2. The most reliable estimate is the one based on accurate and complete information.

A
detailed estimate based on complete engineering drawings and specifications is
generally more reliable than a preliminary estimate based on incomplete or uncertain
information. Reliability also depends on the level of uncertainty associated with the
estimate. An estimate with a narrow range of possible outcomes and low uncertainty is
generally more reliable than an estimate with a wide range of possible outcomes and
high uncertainty.
1. An estimate is a calculation or approximation of the quantity, cost, or value of something
based on available information and assumptions. In engineering, an estimate is usually
prepared to determine the probable cost of a project or a part of it, such as construction,
equipment, materials, labor, and overhead expenses. An estimate can be prepared at
different stages of a project, including conceptual, preliminary, and detailed design
stages, and is used to evaluate the feasibility and economic viability of a project.
Estimates can vary in accuracy and reliability depending on the level of detail and the
quality of the information used to prepare them.
3. A damp proof course (D.P.C.) is typically measured in millimeters (mm).
4. Market rate refers to the current price or rate at which a product or service is bought and
sold in the marketplace, and is determined by the interaction of supply and demand. It is
an important consideration for businesses and investors when making pricing, financing,
and investment decisions.
5. The plinth area of a building refers to the total covered area of a building at the floor
level, including the thickness of walls but excluding the areas occupied by balconies,
verandahs, and other open spaces. It is an important factor in determining the
construction cost of a building and is often used as a basis for calculating building taxes,
insurance premiums, and other charges.

h) 100mm/10cm
i) The rate of an item of work depends on the specification of works, specification
of materials, and proportion of mortar.
j) Floor area ratio (FAR) is the ratio of a building's total floor area (gross floor area) to the size of
the piece of land upon which it is built. It is often used as one of the regulations in city planning
along with the building-to-land ratio.

7.There are three main types of estimates used in the construction industry:

1. Preliminary estimate: This is a rough order of magnitude estimate prepared

during the initial stage of a project to determine the feasibility of the project and
 the budget required for further studies. It is a preliminary assessment based on
limited information and may be subject to significant revisions as more
information becomes available.
2. Detailed estimate: This is a comprehensive estimate prepared after the
preliminary stage of a project and involves a detailed analysis of all the elements
of the project. It is based on a detailed quantity takeoff and includes all direct
and indirect costs, overheads, and contingencies. A detailed estimate is used for
budgeting, tendering, and project control.
3. Revised estimate: This is an estimate prepared after the detailed estimate when
there are significant changes to the project scope, design, or construction
methodology. A revised estimate is based on the original estimate and takes into
account the changes made to the project. It is used to update the project budget
and to communicate the impact of changes to stakeholders.

8. The purpose of an estimate in the construction industry is to provide an accurate and

reliable projection of the cost, time, and resources required to complete a construction
project. The estimate is a critical component of project planning and control, and is used
for a variety of purposes, including:

1. Budgeting: The estimate is used to establish a budget for the project, including
all direct and indirect costs, overheads, and contingencies.
2. Tendering: The estimate is used to prepare bid proposals for the project,
including a detailed breakdown of the costs and resources required to complete
the work.
3. Project control: The estimate is used to monitor and control project costs,
including tracking actual costs against the estimated costs, and identifying and
managing cost overruns and risks.
4. Risk management: The estimate is used to identify and manage risks associated
with the project, including risks related to cost, schedule, and resources.
5. Decision-making: The estimate is used to support decision-making throughout
the project lifecycle, including decisions related to project scope, design, and
construction methodology.
6. Communication: The estimate is used to communicate project costs and
requirements to stakeholders, including owners, contractors, and financiers.

Revised estimates and supplementary estimates are both used to update the original
estimate for a construction project. However, there are some key differences between
the two:
2. Purpose: A revised estimate is used to update the original estimate when there
are significant changes to the project scope, design, or construction
methodology. A supplementary estimate, on the other hand, is used to add new
work or scope to the original estimate that was not included in the original
estimate.
3. Timing: A revised estimate is prepared after the detailed estimate, whereas a
supplementary estimate can be prepared at any time during the project lifecycle.
4. Approval: A revised estimate requires approval from the client or owner, whereas
a supplementary estimate may or may not require approval, depending on the
terms of the contract.
5. Basis: A revised estimate is based on the original estimate and takes into account
the changes made to the project, whereas a supplementary estimate is based on
new work or scope that was not included in the original estimate.
6. Documentation: A revised estimate is documented as a separate document from
the original estimate, whereas a supplementary estimate may be documented as
part of the original estimate or as a separate document, depending on the terms
of the contract.