʭʨʱʻʯˆʬʫʰʯʩ
ˇʨʴʬʲʰ˃ʬʫ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʯʬʨʺʸʰʹ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʨ.
˄ʰʪʴʰ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ, ˆʨʲˆʻʸʰ ʹʨ˄ʿʰʹʬʩʰ, ʯʩ., 1983
ǫȐȖȘȋȈȌȏȍǴ ɎɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɜȾɪɟɜɧɟɣ
Ƚɪɭɡɢɢ //ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɬɪɭɞɨɜ Ƚɪɭɡɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ Ƚɨɫ. ɢɧ-ɬɚ
ɮɢɡ. ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ. – Ɍ. ȱȱȱ. – Ɍɛ1961


ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰʹʳʰʴʰ˅ʬʩʰʹʰʴʰ˂ʰʨʺʵʸʰʳʰʻʯʰʯʬʯʹʨʱʵʴʺʨʽʺʵʰʴʼʵʸʳʨ˂ʰʨ

ʨʨʰʶÄʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰʼʬʫʬʸʨ˂ʰʨ³.


 ʩʨʸʨʯʰʹˀʬʳʫʪʬʴʬʲʰʨʹʬʭʬʳʰʻʯʰʯʬʯʹʨʱʵʴʺʨʽʺʵʰʴʼʵʸʳʨ˂ʰʨ

ʭʲʨʫʰʳʬʸʴʻ˂ʻʩʰ˃ʬʪʨʫʨʨʳʻˀʨʭʨʪʻʲʰʱʵʱʭʨʴʺʰ˃ʬʳ

ʩʨʸʨʯʰʹˀʬʫʪʬʴʨˀʰʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʨʱʳ-ʹʳʨʺʨʸʬʩʲʬʩʰʫʨʳʨʯʰʹʨʱʵʴʺʨʽʺʵʰʴʼʵʸʳʨ˂ʰʨ

ʪʬʲʨʩʬʸʻʨˀʭʰʲʰʭʨʲʬʸʰʶʨʸʻʴʨˀʭʰʲʰ-ʵʯʨʸʿʻʸʨˀʭʰʲʰ-
ʳʨʲˆʨʮʩʬʸʻʨˀʭʰʲʰ-ˇʬʳʨʲʳ˅ʬʫʲʰˀʭʰʲʰ-

ʹʨʨʾʸʰ˂ˆʭʵʩʨʸʨʯʰʹˀʬʫʪʬʴʰʹʯʨʸʰʾʰ

63ʪʨʴʨˆʲʬʩʻʲʰʨ 

 

 
 The Extract of the National Inventory Card on ICH Element of Georgian Wrestling

National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia

Intangible Cultural Heritage

Inventory Card

15

1. Specify the name of the element

Georgian Wrestling

2Specify the type of the element 

1 Oral tradition and form of expression

Performing art ;

Social Practices, rituals and festive events  ;

Knowledge and practices concerning nature and the

universe

Traditionalcraftsmanship  ;

3Specify the area of element’s spreading

. Current area of spreading Georgia (the whole country)

. Historical area of spreading Contemporary and historical Georgia

3. Place of origination Historical Georgia

4. Cultural space

Identify the time of formation of the element

About VI-V c.c. B.C. (Elashvili, V., “Georgian Wrestling”, Tb., 1975; newspaper Lelo, N119. 1957. 03.X.)

5Function of the element

 The Extract of the National Inventory Card on ICH Element of Georgian Wrestling

Original Current

Part of martial arts; entertainment-visual contest, Sport, entertainment, amusing performance

one of the components of ritual-entertainment
festival

6Bearers of the element

 Communities Major part of male population of Georgian villages and towns (from
6 up to approximately 45 years)

Mainly Shida Kartli, Kvemo Kartli, Kakheti, Svaneti, Imereti,

Adjara, Racha-Lechkhumi, Samegrelo, Guria communities and the
population of Georgian towns.

2. Groups Sport groups and sections, operating in educational-training

institutions, sports clubs, district community centers, other
institutions.

3. Individuals/ families (it is desirable to
specify quantitative indicator, specific
surnames and names)
Beruashvili family from Kareli community (Shida Kartli),
Davitashvili family from Akhmeta community (Kakheti),
Kurashvili family from Kaspi community (Shida KArtli), Khabareli
family from Kareli community (Shida Kartli), Mchedlishvili family
from Gori (Shida KArtli), Mumladze family from Lagodekhi
community (Kakheti); Khubuluri family from Skra community
(Shida KArtli), Guram Tushishvili – Tbilisi, Zakaria Mokhiashvili –
Tbilisi, Mamulashvili Giorgi – Kaspi community (Shida Kartli),
Shota Chochishvili – Gori (Shida KArtli), Giorgi Gachechiladze –
Zestafoni (Imereti), Koba Goletiani family – Tsageri community
(Racha-Lechkhumi), Albert Zurabiani – Svaneti, Murtaz Turtia –
Samegrelo, Beqa Ghviniashvili – Rusi community (Kvemo Kartli),
Otar Kurashvili – Tbilisi, Valeri Parunashvili –Saragejo
community, Gocha Osadze – Tbilisi, Guram Samkharadze – Kvareli
community (kakheti), Rezo Tabukashvili – Mtskheta, Nikoloz
Melikishvili – Rustavi (kvemo Kartli), Zviad Niguriani – Mestia
community (Svaneti), Robert Dzidzishvili – Dusheti community
(Mtskheta- Mtianeti region), Mamed Mamedov – Marneuli
community (Kvemo Kartli), Mamed Mamedov – Telavi (Kakheti),
Vakhtang Zoidze (Kobuleti), etc.
 The Extract of the National Inventory Card on ICH Element of Georgian Wrestling

7. Institutions, organizations, etc. involved in practicing/ preservation/ revival of the element (or
related to it)

Preservation and popularization of “Georgian wrestling” is implemented by number of governmental and non-
governmental organizations. Coordination and harmonization of their actions, facilitation of practicing wrestling
in local communities are carried out by NGO “National Federation of Georgian Wrestling”, which, during the
period of its operation, facilitated establishment of regional federations in the regions of Georgia. NGO Kakheti
Regional Federation of Georgian Wrestling, NGO Shida Kartli Regional Federation of Georgian Wrestling, NGO
Imereti Regional Federation of Georgian Wrestling, NGO Kvemo Kartli Regional Federation of Georgian
Wrestling, NGO Samegrelo- Zemo Svaneti Regional Federation of Georgian Wrestling, NGO Tbilisi Federation of
Georgian Wrestling, NGO Adjara Federation of Georgian Wrestling, International Charity Fund “Kartu”, sport
schools, sport associations, etc. are involved in preservation and popularization of Georgian wrestling at local level.

The following institutions work towards research, preservation and popularization of Georgian wrestling in
educational sector of Georgia as well as at the governmental level: the Ministry of Sports and Youth Affairs of
Georgia, Georgian State Educational University of Physical Training and Sports, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of
History and Ethnology, National Archive of Georgia, Ilia Chavchavadze National Library of the Parliament of
Georgia, local self-governance, public and private schools, etc.

8Description of the element

Georgian wrestling is men’s contest, oriented towards physical training and strength; the oldest traditional
martial-sports contest, which lost its martial function and turned into effective, sports performance since the 19th
c. The element is the complex one, its specificity is conditioned by the unity of fighting, music, dancing and
clothing; it is mostly held in the open air, on bounded ground (ring), covered with either grass or sawdust or hay,
at agreed time, in the circle, formed of fans; the area shall be cleared of stones in advance. The beginning of the
contest is indicated by music (oriental Zurna, Georgian drum). First young guys begin wrestling, than adult
wrestlers continue.
The rivals change places by shaking hands and begin fighting by grabbing chokha. The contestants become more
and more active and, using special moves, try to gain an advantage of the rival. The music, in the course of the
contest, kindles fighting capacity, dictates tempo-rhythm and adds excitement to the contest. The fight is
effective, impressive and attracts great number of fans.
The contest lasts five minutes. The winner is determined on the basis of higher scores. The person, fallen on
shoulders by “pure falling” is a loser. It is forbidden to continue fighting with a fallen rival. On finishing the fight,
wrestlers often leave the ring, performing the moves of Georgian dance; often the winner is given a ram or other
prize.
Georgian wrestling is distinguished from traditional martial sports by specific moves, which, basically, are
common in different regions of Georgia; nevertheless, there are local differences.
The diversity of Georgian wrestling is accompanied by multiplicity of moves, most of which have retained their
old names to our days. These are: Kauri-s, Ghojuri-s, Tedzo-s (hips), Mogverdi-s, Kisruli-s, Sarma-s, etc. The
moves are basically divided into 8 groups.
Sarma is the action, when the contestant places his leg between the rival’s legs; with the heel and back of the shin,
 The Extract of the National Inventory Card on ICH Element of Georgian Wrestling

holds the back of the rival’s shin and pulls towards himself with the leg, and pushes the rival with hands. There
are different variants of sarma: “amosmuli shua sarma”, “kusluri”, “garesarma”, “gangamokruli shusarma”,
“gamokruli shuasarma”, etc.
In the case of kauri, the wrestler holds rival by chokha (Georgian national male dress) with one hand, and the
rivals belt, over the shoulder, with the other hand, places his leg between the rival’s legs, turns round, raises the
rival, pushing with leg and hips and makes him lose balance, pools towards himself and throws him supine. Kauri-
s also have different variants: “mklauri garekauri”, “mukhlkvesha shua kauri”, “chaketili shua kauri”, etc.
In the case of tseruli wrestler presses the front of the rival’s shin with the front part of his foot, pulls him with one
hand, holding his shoulder, and pushes the rival, who is out of balance, with the other hand. Tseruli also has its
versions: tseruli with holding shoulders and hips, tseruli with holding shoulders, etc.
Ghojuri is the action, when the wrestler places his hands around the rival’s waist, pulls him towards himself,
raises suddenly and throws his supine on the ring by turning to the left or to the right. Ghojuri’s versions are:
“tsinaghojuri”, “ukanaghojuri”, “gverditi ghojuri”.
In case of mogverdi, a wrestler holds his rival with belt and khokha, places one leg forward and the other –
backward, shifts balance center to the leg in the front, slightly bends his knees, sliding his side under the rival’s
belly, pushes his belly; then straightens his knees, takes the rival over and throws him. The versionss of mogverdi
are: “mokle mogvedri”, “mklavchaketili mogverdi”, “ghrma mogverdi”, “grdzeli mogverdi”, etc.
In case of conducting tedzo, the wrestler grabs the rival’s chokha and belt, shifts balance to the front leg, steps the
other leg between the rival’s legs, slightly bends his knees, leans his hip against the rival’s thigh and belly, pushes
the hip; straightens his knees, pulls him with his hands and throws supine over the hip. Tedzo also has its
versions: “ormkhrivi tedzo”, “khelmokhveuli tedzo”, “shemobrunebuli tedzo”, etc.
In case of conducting kisruli, the wrestler will grab the rival’s chokha and make him lose balance with deceptive
motion, swiftly turn, slip his shoulders and waist under the belly and shoulders, straighten his knees and take the
rival on the back, bend forward, pull him over his neck and throw down.
In case of conducting bruneba, the wrestler will lift the rival, during tedzo or shua kauri, with his hands and leg,
and throw back, supine. Bruneba has different versions: “shua kauris bruni”, “khelgadavlebuli shua kauris bruni”,
etc.
Presently about 200 moves and counter-moves of Georgian wrestling are recorded. Creativity and skillfulness of
the wrestler are determined by the combination of moves.
Chivalry is characteristic for Georgian wrestling. It is unacceptable to run away from the wrestling ring, fight
with the fallen rival, attempt to injure the rival intentionally. The fight is a direct one: hand fights with hand, leg
– with leg, hip - with hip. Sneaking up or insidious action is excluded. When beginning wrestling, the wrestlers
shall stand face to face, if one of them falls down during wrestling, it is inadmissible to continue fighting with
him, pushing him or rolling him out of the ring.
Perfection of wrestling, transferring from generations to generations takes place in families, villages, communities.
From early spring to late autumn, adolescents, being in the open air to play games, master wrestling skills without
trainer, using the moves they have seen, as well as the already used and improved moves, which they have
learned themselves. It is the best means of entertainment, leisure, demonstrating their own capabilities. Often, the
experienced fans help them in using the moves correctly. Alongside with informal training, Georgian wrestling is
taught through formal training in secondary and higher educational institutions, through physical training and
 The Extract of the National Inventory Card on ICH Element of Georgian Wrestling

special programs, as well as by regional federations of Georgian wrestling.

Groups and sections of Georgian wrestling operate in sports centers of almost all villages and towns, public and
private schools, clubs.

The activities of NFGW (“National Federation of Georgian Wrestling”) and regional federations are directed
towards continuation of traditions of the element. They organize sports- entertainment competitions in villages
and towns, involving experienced wrestlers in educational sector and amateurs’ associations, facilitate transfer of
the knowledge.
In addition to the above mentioned, transferring knowledge of the element is carried out through educational-
popular publications. Number of handbooks of Georgian wrestling exist, where the history of wrestling, as well as
the preserved wrestling moves are included. Obtaining knowledge and skills of Georgian wrestling is facilitated by
its coverage by TV and media, broadcasting of wrestling. Till recent times, local TV broadcast lessons in Georgian
wrestling.
Presently the element is the means of social relations. Georgians consider Georgian wrestling as the institute of
chivalry - the expression of their identity. It facilitates establishment of sound way of life in the community,
spiritual and physical education of the young generation, formation of healthy competitive spirit, tolerant nature;
it serves to identification of a person with manly nature.
Contests are organized not only in the community, but between communities, including the regions, populated by
national minorities and, following from multi-cultural society, facilitate enhancement of relations between
different communities and villages, notwithstanding ethnic or religious differences; establishment of friendly
contacts among young people; strengthening of relations between generations.
“Georgian wrestling” is characterized by chivalrous nature. It established the ability of respecting the rival, not
touching the fallen; excludes painful and abusive moves; defiance does not mean hostility. Any competition
between rivals is completed with the ritual, expressing friendship and shaking hands, facilitating enhancement of
mutual respect in the society.
One of the most important social-cultural functions of the element is preservation of the feeling of cultural
identity in Georgian diasporas, existing beyond the borders of Georgia. Competitions, organized by diasporas, are
held in Azerbaijan, Ukraine, USA, Russia.
The element unifies local elements, traditionally formed in different regions of Georgia, ensures their viability,
facilitated preservation and promotion of cultural diversity.
The clothes of Georgian wrestling is the part of Georgian national clothes and, like men’s clothes, is called
“chokha”.
Women don’t practice wrestling; nevertheless, single cases of women’s wrestling are known. Women actively
support fighting guys. Till now, wrestling of young guys for the purpose of attraction of young girls is established
in the society.
The tradition of wrestling in the open air, on specially allocated ground (ring), covered with sawdust or grass, is
spread in the villages and municipal centers of Shida and Kvemo Kartli, Kakheti, Imereti and other regions of
Georgia. Such competitions accompany religious festivals (St. George’s feast-day, St. Mary’s feast-day, Easter,
Christmas, St. Nino’s feast-day, Virgin Mary’s feast-day, Ascension day, Palm Sunday, Trinity feast-day,
Annunciation, Transfiguration, Feast of the Cross, St. Peter’s and Paul’s feast day, Baptism, John the Baptist’s feast
 The Extract of the National Inventory Card on ICH Element of Georgian Wrestling

day, etc.)
In addition to the above mentioned holidays, in summer time in Georgian villages, the main event during public
meetings or festivals, almost always, is Georgian wrestling (in Teleti – during Teletoba, in Zerti – during
Usanetoba, in Beshumi – during Shuamtoba, in Poladauri – during Mretoba, in Khashuri – during Gortaoba, in
Ksovrisi – during Lashroba, in Akhalgori – during Erostaoba, in Martkopi – during Aparnoba, in Tetri Tsklebi –
during Samasaragveloba, in Ikalto – during Shotaoba, in Sighnagi – during Vanooba, etc.).
Any volunteer may participate in the mentioned competition. An experienced co-villager will act as a referee
during wrestling and identify the winner. Most of the village population is looking forward to popular contest
with joy and enthusiasm.
Local varieties of Georgian wrestling are preserved and certified in different regions of Georgia up to date. These
are:
1. In Imereti – wrestling from sabechuri and gimraoba
2. In Racha – ghojuri and khatsuri
3. In Khevsureti – mukasrisa and mosh
4. In Guria – chedoba and tekoba
5. In Samegrelo – rkineba
6. In Mtiuleti – ighli ghora
7. In Saingilo – kamar
8. In Kartli and Kakheti – majura, tvalaxveuli, mkerdaoba
9. In Svaneti – librgieli, liburdzgali
10. Meskhian wrestling is preserved in fragmented form as well.
Although these varieties are still preserved, more attention towards them, their fixation, popularization, scientific
study and encouragement is on agenda. Support of the variety, spread in Svaneti (librgieli and liburdzgali) and
Meskhian wrestling, existing in Samtskhe- Javakheti is particularly urgent.
For preservation of the tradition of wrestling in the open air in Georgia, it is desirable to involve local self-
governances more actively in allocation of the relevant spaced for new, traditional wrestling rings, which will
facilitate continuation of the tradition, evocation of interest in young generation and popularization of this sport.
Historical information about Georgian wrestling is found in historical sources. According to the explanation by
Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani (16th- 17th c.c.), wrestling (chidaoba/ chideba) “is when a wild animal and a man fight
with each other, or wild animals fight with each other, or livestock fight against each other; and when a man
fights with a man, it is called “rkena” [Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani, Georgian Dictionary (materials), publishing house
“Metsniereba”, Tb., 1973].
The first note about Georgian wrestling is preserved in hagiographic composition of the 9th century – “Life of
Svimon Mesvete (Simeon Stylites)“, where it is referred to as “rkena”. Wrestling is considered in the composition
as one of the directions of martial arts.
In relatively later – 16th c. - Georgian historical literature – “Meskhian Chronicles” the story of survival of the
leader of Samtskhe- Saatabago – Kvarkvare is told, who made it by defeating the wrestler, selected by the Sultan,
in Sultan’s palace [On Conversion of Kartli, Sumbat and Bagrationis and Meskhian Psalms, Tf., 1890].
Ancient origin of Georgian wrestling is also proven by the wrestling scene, painted on the wall of Alaverdi.
Georgian faces, men’s traditional clothes, type of footwear, plastics of movement unambiguously indicate to
Georgian traditional wrestling art [Robakidze Al., “National Sports” (lectures)].
 The Extract of the National Inventory Card on ICH Element of Georgian Wrestling

Notes about Georgian wrestling are also preserved in Georgian folklore, prose
and poetry. One of those are “Conversation of Teimuraz and Rustveli” by King Archil II (1647 – 1713) (Archil:
“Conversation of Teimuraz and Rustveli”, Georgian Literature, vol. 6. Tb., 1989). Numerous legends and proverbs,
written and oral, which prove popularity of Georgian wrestling among people, shall also be considered.

Georgian public figures: Ilia Chavchavadze, Akaki Tsereteli, Anton Purtseladze, Sergei Meskhi, Gr. Orbeliani and
others had very supportive and sympathetic attitude towards Georgian wrestling. Georgian newspapers of that
period – “Iveria”, “Droeba”, etc. provided wide coverage of this traditional sport.

Information about Georgian wrestling exists in the notes of foreign travellers. Giovani Plano Caprini, during his
being in Mongol’s Golden Horde, describes sad history of wrestling of two Georgians [History of Mongols, Sect. 2,
Tb. 1942].

In 1899, French writer, ethnographer and professor Baron de Baye (1853-1931) (Amour-Auguste-Louis-Joseph
Berthelot) traveled in Georgia. He described Georgian’s life in the book, published in Paris in 1899 “In South
Region of Caucasus” (,,AU SUD de chaine du Cau-case”), in one section of which the peculiarities of Georgian
wrestling are described. Baron de Baye used to take photos for publication in his book. In illustrated French
edition there are two interesting photos, which was taken by the author in Kakheti, during “Alaverdoba” (secular
holiday).
In 1947, the Nobel award holder, American writer John Steinbeck and photo-artist Robert Capa (Andre Friedman)
arrived in Georgia. They visited cities and towns Tbilisi, Mtskheta, Gori, Ateni, Chakvi, Batumi, etc. During their
visit to Gori, the Americans happened to see Georgian wrestling competition, which they described in details in
their book.
Georgian wrestling tournaments were traditionally held when meeting honorable guests, during folk festivals and
on holidays. (Kvantidze G., Ethnographic Pictures from the History of Georgia of the XVII-XVIII c.c., 2010;
http://iliauni.edu.ge/uploads/other/1/1485.pdf ).
Wrestling was also accompanying ritual-entertainment or other holidays. E.g. during “Berikaoba-Keenoba”, the
winner of wrestlers’ competition was elected as “Keeni” [Janelidze, D., History of Georgian Theatre, Folk Origins,
Tb., 1983].
Till the 20-ies- 30-ies of the XX c. Wrestling traditionally was held between the wrestlers in casual chokha with
folded laps (Kvantidze G., Ethnographic Pictures from the History of Georgia of the XVII-XVIII c.c., 2010;
http://iliauni.edu.ge/uploads/other/1/1485.pdf ), and the present uniform was created in 30-ies of the XX c.
Since the 20-ies of the XX c. wrestling was very popular in Georgia and other big cities; often, competitions were
organized between different districts, where not only the city residents participated, but also the volunteers from
nearby villages. The most famous and honorable persons among the spectators were selected as referees. Brave,
agile young guys were selected by the spectators for keeping good order in the ring; they, holding nice switches,
ran around the ring (“Ganis gamshleli”) to make the advanced spectators move back; they also collected money for
 The Extract of the National Inventory Card on ICH Element of Georgian Wrestling

musicians from spectators. The competition was started by adolescents, then came young guys and finally famous
wrestlers came to the ring. [Barnov, A., Wrestling in Old Tbilisi, Tb., 1967]. Each wrestler had his own supporters
(fans), who were cheering the wrestler up, shouting and whooping.
Famous wrestlers of the XIX c. were: raftsman Data Khizambareli, coachman Urekha, Ivane Kirimelashvili (Kula
Gldaneli), Mika Metekheli, Sarkisa Avlabreli (tokhana) and many others. It is also known that wrestling
competitions between ladies were also organized [Barnov, A., Wrestling in Old Tbilisi, Tb., 1967].

Till the XIX c., Georgian wrestling was organized in the open air, on specially selected rings.
Wrestling rings in Tbilisi were in Kharpukhi, Mtatsminda, Didube, Gldani (“Gare Tsre” (”Outer Circle”)),
Shavnabada (“Sakinule” (“freezer”)) and in almost every district.
Wrestling areas had their own names, some of which became toponyms of the city. These are: “Italian’s Garden”,
the so-called “Grishua’s Garden”, “Mushtaedi”, “Neapoli”, “Gigilo’s Bathhouse”, “Chikhradzes’ Sawmill”, “At
Tramway Workers’ Center”, “Pikris (Peokrebis) Gora”, etc.
Wrestling areas were arranged near Vera Graveyard, on Makhata hill, Iagora’s Balagan, Arsenal and European
Garden, Khudadov Forest. In Didube – near the Virgin Mary’s Church, in front of the old hippodrome, near
Mtkvari; Prince Tsitsishvili arranged roofed wrestling ring in his estate, which was called “Prince’s Circle”.
In villages, as well as in towns, the contest rings were referred to according to the given names, like “Wrestlers’
Wood”, “Wrestling Valley”. Etc. Since the XIX c. circus areas were added to open wrestling rings, where, in
addition to Georgian, French wrestling events were organized.
Since 20-ies- 30-ies of the XX c. the standard of wrestling ring was established, according to which, the ring shall
have the diameter of 8-10 m; it shall be even and shall have the 15-20 cm layer of sawdust, hay or sand; duration
of wrestling was also determined.
In villages, the ring, arranged for holiday or in haste, is cleared of stones, covered with grass, hay or sawdust.

9. Present Condition of the Object

Widely practiced ;

More or less practiced 

Practiced at minimum level 

 The Extract of the National Inventory Card on ICH Element of Georgian Wrestling

Forgotten

In the process of restoration/ revival 

0Additional information, related to the object (remarks, recommendations, proposals) 

From the viewpoint of preservation and popularization of Georgian wrestling, as the constituent element of a healthy
way of life, tradition, expressing cultural diversity and identity of the country, organization of various events is on
agenda. In 2014, the National Federation of Georgian Wrestling, with the support of the government, developed a
Long–Term (2014-2020) Program for Development of Georgian Wrestling, which, being nominated by the Ministry
of Sports and Youth Affairs of Georgia, was approved by the Government of Georgia (Resolution #601, 4.04.2014). The
obligation of implementation of the above mentioned Program is undertaken by the Government, as well as non-
governmental sector, local self-governance, communities.

For the purpose of preservation of diversity and significance of Georgian wrestling, effective steps shall be made in
several directions. With facilitation of local self-governances, more attention shall be paid locally to allocation of areas
for traditional wrestling rings in villages; organization of tournaments during secular and religious holidays shall be
facilitated, local peculiarities of wrestling shall be identified, recorded and studied; they shall be popularized.
Operation of wrestling clubs and sections in educational system shall be facilitated; organized tournaments shall be
arranged, infrastructure shall be improved, etc.

1Documentation and bibliography, related to the object (title, quantity, place of storage)

 Initiator of assignation of the status (indicate contact information)

National Federation of Georgian Wrestling 

Compiler of the Card (also indicate contact information) 

Vladimir Nutsubidze 577 17 80 22; (edited by Guliko Kvantidze 21.12.2016)

The (ICH) carriers, participating in compilation of the Card and their contact information

Gela Beruashvili 555 20 01 04; Valeri Parunashvili - 592 50 40 15; Otar Kurashvili - 599 55 24 83; Malkhaz
Beruashvili - 577 60 49 60; Jemal Mchedlishvili - 579 00 80 00.

15. Date of compilation of the Registration Card 

63updated on

ʸʬʬʹʺʸ ʹʨˆʬʲ˄ʵʫʬʩʨ ʹʨˆʬʵʩʨ ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ ʫʵʱʻʳʬʴʺʰ ζ ʯʨʸʰʾʰ ʱʨʺʬʪʵʸʰʨ ʫʵʱʻʳʬʴʺʰ ζ ʯʨʸʰʾʰ ʹʨʨʾʸʰ˂ˆʭʵ ʸʬʬʹʺʸˀʰ ˀʬʴʰˀʭʴʨ
ʰʹ ζ ʩʨʸʨʯʰʹ ζ ˀʬʺʨʴʰʹ
ʯʨʸʰʾʰ
1 ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʳʸʨʭʨʲˆʳʰʨʴʵʩʨ ʹʨˀʬʳʹʸʻʲʬʩʲʵ ˆʬʲʵʭʴʬʩʨ, ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ #2/268 09.12.2014 17.11.2011. 2001 ˄ʬʲʹ ˀʬʭʰʫʨ Unesco-ʹ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʨ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ
ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ˃ʬʪʲʰʹ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʨʪʬʴʺʵʹ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ˆʬʲʯʻʽʳʴʬʲʰ
ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲʻʸʰ ʫʰʸʬʽʺʵʸʰʹ
ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ ˀʬʫʬʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʴʻʹˆʨˀʰ
ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ

2 ʽʭʬʭʸʰ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʨ, ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʰʹʨ #3/289 11.11.11 ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ #91 08.02.2011 17.11.2011. ʽʭʬʭʸʰʹ ʫʨʳʮʨʫʬʩʰʹ ʺʬʽʴʵʲʵʪʰʨ
ˆʬʲʵʹʴʵʩʰʹ ʫʨʸʪʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʺʬʽʴʰʱʨ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʫʨ ˃ʬʪʲʯʨ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʶʸʬʮʰʫʬʴʺʰʹ
ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ˃ʬʪʲʰʹ ʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʰʹ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ
ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ
3 ʽʭʬʭʸʰʹ ʾʭʰʴʰʹ ʫʨʿʬʴʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʨ, ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʰʹʨ #3/85 19.03.12 ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ #257 30.03.2012 27.03.2012. 2013 ˄ʲʰʹ 4 ʫʬʱʬʳʩʬʸʹ ˀʬʭʰʫʨ
ʻ˃ʭʬʲʬʹʰ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʪʨʸʬʹʨʳʿʨʸʵʹʯʨʴ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʫʨ ˃ʬʪʲʯʨ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʶʸʬʮʰʫʬʴʺʰʹ Unesco-ʹ ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ
ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʳʬʯʵʫʰ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʨ, ˆʬʲʵʹʴʵʩʰʹ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ˃ʬʪʲʰʹ ʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʰʹ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ
ʫʨʸʪʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʺʬʽʴʰʱʨ ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ ˃ʬʪʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʰʨˀʰ

4 "ʫʬʫʨʬʴʨ" (ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʹʨʨʴʩʨʴʬ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʨ ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʰʹʨ #03/43 12.03.13 ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ #295 14.04.2014 25.03.2013
ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˃ʾʭʨʴʬʲʵʹ ˀʬʫʪʬʴʰʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʫʨ ˃ʬʪʲʯʨ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ
ʰʨʱʵʩ ʪʵʪʬʩʨˀʭʰʲʰʹʬʻʲʰ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ˃ʬʪʲʰʹ ʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʰʹ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʨ
ʳʬʯʵʫʰ) ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ
5 ˂ʬʱʭʨ ʼʬʸˆʻʲʰ ʹʨˀʬʳʹʸʻʲʬʩʲʵ ˆʬʲʵʭʴʬʩʨ ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʰʹʨ #03/43 12.03.13 ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ 25.03.2013
ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʫʨ ˃ʬʪʲʯʨ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ
ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ˃ʬʪʲʰʹ ʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʰʹ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ
ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ
6 ʩʬʸʰʱʨʵʩʨ ʹʨˀʬʳʹʸʻʲʬʩʲʵ ˆʬʲʵʭʴʬʩʨ, ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʰʹʨ #03/43 12.03.13 25.03.2013
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʨ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʫʨ ˃ʬʪʲʯʨ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ
ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ˃ʬʪʲʰʹ ʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʰʹ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ
ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ
7 ʱʨˆʻʸʰ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʷʨʳʰʬʸʰ ʹʨˀʬʳʹʸʻʲʬʩʲʵ ˆʬʲʵʭʴʬʩʨ, ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʰʹʨ #03/43 12.03.13 25.03.2013
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʨ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʫʨ ˃ʬʪʲʯʨ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ
ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ˃ʬʪʲʰʹ ʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʰʹ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ
ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ
8 ʽʨʲʨʽʻʸʰ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʷʨʳʰʬʸʰ ʹʨˀʬʳʹʸʻʲʬʩʲʵ ˆʬʲʵʭʴʬʩʨ, ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʰʹʨ #03/43 12.03.13 25.03.2013
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʨ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʫʨ ˃ʬʪʲʯʨ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ
ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ˃ʬʪʲʰʹ ʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʰʹ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ
ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ
9 ʹʨʩʨʭˀʭʵ ʲʰʺʬʸʨʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʮʬʶʰʸʰ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʳʵˆʨʺʭʰʹ ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʰʹʨ #03/207 13.11.13 25.11.2013
ʷʻʸʴʨʲʰʹ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʨ _ ʷʻʸʴʨʲʰ ʼʵʸʳʬʩʰ, ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʫʨ ˃ʬʪʲʯʨ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ
"ʫʰʲʨ" ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʨ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ˃ʬʪʲʰʹ ʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʰʹ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ
ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ
10 ˂ʬʱʭʨ "ˆʵʸʻʳʰ" ʹʨˀʬʳʹʸʻʲʬʩʲʵ ˆʬʲʵʭʴʬʩʨ ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʰʹʨ #03/207 13.11.13 25.11.2013
ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʫʨ ˃ʬʪʲʯʨ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ
ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ˃ʬʪʲʰʹ ʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʰʹ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ
ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ
11 ʳʬʹˆʻʸʰ ʿʭʬʲʰ “ʺʬʴʰʲʰ“ - ʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʨ, ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʰʹʨ #03/207 13.11.13 25.11.2013
ʫʨʳʮʨʫʬʩʰʹ ʺʬʽʴʵʲʵʪʰʨ ʪʨʸʬʹʨʳʿʨʸʵʹʯʨʴ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʫʨ ˃ʬʪʲʯʨ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʨ, ˆʬʲʵʹʴʵʩʰʹ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ˃ʬʪʲʰʹ ʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʰʹ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ
ʫʨʸʪʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʺʬʽʴʰʱʨ ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ

12 “ ʯʬʨʺʸʨʲʻʸʰ ʻʴʰʭʬʸʹʰʺʬʺʰʹ ʮʬʶʰʸʰ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʳʵˆʨʺʭʰʹ ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʰʹʨ #03/234 24.12.13 05.01.2013
ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʰ, ʹʺʻʫʬʴʺʨʫ ʼʵʸʳʬʩʰ, ʹʨˀʬʳʹʸʻʲʬʩʲʵ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʫʨ ˃ʬʪʲʯʨ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ
ʱʻʸʯˆʬʭʰʹ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʨ - ʪʸʰʳʰʹ ˆʬʲʵʭʴʬʩʨ, ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ˃ʬʪʲʰʹ ʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʰʹ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ
˂ˆʬʩʰʹ ˂ʬʸʬʳʵʴʰʨʲʰ“ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʨ ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ

13 ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʶʬʸʰʵʫʰʱʰʹ ʻ˄ʿʭʬʺʰ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʨ ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʰʹʨ #03/234 24.12.13 05.01.2013
ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʨ - ʲʰʺʬʸʨʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʫʨ ˃ʬʪʲʯʨ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ
ʷʻʸʴʨʲʰ “˂ʰʹʱʨʸʰ“ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ˃ʬʪʲʰʹ ʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʰʹ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ
ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ
14 “ʲʨʾʰ˃ʰʹ ˄ʿʲʬʩʰʹ ʺʬʽʴʵʲʵʪʰʨ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʨ, ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʰʹʨ #03/234 24.12.13 05.01.2013
ʫʨ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʨ“ ʪʨʸʬʹʨʳʿʨʸʵʹʯʨʴ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʫʨ ˃ʬʪʲʯʨ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ
ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ˃ʬʪʲʰʹ ʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʰʹ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ
ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʨ, ˆʬʲʵʹʴʵʩʰʹ
ʫʨʸʪʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʺʬʽʴʰʱʨ ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ

15 „ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʨ“ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʨ ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʰʹʨ #2/130 04.08.2014 ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ #24 24.01.2017 25.09.2014
ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʫʨ ˃ʬʪʲʯʨ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ
ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ˃ʬʪʲʰʹ ʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʰʹ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʨ
ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ
16 ʻ˃ʭʬʲʬʹʰ ʼˀʨʻʸʰ ʹʨʱʭʬʩʰ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʨ, ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʰʹʨ #2/156 03.09.2014 25.09.2014
ʶʸʵʫʻʽʺʰ - ,,ʫʨʳʩʨʲˆʨ˅ʵ” ʪʨʸʬʹʨʳʿʨʸʵʹʯʨʴ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʫʨ ˃ʬʪʲʯʨ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ
(ʫʨʳʩʨʲʰ ˆʨ˅ʵ) ʫʨʳʮʨʫʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʨ, ˆʬʲʵʹʴʵʩʰʹ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ˃ʬʪʲʰʹ ʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʰʹ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ
ʺʬʽʴʵʲʵʪʰʨ ʫʨ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʨ ʫʨʸʪʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʺʬʽʴʰʱʨ ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ

17 "ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʨʴʩʨʴʰʹ ʹʨʳʰ ʮʬʶʰʸʰ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʳʵˆʨʺʭʰʹ ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ #2/33 19.03.2015 ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ #116 19.03.2015 20.03.2015 2016 ˄ʲʰʹ 30 ʴʵʬʳʩʬʸʹ ˀʬʭʰʫʨ
ʻ˃ʭʬʲʬʹʰ ʹʨˆʬʵʩʰʹ ˂ʵ˂ˆʨʲʰ ʼʵʸʳʬʩʰ, ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ Unesco-ʹ ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ
ʱʻʲʺʻʸʨ" ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʨ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ˃ʬʪʲʰʹ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʨʪʬʴʺʵʹ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʨ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ
ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲʻʸʰ ʫʰʸʬʽʺʵʸʰʹ
ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ ˃ʬʪʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʰʨˀʰ
ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ

18 ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ˆʨʲˆʻʸʰ ʹʨʱʸʨʭʰʹ
"˅ʻʴʰʸʰ" ʫʨʳʮʨʫʬʩʰʹ
ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʳʬʯʵʫʰ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʨ, ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ #2/34 9.03.2015 20.03.2015
ˆʬʲʵʹʴʵʩʰʹ ʫʨʸʪʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʺʬʽʴʰʱʨ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ
ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ˃ʬʪʲʰʹ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʨʪʬʴʺʵʹ
ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲʻʸʰ ʫʰʸʬʽʺʵʸʰʹ
ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ
ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ

19 ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʽʻʫʰʹ ʫʨʳʮʨʫʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʨ, ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ #2/34 9.03.2015 20.03.2015
ʺʬʽʴʵʲʵʪʰʨ ˆʬʲʵʹʴʵʩʰʹ ʫʨʸʪʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʺʬʽʴʰʱʨ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ
ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ˃ʬʪʲʰʹ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʨʪʬʴʺʵʹ
ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲʻʸʰ ʫʰʸʬʽʺʵʸʰʹ
ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ
ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ

20 ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʹʨʳʮʨʸʬʻʲʵ – ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʨ ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ #2/34 9.03.2015 20.03.2015
ʼʬʺʭʰʨʴʰ ˆʨ˅ʨʶʻʸʰʹ ʫʨʳʮʨʫʬʩʰʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ
ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʳʬʯʵʫʰ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ˃ʬʪʲʰʹ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʨʪʬʴʺʵʹ
ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲʻʸʰ ʫʰʸʬʽʺʵʸʰʹ
ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ
ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ

21 ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʹʨʳʮʨʸʬʻʲʵ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʨ ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ #2/34 9.03.2015 20.03.2015
–ʱʻʩʫʨʸʰʹ (ʹʭʨʴ. ʱʻʩʬʫ) ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ
ʫʨʳʮʨʫʬʩʰʹ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ˃ʬʪʲʰʹ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʨʪʬʴʺʵʹ
ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲʻʸʰ ʫʰʸʬʽʺʵʸʰʹ
ʳʬʯʵʫʰ ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ
ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ

22 ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʹʨʳʮʨʸʬʻʲʵ – ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʨ ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ #2/34 9.03.2015 20.03.2015
ʳʨʸʰʲʰʹ ʫʨʳʮʨʫʬʩʰʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ
ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʳʬʯʵʫʰ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ˃ʬʪʲʰʹ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʨʪʬʴʺʵʹ
ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲʻʸʰ ʫʰʸʬʽʺʵʸʰʹ
ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ
ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ

23 ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʹʨʳʮʨʸʬʻʲʵ – ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʨ ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ #2/34 9.03.2015 20.03.2015
ʯʨˀʳˇʨʩʰʹ ʫʨʳʮʨʫʬʩʰʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ
ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʳʬʯʵʫʰ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ˃ʬʪʲʰʹ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʨʪʬʴʺʵʹ
ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲʻʸʰ ʫʰʸʬʽʺʵʸʰʹ
ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ
ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ

24 "ʭʬʼˆʰʹʺʿʨʵʹʴʰʹ" ʮʬʶʰʸʨʫ
˂ʵʫʴʰʹ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʨ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʨ, ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ #2/67 30.09.2015 7.10.2015
ʮʬʶʰʸʰ ʪʨʳʵˆʨʺʭʰʹ ʼʵʸʳʨ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ
ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ˃ʬʪʲʰʹ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʨʪʬʴʺʵʹ
ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲʻʸʰ ʫʰʸʬʽʺʵʸʰʹ
ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ
ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ

25 ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʹʨʳʱʻʸʴʨʲʵ – ʪʨʸʬ ʹʨʳʿʨʸʵʹʯʨʴ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ #2/276 8.10.2015 15.10.2015
ʳʰʴʬʸʨʲʻʸʰ, ʳʷʨʭʬ ˄ʿʲʬʩʰʹ: ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʨ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ
ʳʻʪʭʰʸʰ, ʨʸ˂ˆʬʬʲʰ, ʱʨˆʸʲʫ, ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ˃ʬʪʲʰʹ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʨʪʬʴʺʵʹ
ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲʻʸʰ ʫʰʸʬʽʺʵʸʰʹ
ʲʬʪʨʩ, ʹʬʺʰʹ, ʱʭʬʫʰʲʨˀʰʹ ʫʨ ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ
ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ
ˀʫʬʪʰʹ ʳʵˆʳʨʸʬʩʰʹ
26 "ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ˆʨʲˆʻʸʰ ʹʨʱʸʨʭʰ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʵʹʺʨʺʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ #2/276 8.10.2015 15.10.2015
"ˁʨʴʪʰʹ" ʫʨʳʮʨʫʬʩʰʹ ˆʬʲʹʨʽʳʬ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ
ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʳʬʯʵʫʰ" ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ˃ʬʪʲʰʹ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʨʪʬʴʺʵʹ
ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲʻʸʰ ʫʰʸʬʽʺʵʸʰʹ
ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ
ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ

27 ˆʬʮʬ ʱʭʬʯʰʹ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʨ – ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʵʹʺʨʺʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ #2/276 8.10.2015 15.10.2015
ʵʸʴʨʳʬʴʺʰ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʻʲ ˆʬʲʹʨʽʳʬ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ
ʹʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʰʹʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʿʵʼʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʵ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ˃ʬʪʲʰʹ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʨʪʬʴʺʵʹ
ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲʻʸʰ ʫʰʸʬʽʺʵʸʰʹ
ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʴʰʭʯʬʩˀʰ ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ
ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ

28 ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʶʬʸʰʵʫʰʱʰʹ ʻ˄ʿʭʬʺʰ
ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʨ - ʲʰʺʬʸʨʺʻʸʻʲʰ
ʷʻʸʴʨʲʰ "ʪʨʴʯʰʨʫʰ"
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʨ ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ #2/277 8.10.2015 15.10.2015
ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ
ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ˃ʬʪʲʰʹ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʨʪʬʴʺʵʹ
ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲʻʸʰ ʫʰʸʬʽʺʵʸʰʹ
ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ
ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ
29 ʱʨˆʻʸʰ ˁʻʸˁˆʬʲʰʹ ʫʨʳʮʨʫʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʨ ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ #2/305 30.10.2015 7.11.2015
ʺʬʽʴʵʲʵʪʰʨ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ
ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ˃ʬʪʲʰʹ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʨʪʬʴʺʵʹ
ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲʻʸʰ ʫʰʸʬʽʺʵʸʰʹ
ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ
ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ

30 ʱʨˆʻʸʰ ʽʻʫʰʹ ʫʨʳʮʨʫʬʩʰʹ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʻʲʰ ˆʬʲʹʨʽʳʬ ʫʨ ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ #2/305 30.10.2015 7.11.2015
ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʳʬʯʵʫʰ ˆʬʲʵʹʴʵʩʨ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ
ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ˃ʬʪʲʰʹ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʨʪʬʴʺʵʹ
ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲʻʸʰ ʫʰʸʬʽʺʵʸʰʹ
ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ
ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ

31 ʱʨˆʻʸʰ ʶʻʸʰʹ (ʫʬʫʨʹ ʶʻʸʰ) ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʨ ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ #2/305 30.10.2015 7.11.2015
ʫʨʳʮʨʫʬʩʰʹ ʺʬʽʴʵʲʵʪʰʨ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ
ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ˃ʬʪʲʰʹ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʨʪʬʴʺʵʹ
ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲʻʸʰ ʫʰʸʬʽʺʵʸʰʹ
ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ
ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ

32 ʳʬʯʻʴʬʵʩʰʹ ʻ˃ʭʬʲʬʹʰ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʻʲʰ ˆʬʲʹʨʽʳʬ ʫʨ ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ #2/305 30.10.2015 7.11.2015
ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʨ ʭʨʸʫʰʹʻʩʨʴˀʰ ˆʬʲʵʹʴʵʩʨ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ
ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ˃ʬʪʲʰʹ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʨʪʬʴʺʵʹ
ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲʻʸʰ ʫʰʸʬʽʺʵʸʰʹ
ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ
ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ

33 ʮʨʸʰʯ ʫʨʱʸ˃ʨʲʭʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʮʬʶʰʸʰ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ #2/38 19.02.2016 16.03.2016
ʸʰʺʻʨʲʰ ʪʨʳʵˆʨʺʭʰʹ ʼʵʸʳʨ, ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ
ʹʨˀʬʳʹʸʻʲʬʩʲʵ ˆʬʲʵʭʴʬʩʨ, ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ˃ʬʪʲʰʹ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʨʪʬʴʺʵʹ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʨ ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲʻʸʰ ʫʰʸʬʽʺʵʸʰʹ
ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ
ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ

34 ʩʨʮʰʬʸʵʩʨ (ʫʨʳ˅ʬʸʰ ʳʺʨ˂ʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʨ, ʨʸʨʳʨʺʬʸʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ #2/337 11.10.2016 27.10.2016
ʼʸʰʴʭʬʲʰʯ ʨʴʻ ʩʨʮʰʯ ʪʨʸʬʹʨʳʿʨʸʵʹʯʨʴ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ
ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨ) ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʨ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʹ ˃ʬʪʲʰʹ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʨʪʬʴʺʵʹ
ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲʻʸʰ ʫʰʸʬʽʺʵʸʰʹ
ʹʺʨʺʻʹʰ
ʳʵʨʫʪʰʲʰʹ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ
 Date of Note
Reg. No Name Type Status (document, No, date) Category (document, No, date) Rec. card No entering into
the register
1 Georgian polyphony Performance art, social experience Status of intabgible Order of the General Director #2/268 09.12.2014 17.11.2011. Was entered into the UNESCO List of
cultural heritage of the National Agency for Uncreated Masterpieces of Intangible
monument Cultural Heritage Protection Cultural Heritage in 2001
of Georgia

2 Kvevri Status of intabgible Order of the Minsiter of #3/289 40858 National Decree of the #91 08.02.2011 17.11.2011. Kvevri making technology
cultural heritage Culture and Monument President of
monument Protection of Georgia Georgia

Public experience, fields of handi

3 The Ancient Georgian Traditional Public experience, experience related to Status of intabgible Order of the Minsiter of #3/85 40987 National Decree of the #257 30.03.2012 27.03.2012. Was entered into the UNESCO List of
Qvevri Winemaking Metohod outward, fields of handicraft and cultural heritage Culture and Monument President of Intangible Culltural Heritage Monuments
technique monument Protection of Georgia Georgia on December 4, 2013
4 “ Deda Ena” -“Mother Tongue” (The Public experience, Status of intabgible Order of the Minsiter of #03/43 41345 National Resolution of the #295 14.04.2014 41358
textbook of the Georgian original cultural heritage Culture and Monument Government of
alphabetical teaching method created monument Protection of Georgia Georgia
by Iakob
Gogebashvili
5 Dance Perkhuli (round dance) Performance art Status of intabgible Order of the Minsiter of #03/43 41345 National 41358
cultural heritage Culture and Monument
monument Protection of Georgia
6 Berikaoba Performing art and Public experience Status of intabgible Order of the Minsiter of #03/43 41345 41358
cultural heritage Culture and Monument
monument Protection of Georgia

7 Kakhetian Mravalzhamieri Performance art, social experience Status of intabgible Order of the Minsiter of #03/43 41345 41358
cultural heritage Culture and Monument
monument Protection of Georgia
8 Urban "Mravalzhamieri" Performing art and Public experience Status of intabgible Order of the Minsiter of #03/43 41345 41358
cultural heritage Culture and Monument
monument Protection of Georgia

9 Tradition of Georgian literary Oral traditions and expression forms, Status of intabgible Order of the Minsiter of #03/207 41591 41603
children's magazine - Magazine "Dila" Public experience cultural heritage Culture and Monument
monument Protection of Georgia

10 Dance "Khorumi" Performance art Status of intabgible Order of the Minsiter of #03/207 41591 41603
cultural heritage Culture and Monument
monument Protection of Georgia

11 Technology of making Meskhian
cheese "Tenili"
12 “ Annual tradition student initiation
ceremony of the University of Treatre -
ceremonial of anointing with make-
up“
Social experience, experience, related to Status of intabgible Order of the Minsiter of #03/207 41591 41603
external world, branches and techniques cultural heritage Culture and Monument
of handicraftsmanship monument Protection of Georgia
Oral traditions and expression forms, Status of intabgible Order of the Minsiter of #03/234 41632 41279
performance art, social experience cultural heritage Culture and Monument
monument Protection of Georgia

13 Continuous tradition of Georgian Social experience Status of intabgible Order of the Minsiter of #03/234 41632 41279
periodical publication - literary cultural heritage Culture and Monument
magazine "Tsiskari" monument Protection of Georgia
14 “Technology and culture of Lagidze Social experience, experience, related to Status of intabgible Order of the Minsiter of #03/234 41632 41279
waters" external world, branches and techniques cultural heritage Culture and Monument
of handicraftsmanship monument Protection of Georgia
15 Georgian wrestling” Public experience, perfomance art, Status of intabgible Order of the Minsiter of #2/130 04.08.2014 National Resolution of the #24 24.01.2017 25.09.2014
branchens and techiques of cultural heritage Culture and Monument Government of
handicraftsmanship monument Protection of Georgia Georgia
16 Technology and culture of ancient Social experience, experience, related to Status of intabgible Order of the Minsiter of #2/156 03.09.2014 25.09.2014
Pshavian food product external world, branches and techniques cultural heritage Culture and Monument
"Dambalkhacho" (soaked cottage of handicraftsmanship monument Protection of Georgia
cheese"
17 Living culture of three writing systems Oral traditions and expression forms, Status of intabgible Order of the General Director #2/33 19.03.2015 National Resolution of the #116 19.03.2015 20.03.2015 Was entered into the UNESCO List of
of Georgian alphabet ” social experience cultural heritage of the National Agency for Government of Intangible Culltural Heritage Monuments
monument Cultural Heritage Protection Georgia on on November 30, 2016
of Georgia

18 Traditional method of making Social experience, branches and Status of intabgible Order of the General Director #2/34 9.03.2015 20.03.2015
Svanetian folk instrument "Chuniri" techniques of handicraftsmanship cultural heritage of the National Agency for
monument Cultural Heritage Protection
of Georgia

19 Technology of making Svanetin hat Social experience, branches and Status of intabgible Order of the General Director #2/34 9.03.2015 20.03.2015
techniques of handicraftsmanship cultural heritage of the National Agency for
monument Cultural Heritage Protection
of Georgia

20 Social experience Status of intabgible Order of the General Director #2/34 9.03.2015 20.03.2015
cultural heritage of the National Agency for
monument Cultural Heritage Protection
of Georgia

21 Svanetian cuisine - traditional method Social experience Status of intabgible Order of the General Director #2/34 9.03.2015 20.03.2015
of making Kubdari (Svan. "Kubed") cultural heritage of the National Agency for
monument Cultural Heritage Protection
of Georgia

22 Svanetian cuisine - traditional method Social experience Status of intabgible Order of the General Director #2/34 9.03.2015 20.03.2015
of making Svanetian salt cultural heritage of the National Agency for
monument Cultural Heritage Protection
of Georgia

23 Svanetian cuisine - traditional method Social experience Status of intabgible Order of the General Director #2/34 9.03.2015 20.03.2015
of making Tashmjabi cultural heritage of the National Agency for
monument Cultural Heritage Protection
of Georgia

24 Social experience, form of oral expression Status of intabgible Order of the General Director #2/67 30.09.2015 7.10.2015
cultural heritage of the National Agency for
monument Cultural Heritage Protection
of Georgia

25 Tradition of use of medicinal- mineral, Experience, related to external world Status of intabgible Order of the General Director #2/276 8.10.2015 15.10.2015
acid waters - Mugviri, Artskheeli, cultural heritage of the National Agency for
Kakhrld, Legab, Seti, Kvedilashi and monument Cultural Heritage Protection
Shdegi - in Zemo Svaneeti of Georgia

26 Traditional method of making of Traditional handicraft and handiwork Status of intabgible Order of the General Director #2/276 8.10.2015 15.10.2015
Svanetian folk instrument "Changi" cultural heritage of the National Agency for
monument Cultural Heritage Protection
of Georgia

27 Tradition of wood engraving - Traditional handicraft and handiwork Status of intabgible Order of the General Director #2/276 8.10.2015 15.10.2015
ornaments on Svanetial traditional cultural heritage of the National Agency for
dwelling and household appliances monument Cultural Heritage Protection
of Georgia

28 Continuous tradition of Georgian Social experience Status of intabgible Order of the General Director #2/277 8.10.2015 15.10.2015
periodical publication - literary cultural heritage of the National Agency for
magazine "Gantiadi" monument Cultural Heritage Protection
of Georgia

29 Making technology of kakhetian Social experience Status of intabgible Order of the General Director #2/305 30.10.2015 7.11.2015
Churchkhela cultural heritage of the National Agency for
monument Cultural Heritage Protection
of Georgia
30 Traditional method of making Traditional handicraft and handiwork Status of intabgible Order of the General Director #2/305 30.10.2015 7.11.2015
Kakhetian hat cultural heritage of the National Agency for
monument Cultural Heritage Protection
of Georgia

31 Technology of making Kakhetian Social experience Status of intabgible Order of the General Director #2/305 30.10.2015 7.11.2015
bread (dedas puri - mother's bread) cultural heritage of the National Agency for
monument Cultural Heritage Protection
of Georgia

32 Ancient tradition of Pottery in Traditional handicraft and handiwork Status of intabgible Order of the General Director #2/305 30.10.2015 7.11.2015
Vardisubani cultural heritage of the National Agency for
monument Cultural Heritage Protection
of Georgia

33 Oral traditions and expression form, Status of intabgible Order of the General Director #2/38 19.02.2016 16.03.2016
performance art, social experience cultural heritage of the National Agency for
monument Cultural Heritage Protection
of Georgia

34 Bazieroba (hunting with catching bird, Social experience, experience related to Status of intabgible Order of the General Director #2/337 11.10.2016 27.10.2016
i.e. "bazi") outer world cultural heritage of the National Agency for
monument Cultural Heritage Protection
of Georgia