Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology

An Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Anna University | Approved by AICTE, New Delhi

Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC| Accredited by NBA (ECE, MECH, EEE, IT & CSE)
Valley Campus, Pollachi Highway, Coimbatore 641 032.| www.hicet.ac.in

COURSE INFORMATION SHEET

1. Academic Year : 2022 – 23 (Even)

2. Name of faculty : Ms.K.Kavitha
3. Department : Electronics and Communication Engineering
4. Programme : B.E., Electronics and Communication Engineering
5. Class and semester : III year and Sixth semester
6. Course code and title : 19EC6202 - Antenna and wave propagation
7. Regulations : Autonomous
8. Core / Elective : Core
9. Contact hours : 60
10.Type of course : Analytical
11.Number of credits :4

12.Course pre-requisites:
(i) Electromagnetic Fields
(ii) Transmission Lines and Wave Guides
13.Course learning objectives:
(i) To provide an insight of the radiation phenomena and the antenna parameters
(ii) To teach the radiation characteristics of different types of aperture and slot antennas
(iii) To study the radiation mechanism of array antennas
(iv) To impart knowledge on special antennas and antenna measurements
(v) To understand the propagation of radio waves and various types of wave propagation

14.Expected outcome of the course:

After completion of the course the learner will be able to

CO1
Understand the radiation phenomena and the antenna parameters

CO2 Understand the radiation characteristics of different types of aperture and slot antennas

CO3
Understand the radiation mechanism of various types of array antennas.

CO4 Understand the purpose on special antennas and some of the basic antenna measurements

CO5
Understand the characteristics of different types of radio wave propagation at different
frequencies

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15.Course Syllabus:
UNIT I FUNDAMENTALS OF RADIATION 12

CO1 Definition of antenna parameters – Gain, Directivity, Effective aperture, Radiation Resistance, Band
width, Beam width, Input Impedance. Matching – Baluns, Polarization mismatch, Antenna noise
temperature, Radiation from oscillating dipole, Half wave dipole, Folded dipole, Yagi array.
UNIT II APERTURE AND SLOT ANTENNAS 12

CO2 Radiation from rectangular apertures, Uniform and Tapered aperture, Horn antenna, Reflector antenna,
Aperture blockage, Feeding structures, Slot antennas, Microstrip antennas – Radiation mechanism –
Applications
UNIT III ANTENNA ARRAYS 12

CO3 Point Source, Array of Two-point sources, N -Element Uniform Linear Array, Broad-Side array, End-
Fire Array, Pattern multiplication, Concept of Phased arrays, Adaptive array, Antenna Synthesis-
Binomial array
UNIT IV SPECIAL ANTENNAS 12

CO4 Frequency independent antennas –Spiral antenna, Helical antenna, Log periodic Antenna. Modern
antennas- Reconfigurable antenna, Active antenna, Dielectric antennas, Electronic band gap structure and
applications, Antenna Measurements-Test Ranges, Measurement of Gain, Radiation pattern, Polarization,
VSWR
UNIT V PROPAGATION OF RADIO WAVES 12
CO5 Modes of propagation, Structure of atmosphere, Ground wave propagation, Tropospheric propagation,
Duct propagation, Troposcatter propagation, Flat earth and Curved earth concept, Sky wave propagation
– Virtual height, critical frequency, Maximum usable frequency – Skip distance, Fading, Multi hop
propagation
TOTAL: 60 PERIODS

16.Text Book and Reference Book:

T1 John D Kraus,” Antennas for all Applications”, 3rd Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2005.
T2 K.D.Prasad, “Antenna and Wave propagation”,Satya Prakashan publishers,2012
R1 Constantine.A.Balanis “Antenna Theory Analysis and Design”, Wiley Student Edition, 2006
R2 Edward.C.Jordan and Keith G.Balmain, “Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems”, Second Edition,
PHI Learning Private Limited, 2011.

VIDEO LINKS:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PPKEpJEt_cM&list=PL47kcJjNuD4NI7mrB28C-
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108101092
https://www.virtulearn.in/course/antenna-and-wave-propagation-online-classes
https://in.coursera.org/learn/microwave-antenna

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 17.Course plan:
Cumul. Text/
No of Teaching Teaching
S.No Name of the topic Reference
Hours Methods Aids
Hours books
UNIT I – FUNDAMENTALS OF RADIATION

Definition of antenna parameters – Gain, T1, T2, R1,

1 1 1
Directivity, Effective aperture, R2
T1, T2, R1,
2 Radiation Resistance, Band width, Beam width 1 2
R2
T1, T2, R1,
3 Input Impedance 1 3 Lecture PPT
R2
T1, T2, R1,
4 Matching- Baluns, Polarization mismatch 1 4
R2
T1, T2, R1,
5 Antenna noise temperature 1 5
R2
T1, T2, R1,
6 Radiation from oscillating dipole 1 6
R2
PPT/ T1, T2, R1,
7 Half wave dipole 1 7 Lecture
Video/ R2
Seminar
Google T1, T2, R1,
8 Folded dipole 1 8 Quiz
form R2
T1, T2, R1,
9 Yagi array 1 9
R2
Lecture
Chalk & T1, T2, R1,
10. Tutorial 3 12 Group
Board R2
Discussion
UNIT II – APERTURE AND SLOT ANTENNAS

11. Radiation from rectangular apertures 1 13 T1, T2, R1

Lecture PPT
12. Uniform and Tapered aperture 1 14 T1, T2, R1

13. Horn antenna 1 15 T1, T2, R1

Reflector antenna, Aperture blockage, Feeding PPT/
14. 3 18 Lecture T1, T2, R1
structures Video/
Seminar
15. Slot antennas 1 19 Google T1, T2, R1
Quiz
form
Microstrip antennas, Radiation mechanism,
16. 2 21 T1, T2, R1
Applications
Lecture
Chalk &
17. Tutorial 3 24 Group T1, T2, R1
Board
Discussion
UNIT III – ANTENNA ARRAYS

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18. Point Source, Array of Two-point sources 1 25 T1, T2, R1

19. N element uniform linear array 1 26 Lecture PPT T1, T2, R1

20. Pattern multiplication 1 27 T1, T2, R1

21. Broadside array 1 28 T1, T2, R1

22. End fire array 1 29 T1, T2, R1

PPT/
23. Concept of Phased arrays 1 30 Lecture T1, T2, R1
Video/
Seminar
24. 1 31 Google T1, T2, R1
Adaptive array Quiz
form
25. Antenna Synthesis 1 32 T1, T2, R1

26. Binomial array 1 33 T1, T2, R1

Lecture
Chalk &
27. Tutorial 3 36 Group T1, T2, R1
Board
Discussion
UNIT IV – SPECIAL ANTENNAS

28. Frequency independent antennas –Spiral antenna 1 37 T1, T2, R1

29. Helical antenna 1 38 T1, T2, R1

PPT/
Lecture
30. Log periodic antenna, Modern antennas 1 39 Video/ T1, T2, R1
Seminar
Google
Quiz
31. Reconfigurable antenna, Active antenna 1 40 form T1, T2, R1
Dielectric antennas, Electronic band gap structure
32. 1 41 T1, T2, R1
and applications
Antenna Measurements-Test Ranges, Measurement
33. 4 45 Lecture PPT T1, T2, R1
of Gain, Radiation pattern, Polarization, VSWR
Lecture
Chalk &
34. Tutorial 3 48 Group T1, T2, R1
Board
Discussion
UNIT V – PROPAGATION OF RADIO WAVES
35. Modes of propagation, Structure of atmosphere 1 49 T2, R2

36. Ground wave propagation 1 50 T2, R2

PPT/
37. Tropospheric propagation 1 51 Lecture T2, R2
Video/
Seminar
38. Duct propagation, Troposcatter propagation 1 52 Google T2, R2
Quiz
form
39. Multi hop propagation 2 54 T2, R2
Flat earth and Curved earth concept, Sky wave
40. 1 55 T2, R2
propagation

4
 Virtual height, critical frequency, Maximum usable
41. 2 57 Lecture PPT T2, R2
frequency – Skip distance, Fading
Lecture
Chalk &
42. Tutorial 3 60 Group T2, R2
Board
Discussion
Total No. of lecture hours: 60

18.Weightage of unit contents:

Factors considered,
F1 Number of periods allotted for teaching the unit and weightage per hour is equal to 1 and
represented as number of hours per weightage
F2 Usefulness of the content matter of the unit in the student’s learning point of view and its
weightage is equal to 1 if useful otherwise zero
F3 Usefulness of the content matter of the unit in understanding other units of the same
subject and its weightage is equal to 1 if useful otherwise zero
F4 Usefulness of the content matter of the unit in understanding other subjects prescribed
for the programme and its weightage is equal to 1 if useful otherwise zero

Topic F1 F2 F3 F4 A1 A2
UNIT I FUNDAMENTALS OF RADIATION (Weightage) (%)
Definition of antenna parameters – Gain, Directivity,
1 1 1
Effective aperture
Radiation Resistance, Band width, Beam width, Input
1 1
Impedance.
Matching – Baluns, Polarization mismatch 12 1 22 21.8
Antenna noise temperature 1
Radiation from oscillating dipole 1 1
Half wave dipole, Folded dipole, Yagi array 1
UNIT II APERTURE AND SLOT ANTENNAS
Radiation from rectangular apertures, Uniform and
1 1
Tapered aperture
Horn antenna, Reflector antenna, Aperture blockage,
1 1 1 22 21.8
Feeding structures
12
Slot antennas, Microstrip antennas – Radiation
1 1 1
mechanism

Application, Numerical tool for antenna analysis 1 1

5
 UINT III ANTENNA ARRAYS
Point Source, Array of Two-point sources, N element
linear array, Pattern multiplication, Broadside and End 1 1 1
fire array 19 18.8
12
Concept of Phased arrays, Adaptive array
1 1

Antenna Synthesis-Binomial array 1 1

UNIT IV SPECIAL ANTENNAS
Frequency independent antennas –Spiral antenna,
1 1 1
Helical antenna, Log periodic. Modern antennas
Reconfigurable antenna, Active antenna, Dielectric 19 18.8
antennas, Electronic band gap structure and 12 1 1
applications
Antenna Measurements-Test Ranges, Measurement of
1 1
Gain, Radiation pattern, Polarization, VSWR
UNIT V PROPAGATION OF RADIO WAVES
Modes of propagation, Structure of atmosphere,
1 19 18.8
Ground wave propagation
12
Tropospheric propagation, Duct propagation,
Troposcatter propagation 1 1
Flat earth and Curved earth concept Sky wave
1 1
propagation
Virtual height, critical frequency, Maximum usable
frequency – Skip distance, Fading, Multi hop 1 1
propagation
Total 101 100%
A1 – Total weightage
A2 – % of Weightage

19. Mapping syllabus with Bloom’s Taxonomy LOT and HOT:

Lower Order Thinking
Students are expected to Recall the information through Recognizing,
R Remembering
listing, describing, retrieving, naming, finding
Students are expected to Explain an ideas or concepts through
U Understanding
Interpreting, summarizing, paraphrasing, classifying, explaining
Students are expected to Use the information in another familiar
Ap Applying
situation through Implementing, carrying out, using, executing
Higher Order Thinking
Students are expected to Break the information into parts to explore
A Analyzing understandings and relationships through Comparing, organizing,
deconstructing, interrogating, finding
6
 Students are expected to Evaluate the Justifying a decision or course of
E Evaluating
action through Checking, hypothesizing, experimenting, judging
Students are expected to Generate new ideas, products, or ways of
C Creating viewing things through Designing, constructing, planning, producing,
inventing.

UNIT I FUNDAMENTALS OF RADIATION (Weightage 21.8%)

Sl. No Name of the Topic Process verb Types of thinking
Definition of antenna parameters – Gain, Directivity,
1 Define
Effective aperture
Describe Remember
Radiation Resistance, Band width, Beam width, Input
2 Explain Understand
Impedance Apply
Infer
3 Matching, Baluns, Polarization mismatch Use CO1
Calculate
4 Antenna noise temperature
Understand
5 Radiation from oscillating dipole Explain
CO1
Understand
Explain Apply
6 Half wave dipole, Folded dipole, Yagi array Solve
Analyze
Examine
CO1
R U A EAp C Total
Type of thinking in Nos 1 3 1 0 2 0 7
Weightage % 3.11 9.343.11 6.23
0 0 21.8%
UNIT II APERTURE AND SLOT ANTENNAS (Weightage 21.8%)
Sl. No Name of the Topic Process verb Types of thinking
Understand
Radiation from rectangular apertures, Uniform and Tapered Explain
1 Apply
aperture Solve
CO2
Illustrate Understand
Horn antenna, Reflector antenna, Aperture blockage,
2 Differentiate Analyze
Feeding structures
Examine CO2
Slot antennas, Microstrip antennas – Radiation mechanism, Explain
Analyze
3 Differentiate
Application CO2
Determine
R U Ap A E C Total
Type of thinking in Nos 0 2 1 2 0 0 5
Weightage % 0 8.8
4.4 8.8 0 0 21.8%
UNIT III ANTENNA ARRAYS (Weightage 18.8%)
Sl. No Name of the Topic Process verb Types of thinking

7
 Describe Understand
Point Source, Array of Two-point sources, N element linear Draw
1 Apply, Analyze
array, Pattern multiplication, Broadside and End fire array Illustrate
Solve CO3
Understand
Explain
2 Concept of Phased arrays, Adaptive array Analyze
Distinguish
CO3
Understand
3 Antenna Synthesis-Binomial array Explain
CO3
R ApU A E C Total
Type of thinking in Nos 0 1 3 2 0 0 6
Weightage% 0 6.33
3.17 9.5 0 0 18.8%
UNIT IV SPECIAL ANTENNAS (Weightage 18.8%)
Sl. No Name of the Topic Process verb Types of thinking
Frequency independent antennas –Spiral antenna, Helical Explain
Understand
antenna, Log periodic. Modern antennas Develop
Apply
1 Illustrate
Analyze
Determine
Draw
CO4
Reconfigurable antenna, Active antenna, Dielectric Describe Understand
2 antennas, Electronic band gap structure and applications, Illustrate Analyze
Examine CO4
Antenna Measurements-Test Ranges, Measurement of Illustrate
Gain, Radiation pattern, Polarization, VSWR Analyze
3 Examine
CO4

R U Ap A E C Total
Type of thinking in Nos 0 2 1 3 0 0 6
Weightage% 0 6.33 3.17 9.5 0 0 18.8%
UNIT V PROPAGATION OF RADIO WAVES (Weightage 18.8%)
Sl. No Name of the Topic Process verb Types of thinking
1 Modes of propagation, Structure of atmosphere, Ground Describe Understand
wave propagation CO5
2 Tropospheric propagation, Duct propagation, Troposcatter
propagation, Flat earth and Curved earth concept Sky wave Explain Understand
CO5
propagation, Multi hop propagation
3 Virtual height, critical frequency, Maximum usable Understand
Explain
frequency – Skip distance, Fading Apply
Compute
Analyze
Illustrate
CO5
R U Ap A E C Total
Type of thinking in Nos 0 3 1 1 0 0 5
Weightage% 0 11.28 3.76 3.76 0 0 18.8%

R U AP A E C TOTAL
8
 UNIT 1 3.11 9.34 6.23 3.11 0 0 21.8%
UNIT 2 0 8.8 4.4 8.8 0 0 21.8%
UNIT 3 0 6.33 3.17 9.5 0 0 18.8%
UNIT 4 0 6.33 3.17 9.5 0 0 18.8%
UNIT 5 0 11.28 3.76 3.76 0 0 18.8%
TOTAL 3.11 42.08 20.73 34.67 0 0 100%
Lower Order Thinking 45.19%
Higher Order Thinking 54.81%
20.Mapping course outcome with Bloom’s Taxonomy LOT and HOT:
R U Ap A E C
CO1    
CO2   
CO3   
CO4   
CO5   
21.Mapping Course outcome with Program Outcomes and program specific outcome:
PO’s Program Outcomes Descriptions
Engineering Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
PO1 knowledge fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of
complex engineering problems.
Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex
PO2 Problem analysis engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first
principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design
Design/development system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
PO3
of solutions appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the
cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
Conduct Use research-based knowledge and research methods including
PO4 investigations of design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
complex problems synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling
PO5 Modern tool usage
to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the
limitations.
Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
The engineer and
PO6 societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
society
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice
Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in
Environment and
PO7 societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge
sustainability
and need for sustainable development.
Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
PO8 Ethics
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
9
 Individual and team Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
PO9
work diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
PO1 engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able
Communication
0 to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation,
make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and
PO1 Project management management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a
1 and finance member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in
multidisciplinary environments
Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
PO1
Life-long learning engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context
2
of technological change.

Graduates will be able to disseminate the knowledge in communication Engineering towards

PSO 1
Technical Incubation.
Graduates will have the perseverance to learn the modern design tools for Electronic system
PSO2
design and analysis.

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO 9 PO 10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2
CO1 3 2 2 - 2 2 - - - - - 2 3 2
CO2 3 3 3 2 2 1 - - - - - 1 3 2
CO3 3 3 3 2 2 1 - - - - - 1 2 2
CO4 3 3 3 3 3 2 - - - - 2 2 2 3
CO5 2 1 2 1 3 - 2 - 1 - - 2 2 2

3 High Level 2 Moderate Level 1 Low Level

22.Mapping with Programme Educational Objectives:

Programme Educational Objectives:
PEO 1: Exhibit their technical skills and knowledge in their working environment, higher
studies and research
PEO 2: Succeed in multidisciplinary dimensions by excelling through life-long learning.
PEO 3: Become leaders and innovators by devising engineering solutions for social issues
and problems
Course PEO1 PEO2 PEO3
19EC6202-Antenna and Wave High Level Moderate Level Moderate Level
Propagation
10
 3 High Level 2 Moderate Level 1 Low Level

23. Course assessment methods:

Internal Assessment: 25 Marks
S.No. Category Maximum Marks
1. Assignment/Technical quiz/Presentation 5
2. Attendance 5
3. Internal tests (The two internal test marks are averaged to 10 15
marks and 5 marks for mid semester examination)

1. Assignment: 5 marks
Objective To enhance students' understanding of a particular reading
Product Hand written assignment/tutorial sheets
Frequency After completing one unit
Format Important questions from each unit
Evaluation Based on rubrics
Criteria No. of assignments: 3
Submit on or before the date of submission
2. Attendance: 5 marks
Objective To make all students to attend the class throughout the course
Product Record of class work
Frequency All working days
Format Record of class work format
Evaluation Based on attendance earned by the students
Criteria Marks will be awarded according to attendance percentage of students.
91 and above 5.0
86 – 90 4.0
81 – 85 3.0
75 – 80 2.0
Less than 75 0
3. Internal tests: 15 Marks
Internal tests: 10 Marks
Objective To Identify What Students Have Learned and also to identify student’s strength
and weakness
11
Product Answer scripts
Frequency Monthly
Format Part –A 6 x 2 = 12 Marks
Part –B 2 x 14 = 28 Marks
Part – C 1 x 10 = 10 Marks
Total marks= 50
Duration: 1 Hour and 30 Minutes
Evaluation Based on answer given in the scripts
criteria Pass mark – 50%
Minimum pass percentage: 75%
If not, remedial action will be taken.

Midsemester Exam: 5 Marks

Objective To Identify What Students Have Learned and also to identify student’s strength
and weakness
Product Answer scripts
Frequency Middle of the semester
Format Part –A 10 x 2 = 20 Marks
Part –B 5 x 14 = 70 Marks
Part – C 1 x 10 = 10 Marks
Total marks= 100
Duration: 3 Hours
Evaluation Based on answer given in the scripts
criteria Pass mark – 50%
Minimum pass percentage: 75%
If not, remedial action will be taken.

End semester exam: 75 marks

Objective To assess each student’s knowledge of the course
Product Result analysis
Frequency Semester
Format Part –A 10 x 2= 20 marks
Part –B 5 x 14= 70 marks
Part – C 1 x 10 = 10 Marks
Total marks= 100
Duration: 3 Hours
Evaluation Based on answer given in the scripts
criteria Minimum pass percentage: 75%
If not, remedial action will be taken.

12
Faculty in-charge HOD/ECE DEAN PRINCIPAL

13