Fluids

Objectives:
• Define density, pressure, buoyant force, and specific
gravity
• Explain Pascal’s principle, Archimedes’ principle, and
Bernoulli’s principle
• Solve problems involving fluids
Fluids
• Materials that are deformable and can flow
• Liquids and gases
Density
• Mass per unit volume
𝑚
• Equation: ρ =
𝑉
• SI unit: kg/m3
Pressure
• Force per unit area
𝐹
• Equation: P =
𝐴
• SI unit: Pa
Pressure-Depth Relationship

𝐹
𝑃=
𝐴
𝑚𝑔
𝑃=
𝐴
𝜌𝑉𝑔
𝑃=
𝐴
𝜌𝐴ℎ𝑔
𝑃=
𝐴
𝑃 = 𝜌ℎ𝑔
Pascal’s Principle
• When a change in pressure occurs at any point in a
confined fluid, an equal change in pressure occurs at
every point in the fluid.
Applications of Pascal’s Principle
Applications of Pascal’s Principle
Sample Problem 1
A barber raises his customer’s 5.00 kg chair by applying a force of 150. N
to a hydraulic piston of area 0.0100 m2. If the chair is attached to a piston
of area 0.100 m2, how massive a customer can the chair raise?

Given: mchair = 5.00 kg Solution:

F1 = 150. N F1 / A 1 = F 2 / A 2
A1 = 0.0100 m2 (150 N) /(0.0100 m2) = F2 / (0.100 m2)
A2 = 0.100 m2 F2 = 1500 N

Required: mcustomer = ? F2 = m 2 g
Answer: mcustomer = 148 kg
1500 N = m2 (9.8 m/s2)
Equation: P1 = P2 m2 = 153 kg

m2 = mchair + mcustomer
153 kg = (5.0 kg) + mcustomer
mcustomer = 148 kg
Archimedes’ Principle
• An object wholly or partly immersed in a fluid is
buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid
displaced by the object.
Buoyant Force
• Net upward force on any object in any fluid
Specific Gravity
• Ratio of the density of an object to the water
𝜌𝑜𝑏𝑗
• Equation: 𝑠. 𝑔. =
𝜌𝐻2 𝑂
Applications of Archimedes’ Principle
Sample Problem 2
What is the mass of the cylinder floating in oil?

Given: r = 3 cm
L = 12 cm
ρoil = 926 kg/m3

Required: mcylinder = ?

Equation: Wcylinder = Fbuoyant

Solution: mg = ρVg
m = ρ [ ¾ (πr2h)
m = (926 kg/m3) [ ¾ (3.14)(0.03 m)2 (0.12 m)]
m = 0.236 kg

Answer: m = 0.24 kg ≈ 0.2 kg

Sample Problem 3
A large rectangular raft of density 650 kg/m3 is floating on a lake. The
surface area of the top of the raft is 8.2 m2 and its total volume is 1.80 m3.
The density of the lake water is 1,000 kg/m3.

a. Calculate the height h of the portion of the raft that is above the
surrounding water.
Given: ρraft = 650 kg/m3
A = 8.2 m2 Fbuoyant = ρwater Vsubmerged g

Vtotal = 1.80 m3
ρwater= 1000 kg/m3
Required: h = ?
Equation: h = ht – hs Fg = ρraft Vtotal g

Wraft = Fbuoyant

Solution:
V = Aht
1.80 m3 = (8.2 m2) ht h = ht – hs
ht = 0.22 m = 0.22 m – 0.143 m
h = 0.077 m ≈ 0.08 m
ρVg = ρVg
ρr Vr = ρw (Ahs) Answer: h = 0.08 m
(650 kg/m3)(1.80 m3) = (1000 kg/m3) (8.2 m2) hs
hs = 0.143 m
b. Calculate the magnitude of the buoyant force on the raft and state its direction.

Given: ρraft = 650 kg/m3

A = 8.2 m2 Fbuoyant = ρwater Vsubmerged g

Vtotal = 1.80 m3
ρwater= 1000 kg/m3
hs = 0.143 m
Required: Fbuoyant = ?
Equation: Fbuoyant = Wdisp water Fg = ρraft Vtotal g

Solution: Fbuoy = Wdisp water

= ρw Vdisp g
= ρw (Ahs) g
= (1000 kg/m3)[(8.2 m2)(0.143)](9.8 m/s2)
Fbuoy = 11500 N directed ↑
Answer: Fbuoy = 11500 N directed ↑
c. If the average mass of a person is 75 kg, calculate the maximum number of
people that can be on the raft without the top of the raft sinking below the
surface of the water. (Assume that the people are evenly distributed on the raft.)

Given: ρraft = 650 kg/m3

A = 8.2 m2
Vtotal = 1.80 m3 Fbuoy = W (P)
ρwater= 1000 kg/m3 Fbuoy = (mg)(P)
h = 0.077 m 6187.7 N = (75 kg)(9.8 m/s2) (P)
Required: P = ? P = 8.41 ≈ 8 people

Equation: P = Fbuoyant = Wdisp water Answer: P = 8 people

Solution: Fbuoy = ρw Vdisp g
= ρw (Ah) g
= (1000 kg/m3)[(8.2 m2)(0.077 m)](9.8 m/s2)
Fbuoy = 6187.7 N
Bernoulli’s Principle
• When the speed of a fluid increases, pressure in the
fluid decreases.
Bernoulli’s Equation
VENTURI EFFECT
What happens when water flows from X to Y?

VA VB VC

PA A PC C
X PB B Y

VB > VC > VA
• The water level at B is the lowest. PB < PC < PA
• Increase in speed results in decrease in internal pressure.
THE CONTINUITY EQUATION
What happens when you used your thumb to control the water flowing from the
end of a hose?

bigger area smaller area

low velocity high velocity

A1v1 = A2 v2

• When the hose is partially closed, the cross-sectional area is reduced, thus,
the fluid velocity increases.
• This fluid behavior is described by the Equation of Continuity or Rate of Flow.
Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle
Sample Problem 4
Water flows at 2.5 m/s through a garden hose inside radius 6.0 mm.
a. What should the nozzle radius be for water to leave it at 10.0
m/s?
b. What is the rate of flow of water through the hose in liters per
minute?
Given:
v1 = 2.5 m/s
r1 = 6.0 mm R = (5.65 x 10 –4 m3/s)
v2 = 10.0 m/s (103 L/m3)(60 s/min)
Required: R = 34 L/min
a. r2 = ?
b. R = ? Answer: R = 34 L/min
R = A1v1
Equation:
= (3.14) (0.0060 m)2 (2.5 m/s)
A1v1 = A2 v2
R = 5.65 x 10 –4 m3/s
Summary:
• Density refers to mass per unit volume.
• Pressure refers to force per unit area.
• Buoyant force refers to net upward force on any
object in any fluid.
• Specific gravity refers to the ratio of the density of an
object to the water.
Summary:
• Pascal’s principle states that when a change in pressure
occurs at any point in a confined fluid, an equal change in
pressure occurs at every point in the fluid.
• Archimedes’ principle states that an object wholly or partly
immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the
weight of the fluid displaced by the object.
• Bernoulli’s principle states that when the speed of a fluid
increases, pressure in the fluid decreases.
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