Received: 15 April 2021 Revised: 20 September 2021 Accepted: 6 December 2021 IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution

DOI: 10.1049/gtd2.12374

ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER

Reactive power compensation method in modern power system

facing energy conversion

Zhen Hu Ding Wang Yangwu Shen

Center of Power Grid Technology, State Grid Abstract

Hunan Electric Power Company Limited Research
Institute, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
Correspondence
Zhen Hu, The center of power grid technology,
State Grid Hunan Electric Power Company Limited
Research Institute, Changsha, Hunan, People’s
Republic of China.
Email: huzhen-hz@foxmail.com
Funding information
This paper is supported by the Science and
Technology Project (5216A5200003) of Hunan
Electric Power Co., Ltd.
The equivalent model of modern power system is more and more difficult to describe
its complex stability characteristics, with the continuous promotion of power conversion.
This paper proposes an improved equivalent method to consider the voltage deviation
between the system side and the load side. On this basis, the voltage stability margin
index is derived. Therefore, the relationship between voltage stability margin and reac-
tive power compensation can be analyzed. Finally, the correctness and effectiveness
of the method are verified by IEEE39 node system and actual provincial grid. The
proposed method can obviously improve the voltage stability margin when applied to
the small summer mode of the actual system. (The stability margin of the weakest node
increased by 12.8%, and the average stability margin of the whole network increased
by 1.5%.)

1 INTRODUCTION analysis method is used to analyze the bifurcation points of P–

With the expansion of power grid, the power system becomes
more and more complex. Many faults have occurred in the
power system, and part of the system operation state is getting
closer and closer to the stability limit [1, 2]. The correctness of
the analysis results directly depends on the description ability of
the model [3].
The existing power system equivalent methods do not con-
sider the complex domain method, which is not completely
consistent with the practice [4, 5]. The composition and char-
acteristics of the load in the system are the key factors affecting
the stability, which are closely related to voltage instability and
even voltage collapse [6]. The motor is the main component
of the load (over 90% of the industrial load). Motor load
has a very important influence on the stable operation and
control strategy of power system. Therefore, it is necessary
to consider the influence of motor in equivalence analysis
[6, 7].
In the past, the research on reactive power compensation
mainly focused on the principle of minimum network loss. In
recent years, scholars have analyzed the reactive power com-
pensation from different perspectives. For example, the modal
V curves and the participation factors of each node and branch.
Accordingly, the reactive power compensation is configured
in the most dangerous mode [8, 9]. Reactive power allocation
based on stability margin and stochastic power constraints [10].
The eigenvalues of Jacobian matrix are used to evaluate the sta-
bility. For example, the eigenvalue of the Jacobian matrix corre-
sponds to the critical point of stability when the voltage is equal
to zero [11]. These methods are linear or approximate meth-
ods in the real number field, and they are not accurate in the
description of the system [12, 13]. Therefore, this paper opti-
mizes the existing grid equivalence methods in the analysis of
complex domain.
The voltage stability level of the system can be greatly
improved through proper optimization of reactive power com-
pensation. Reference [14] analyzes the influence of motor load
on voltage stability. In paper [15], the method of time domain
simulation is used to obtain the V-Q sensitivity, and the reactive
power compensation is chosen at the position with the highest
sensitivity. In [16], the method of trajectory sensitivity is used to
select the location of reactive power compensation. The above
reactive power compensation methods ignore the impact on the
stability of the system.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
© 2022 The Authors. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Institution of Engineering and Technology

1582 wileyonlinelibrary.com/iet-gtd IET Gener. Transm. Distrib. 2022;16:1582–1591.

 17518695, 2022, 8, Downloaded from https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1049/gtd2.12374 by Readcube (Labtiva Inc.), Wiley Online Library on [09/04/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
HU ET AL. 1583

FIGURE 2 Improved equivalent model

FIGURE 1 Simple power system

The equivalent voltage of the system side in Figure 1 is not

This paper proposes the voltage stability margin index on the
basis of optimized equivalence. The principle of the proposed
method is to search and select the node with the smallest volt-
age stability margin for reactive power compensation. The stable
level can be improved after adopting the proposed method. The
simulation results of actual power system show that the pro-
posed method can track the operation state and Increase the
transmission power limit of the system.
constant, then formula dV ≠ 0 is satisfied.
An improved equivalent model can be obtained by treating
the voltage source in Figure 1 as an equivalent circuit. The
improved equivalent model is shown in Figure 2. The model is
a series connection of dynamic equivalent voltage EiTHEV and
dynamic equivalent impedance XD .
The electrical relationship in Figure 2 satisfies the following
formula.

⎧Ė iTHEV = V̇ + jXD İi

2 OPTIMIZATION OF EQUIVALENT ⎪
⎨ √ (2)
ANALYSIS ⎪E 2 2
⎩ iTHEV = (V + XD Ii sin 𝜃) + (XD Ii cos 𝜃)
2.1 Analysis of parametric
where θ is the phase angle difference between the equivalent
In paper [17–19], the method of non-analytic complex field can voltage V and the injection current Ii .
be used to study the characteristics of the system. Therefore, the ( )
dynamic equivalent of a simple power system can be expressed d (V + XD Ii sin 𝜃)2 + (XD Ii cos 𝜃)2 = 0 (3)
in the following forms.
The symbol V in the graph is the equivalent potential at the Or
side of the system. The symbol I indicates the current flow-
ing into the load side. The ZiTHEV is the equivalent impedance XD2 Ii dIi + V XD sin 𝜃dIi + XD Ii sin 𝜃dV (4)
of the system and the ZiLD is the equivalent impedance of the
load.
Both the real part and the imaginary part of the injected cur- + V dV + V XD Ii cos 𝜃d𝜃 = 0 (4)
rent have a one-to-one relationship with the running state when
the power system is running in the direction of power change. The expression for XD is as follows.
The parameters in Figure 1 satisfy the following formula. √
−B ± B 2 − 4AC
XD = (5)
⎧V̇ i (İi ) = ei (Iix , Iiy ) + j fi (Iix , Iiy ) 2A
⎪
⎪ İi = Iix + j Iiy where
⎪
⎨ Iiy = Fi (Iix ) (1)
⎪ ⎧A = I dI
i i
⎪ ZiLD = RiLD + j XiLD ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎩ ZiTHEV = (dVi ∕dt)∕(dIi ∕dt ) ⎨B = V sin 𝜃dIi + Ii sin 𝜃dV + V Ii cos 𝜃d𝜃 (6)
⎪
⎪C = V dV
⎩
2.2 Optimization of system side equivalence
The solvability of formula (5) is a necessary condition for
Traditionally, the amplitude change of equivalent voltage is not further analysis of formula (4). The relationship between active
considered in the process of system equivalence, but the equiva- power PiLD and reactive power QiLD is shown in formula (7).
lent voltage is not constant. Therefore, simple equivalence may
lead to the wrong conclusion. PiLD
2
+ QiLD
2
= Vi 2 Ii2 (7)
 17518695, 2022, 8, Downloaded from https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1049/gtd2.12374 by Readcube (Labtiva Inc.), Wiley Online Library on [09/04/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
1584 HU ET AL.

FIGURE 4 Schematic diagram under load influence

FIGURE 3 A simple system and its equivalent circuit (a) The simple FIGURE 5 Parameter relation under the influence of load
system (b) The equivalent circuit

2. The active power part of the load effect will exist when the
The condition for the system to reach the stability limit is as conditions dθ2 ≠ 0 and ZTHEV ≠ jX2 are satisfied.
shown in formula (8).
( )
dVi Vi dIi
2Vi Ii2 + =0 (8) 3 REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION
dIi Ii d𝜆i
METHOD
The voltage stability problem does not exist when the condi-
tion dVi /dIi > 0 is satisfied, which shows that the nodal voltage 3.1 Analysis of parametric after improved
and injection current change with the equivalent voltage varia- equivalence
tion. Therefore, there is no stable limit in theory. However, the
injection current and node voltage usually change in the oppo- Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of an induction motor in parallel
site direction, which cannot satisfy the condition dVi /dIi > 0. with a constant impedance. The traditional equivalent method
Equation (9) is tenable according to the above analysis. considering the effect of load is dotted line 1. It is a traditional
way to consider the influence of induction motor from dotted
AC ≤ 0 (9) line 2 to the system in Figure 4. On this basis, we consider the
equivalent model of the motor (from dotted line 3 into the sys-
tem in Figure 5)
Equation (4) must be solvable. The dynamic equivalent volt-
Figure 5 is the equivalent circuit corresponding to Figure 4.
age is constant and the reactive power does not exceed the limit
The parameter relationship in Figure 5 satisfies formula (10).
when the dynamic equivalent reactance (XD ) is equal to 0.
⎧Z = R +jX
2.3 Influence of load on equivalence ⎪ 1 1 1𝜎
⎪ } }
⎪Z2 = R2 +jX2𝜎
Two types of impacts are illustrated in Figure 3. Nodes 1, 2 and ⎨ (10)
3 represent the balance node, the PV node and the PQ node, ⎪Zm = Rm +jXm
respectively (The PV node indicates the active power and node ⎪ 1−s
⎪ Zs = s Z2
voltage are constant. The PQ node indicates the active and reac- ⎩
tive power are constant). Parameters are identified in the dia-
gram. There are two types of load effects. where s is the slip rate of the motor, ZL is the parallel impedance,
Z2 is the equivalent parameter of the rotor circuit, Z1 is the
1. The effect of the load is only on the reactive power part when impedance of the stator circuit, and Zm is the excitation reac-
the voltage of the PV node is constant. tance.
 17518695, 2022, 8, Downloaded from https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1049/gtd2.12374 by Readcube (Labtiva Inc.), Wiley Online Library on [09/04/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
HU ET AL. 1585

3.2 Location of reactive power

compensation
Load power relation satisfies formula (14).

K1 PLD + K2 − QLD = 0 (14)

FIGURE 6 Improved equivalence considering load effect

The Lagrangian function is shown in Equation (15) in order
to obtain the stability limit point.

⎧HP (Ix , Iy ) = PLD + 𝜆 p (K1 PLD + K2 − QLD )

The effects of excitation resistance and leakage resistance are
not considered in the subsequent analysis. The rotor side equiv-
alent impedance is estimated at dashed line 3, and the improved
equivalent is shown in Figure 6.
where PLD +jQLD denotes the complex power of ZS . The
relation of parameters satisfies Equation (11).
⎪
⎨ (15)
⎪HQ (Ix , Iy ) = QLD + 𝜆Q (K1 PLD + K2 − QLD )
⎩
The λP and λQ are Lagrange multiplier. The conditions for
the limit state are as shown in formula (16).

⎧Ė THEV = Zm ZL Ė LTHEV ∕M ⎧ 𝜕H

⎪ ⎪ P = (1 + 𝜆P K1 )(es ′ (İs )Isx + es (İs ) + fs ′ (İs )Isy + fs (İs )Fs ′ )
⎪Z ⎪ 𝜕Ix
= N ∕M ⎪
⎪ THEV
⎪ ⎪ − 𝜆P ( fs ′ (İs )Isx + fs (İs ) − es ′ (İs )Isy − es (İs )Fs ′ ) = 0
⎨M = Z1 ZLTHEV + Z1 ZL + Z1 Zm + ZL Zm + ZLTHEV ZL ⎪
⎪ ⎨
⎪N = Z1 Z2 ZLTHEV + Z1 Z2 ZL + Z1 ZLTHEV Zm + Z1 ZL Zm ⎪ 𝜕HQ
⎪ ⎪ = (1 − 𝜆Q )( fs ′ (İs )Isx + fs (İs ) − es ′ (İs )Isy − es (İ )Fs ′ )
⎪ ⎪ x𝜕I
⎩ + Z2 Z1 Zm + Z2 ZL Zm + Z1 ZL Zm + Z2 Z1 ZL ⎪
(11) ⎪ + 𝜆Q K1 (es ′ (İs )Isx + es (İs ) + fs ′ (İs )Isy + fs (İs )Fs ′ ) = 0
⎩
The most stable state is rotor side disconnection, which cor- (16)
responds to a slip rate close to zero and ZS to infinity. This can be further reduced to Equation (17).
The stability of the system becomes worse and worse with
the increase of slip rate. (The stability level of the actual system is [ ]
T11 T12 ⎡Ix ⎤
worse because the equivalent impedance is affected by the stator ⎢ ⎥=0 (17)
current and the leakage impedance voltage drop). The parame- T21 T22 ⎢⎣ Iy ⎥⎦
ters of the ZIP model are considered to satisfy the formula (12).
The relationship between the different parameters is shown
⎧ ZLi below.
⎪Ė ZIPTHEV = (Ė − İLi Zi )
⎪ Zi + ZLi i
⎨ (12) ⎧T11 = (1 + 𝜆P K1 )p − 𝜆P 𝛾
⎪Z ZLi ⎪
⎪ ZIPTHEV = Zi + ZLi Zi ⎪T
⎩ ⎪ 12 = (1 + 𝜆P K1 )q − 𝜆P s
⎨ (18)
The ZLi and ILi are constant impedance model and constant ⎪T21 = 𝜆Q K1 p + (1 − 𝜆Q )𝛾
current model. The EZIPTHEV and ZZIPTHEV are the equivalent ⎪
⎪T = 𝜆Q K1 q − (1 − 𝜆Q )s
potential and the equivalent impedance. The RLD and XLD are ⎩ 22
the real and imaginary parts of ZLD , respectively. The Isx and
Isy are the real and imaginary parts of Is , respectively. So, the
relationship between the parameters satisfies formula (13). ⎧ p = e′ (İ ) + RLD + XLD H ′
⎪
⎧V̇ (İ ) = R I − X I + j (X I + R I ) ⎪ ′ ̇ ′
⎪ s s LD sx LD sy LD sx LD sy ⎪q = f (I ) − XLD + RLD H
⎪ ⎨ (19)
⎨ Vs (Is )∗ = PLD + j QLD (13) ⎪𝛾 = f ′ (İ ) + XLD − RLD H ′
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪s = e′ (İ ) − R − X H ′
Isy = Fs (Isx ) ⎩ LD LD
⎩
 17518695, 2022, 8, Downloaded from https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1049/gtd2.12374 by Readcube (Labtiva Inc.), Wiley Online Library on [09/04/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
1586 HU ET AL.

Equation (20) can be obtained according to formula (17). 4 SYSTEM SIMULATION

ps + qr = 0 (20) 4.1 IEEE39 system

Equation (21) is the condition that the stable state reaches Figure 7 shows the IEEE39 node system, which includes 17
the limit. The voltage stability margin is 0 when formula (21) is load nodes. The stability margin of some nodes in the IEEE39
established. system is shown in Figure 8. The proposed reactive power com-
pensation method selects the node 8 with the minimum stabil-
| N | || Vs 2 |
| ity margin for reactive power compensation. The analysis results
| |=|
| M | | P + j Q || (21) are compared with the trajectory sensitivity method proposed in
| | | LD LD |
paper 16. The comparison results of stability margin under dif-
The stability margin index is defined as shown in for- ferent coefficients are shown in Figure 9. The range of lambda is
mula (22). selected from 1 to 1.4, which is to clearly understand the effect
of lambda on voltage stability margin.
| Vs 2 | | N | In Figure 8, the stability margin of node 8 is close to 0
| |
| PLD + j QLD | − || M || (0.063395771). Node 8 is the node with the smallest voltage sta-
𝜇= | | (22)
| Vs 2 | bility margin. The order of stability margin is constant when the
| |
| PLD + j QLD | load changes. There is a negative correlation between the sta-
| | bility margin and the power change. These characteristics show
The variation range of the margin index is [0–1]. The closer that the improved equivalent method can accurately and intu-
the operating state is to the limit state, the closer the margin is itively reflect the stability characteristics.
to zero. The stability margin is equal to zero corresponding to Figure 9 shows the comparison between the proposed
the stable limit state (formula 21). Reactive power compensa- method and the ballistic sensitivity method. The sensitivity
tion at the position where the stability margin is the smallest can method selects node 24 as the compensation node. The effects
effectively improve the stability level of the system. of different compensation methods can be clearly seen in

FIGURE 7 IEEE39 system


HU ET AL.
FIGURE 8 The stability margin of some nodes
FIGURE 9 The result of the comparison
Figure 9. Although the compensation at node 24 has a more
obvious effect on the level of global stability. However, it is obvi-
ous that the proposed method is more effective in improving
the weakest link of the stability margin. The node 8 is selected
as the compensation point, which can improve the “shortest
board” of the system stability.
The participation coefficient of each node in the IEEE39 sys-
tem is shown in Figure 10. Figure 11 is a comparative analy-
sis of adding reactive power compensation in IEEE39 system
after obtaining the weak point of stability according to differ-
17518695, 2022, 8, Downloaded from https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1049/gtd2.12374 by Readcube (Labtiva Inc.), Wiley Online Library on [09/04/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
1587
ent methods. The proposed method can effectively improve the
margin of stability weakness.
The comparison results of Figures 8 and 10 show that the
results of the stability margin are consistent with the partic-
ipant factor. It is obvious that the node participation factor
analysis method is not enough to reflect the stability char-
acteristics. The proposed analysis method of stability mar-
gin is more practical, which has been verified in IEEE39
system. The comparison of the curves in Figure 11 can
clearly show the improvement effect. The power transmission
 17518695, 2022, 8, Downloaded from https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1049/gtd2.12374 by Readcube (Labtiva Inc.), Wiley Online Library on [09/04/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
1588 HU ET AL.

FIGURE 10 The participating factors of the

nodes

FIGURE 11 The P–V curves for different reactive compensation

limit is higher, and the voltage characteristic is better at the

same transmission power after compensation by the proposed
method.

4.2 The actual power grid

The actual network structure of a provincial grid is shown in

Figure 12. The small load mode in summer, AJC-MD direct
connection mode and winter mode in actual power grid are ana-
lyzed, respectively. The range of lambda is selected from 1 to
1.2, which makes the analysis results more in line with the actual
situation.
The application method of voltage stability margin index in
practical system is shown in Figure 13.
The comparison results of provincial power grids under dif-
ferent operation modes are shown in Figure 14.
It can be seen from Figure 14 that different operation modes
of the actual provincial power grid correspond to different sta- FIGURE 12 The actual network structure of a provincial grid
 17518695, 2022, 8, Downloaded from https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1049/gtd2.12374 by Readcube (Labtiva Inc.), Wiley Online Library on [09/04/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
HU ET AL. 1589

FIGURE 13 The application flow of the actual

system

FIGURE 14 Margin analysis of different

operation modes

bility weaknesses. FS is the node with the smallest stability mar-

gin. The analysis results are consistent with the scheduling expe-
rience. In practical application, the stability characteristics can
also be better understood by dynamically tracking the changes
of stability margin and related factors.
The small load data in summer is used in the subsequent anal-
ysis. The analysis result of stability margin is shown in Figure 15
under the condition of low load in summer. The comparison of
the stability margin before and after reactive power compensa-
tion is shown in Figure 16. The BFY, FT, FC, QC, STY, SL, FS
represent the names of nodes in the actual power grid.
Figure 15 shows a comparative analysis of the stability mar-
FIGURE 15 The stability margin analysis results
gin in an actual system. The conclusion is consistent with the
analysis of IEEE39 system.
The FS in Figure 16 is the node with the minimum stabil- ple. The proposed method is slightly less effective in improving
ity margin selected by the proposed method. FT is the reactive the stability margin of the whole system by comparing the two
power compensation node selected by the overall lifting princi- analysis methods. (The overall stability margin of the former is

1590
FIGURE 16 The comparison of the stability margin before and after reactive power compensation
increased by 1.5%, while the overall stability margin of the lat-
ter is increased by 2.7%.) However, the effect of the proposed
method is very obvious in improving the weakest node of the
stability margin. (FS increases the stability margin of the min-
imum margin node by 12.8%, while FT increases only 5.5%.)
The stability level of the system is often determined by the node
with the smallest stability margin in the actual power system
operation.
5 CONCLUSION
In theory, the stability margin of a node is equal to 0, which
means that the whole system is at the critical point of stability.
However, the methods of reactive power compensation often
do not take into account the weak points of stability. The weak-
ness of stability usually determines the level of stability in the
actual operation of power system.
This paper proposes a reactive power compensation method,
which combines the improvement of equivalence and the influ-
ence of load. Setting the reactive power compensation at the
position closest to the critical operating state can effectively
improve the stability of the whole system and weak nodes.
Appropriate reactive power compensation can not only improve
the stability level, but also enhance the power transmission
limit.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This paper is supported by the Science and Technology Project
(5216A5200003) of Hunan Electric Power Co., Ltd.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors do not have a conflict of interest.
17518695, 2022, 8, Downloaded from https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1049/gtd2.12374 by Readcube (Labtiva Inc.), Wiley Online Library on [09/04/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
HU ET AL.
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The data that support the findings of this study are available
from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
REFERENCES
1. Das, S., Chatterjee, D., Goswami, S.K.: Tuned-TSC based SVC for reactive
power compensation and harmonic reduction in unbalanced distribution
system. IET Gener. Transm. Distrib. 12(3), 571-585 (2018)
2. Hoke, A., Butler, R., Hambrick, J., et al.: Steady-state analysis of maximum
photovoltaic penetration levels on typical distribution feeders. IEEE Trans.
Sustainable Energy 4(2), 350-357 (2013)
3. Shi, J., Wang, L., Wang, Y., et al.: Generalized energy flow analysis con-
sidering electricity gas and heat subsystems in local-area energy systems
integration. Energies 10(4), 477-485 (2017)
4. Cai, X., Meng, L., Lin, C., et al.: Input-to-state stabilisation for a general
nonlinear system with time-varying input delay. IET Control Theory Appl.
11(16), 2793-2800 (2017)
5. Xiong, L., Zhuo, F., Wang, F., et al.: Static synchronous generator model: A
new perspective to investigate dynamic characteristics and stability issues
of grid-tied PWM inverter. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 31(9), 6264–6280
(2016)
6. Parniani, M., Vanouni, M.: A fast local index for online estimation of close-
ness to loadability limit. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 25(1), 584–585 (2010)
7. Shen, J., Jiang, C., Li, B.: Controllable load management approaches in
smart grids. Energies 8(10), 11187–11202 (2015)
8. Gao, B., Morison, G.K., Kundur, P.: Voltage stability evaluation using
modal analysis. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 7(4), 1529–1542 (1992)
9. Mansour, Y., Xu, W., Alvarado, F., et al.: SVC placement using critical
modes of voltage instability. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 9(2), 757–763 (1994)
10. Liu, Q.-Y., Liu, C.-C., Liu, Q.-F.: Coordinated voltage control with online
energy margin constraints. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 31(3), 2064–2075
(2016)
11. Lee, D.H.A., Andersson, G.: Quasi-static stability of HVDC systems con-
sidering dynamic effects of synchronous machines and excitation voltage
control. IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 21, 1501–1514 (2006)
12. Subudhi, B., Ogeti, P.S.: Optimal preview stator voltage-oriented control
of DFIG WECS. IET Gener. Transm. Distrib. 12(4), 1004–1013 (2018)
13. Konar, S., Chatterjee, D., Patra, S.: V-Q sensitivity-based index for assess-
ment of dynamic voltage stability of power systems. IET Gener. Transm.
Distrib. 9(7), 677–685 (2015)
 17518695, 2022, 8, Downloaded from https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1049/gtd2.12374 by Readcube (Labtiva Inc.), Wiley Online Library on [09/04/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
HU ET AL. 1591

14. Liang, P., Pei, Y., Chai, F., et al.: Analytical calculation of D- and Q-axis 19. Kocar, I., Karaagac, U., Mahseredjian, J., et al.: Multiphase load-flow solu-
inductance for interior permanent magnet motors based on winding func- tion and initialization of induction machines. IEEE Trans. Power Syst.
tion theory. Energies 9(8), 21–27 (2016) 33(2), 1650–1658 (2018)
15. Song, S.H., Lim, J.U., Moon, S.H.: Installation and operation of FACTS
devices for enhancing steady-state security. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 70(1),
7–15 (2004)
16. Zhao, Y., Chai, J., Sun, X.: Relative voltage control of the wind farms based How to cite this article: Hu, Z., Wang, D., Shen, Y.:
on the local reactive power regulation. Energies 10(3), 31–38 (2017) Reactive power compensation method in modern power
17. Guangye, L., Yihan, Y.: Theoretical foundation of power system voltage system facing energy conversion. IET Gener. Transm.
and angle stability unified analysis. Proc. CSEE 33(13), 135–149 (2013)
18. Tang, J., Ni, F., Ponci, F., et al.: Dimension-adaptive sparse grid interpola-
Distrib. 16,1582–1591 (2022).
tion for uncertainty quantification in modern power systems: Probabilistic https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.12374
power flow. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 31(2), 907–919 (2016)