FY B.Sc.

IT NSM Practical

1a Program to solve x3 -2x2 - 2x-1 between the interval (2, 3) by bisection method.

function [x]=bisect(a, b, f)
n=5;
while(n>0)
c=(a+b)/2;
disp(f(a),'name of f(a)');
disp(f(b),'name of f(b)');
if(f(a)*f(c)<0) then
b=c;
else
a=c;
end;
n=n-1;
disp(c,'c =');
disp(f(c),'name of f(c)');
end;
abort;
endfunction;

Scilab Console:
deff('[y]=f(x)','y=x^3-2*x^2-2*x-1')
bisect(2,3,f)
c = 2.84375

1b Program to solve x3 -2x2 - 2x-1 between the interval (2, 3) by false position method.
function [x]=method(a, b, g)
n=5;
while(n>0)
c=[a*f(b)-b*f(a)]/[f(b)-f(a)];
if(f(a)*f(c)<0) then
b=c;
else
a=c;
end;
n=n-1;
disp(c);
disp('name of f(x)',f(c));
end;
abort;
endfunction;

Scilab Console:
deff('[y]=f(x)','y=x^3-2*x^2-2*x-1')
method(2,3,f)
Ans-2.8311672
1c Program to solve y=x2 - 5 by taking initial root 2 by Newton Raphson method.

function [x]=newton(xx, f, fp)

n=5;
while(n>0)
xn=xx-f(xx)/fp(xx);
n=n-1;
xx=xn;
disp(xn);
end;
abort;
endfunction;

Scilab Console:
deff('[y]=f(x)','y=x^2-5')
deff('[y]=fp(x)','y=2*x')
newton(2,f,fp)
2.25
2.2361111
2.236068
2.236068
2.236068
2a Program for Newton's forward interpolation to find f (8) from the data.
x 5 10 15 20
y 50 70 100 145

function [yest]=newtonfor(x, y, xest)

n=length(y);
disp(n,'length is')
h=x(2)-x(1);
disp(h,'step size is')
p=(xest-x(1))/h;
disp(p,'k is')
//
for i=1:n-1
d(i,1)=y(i+1)-y(i);
end
for j=2:n-1
for i=1:n-j
d(i,j)=d(i+1,j-1)-d(i,j-1);
end

end
e(1)=p;
for j=2:n-1
e(j)=e(j-1)*(p+1-j)/j;
end
yest=0;
for i=1:n-1
yest=yest+e(i)*d(1,i);
 end
yest=yest+y(1);

printf('estimated value of y=%g when value of x=%g \n',yest,xest);

endfunction;

Scilab Console:
x=[5,10,15,20]
y=[50,70,100,145]
xest=8
newtonfor(x,y,xest)
ans = 61.08
2b Program for Newton's backward interpolation to find f (3.6) from the data.
x 0 1 2 3 4
y 7 17 45 103 203

function [yest]=newtonback(x, y, xest)

n=length(y);
disp(n,'length is')
h=x(2)-x(1);
disp(h,'step size is')
p=(xest-x(n))/h;
disp(p,'k is')

for i=2:n
d(i,1)=y(i)-y(i-1);
End
for i=2:n-1
for j=i+1:n
d(j,i)=d(j,i-1)-d(j-1,i-1);
End
End
e(1)=p;
for i=2:n-1
e(i)=e(i-1)*(p+i-1)/i;
End
yest=0;
for i=1:n-1
yest=yest+e(i)*d(n,i);
End
yest=yest+y(n);
printf('estimated value of y=%g when value of x=%g \n',yest,xest);
endfunction;

Scilab Console:
x=[0,1,2,3,4]
y=[7,17,45,103,203]
xest=3.6
newtonback(x,y,xest)
ans =
157.192
2c Program for Lagrange's interpolation to find f (2.5) from the data.
x 1 2 3
y 7 18 35

clc;
n=input("no. of data :");
for i=1:n
printf("Enter x%d value",i)
x(i)=input("")
printf("Enter y%d value",i)
y(i)=input("")
end
a= input("Enter value of a :")
sum=0
for i=1:n
product=1
for j=1:n
if j==i then continue
end
product=product*(a-x(j))/(x(i)-x(j))
end
product=product*y(i)
sum=sum + product

end
printf("value of f(a)is %f",sum)

Scilab Console:
no. of data :3
Enter x1 value
1
Enter y1 value
7
Enter x2 value
2
Enter y2 value
18
Enter x3 value
3
Enter y3 value
35
Enter value of a :2.5
value of f(a)is 25.750000
3b Program for solving the following equations using gauss seidel methods (Carry 4 iterations).
28x+4y-z=32
2x+17y+4z=35
x+3y+10z=24
clc
funcprot(0)
for i=1:3
printf("Enter coefficient of x in%d equation",i)
a(i)=input("")
printf("Enter coefficient of y in%d equation",i)
b(i)=input("")
printf("Enter coefficient of z in%d equation",i)
c(i)=input("")
printf("Enter value of d in %d equation",i)
d(i)=input("")

end
k=input("no of iterations")
x=0
y=0
z=0
for i=1:k
x= (1/a(1))*(d(1)-b(1)*y-c(1)*z)
y= (1/b(2))*(d(2)-a(2)*x-c(2)*z)
z= (1/c(3))*(d(3)-a(3)*x-b(3)*y)
end
printf("value of x is %f \n",x)
printf("value of y is %f \n",y)
printf("value of z is %f \n",z)

Scilab Console:
Enter coefficient of x in1 equation
28
Enter coefficient of y in1 equation
4
Enter coefficient of z in1 equation
-1
Enter value of d in 1 equation
32
Enter coefficient of x in2 equation
2
Enter coefficient of y in2 equation
17
Enter coefficient of z in2 equation
4
Enter value of d in 2 equation
35
Enter coefficient of x in3 equation
1
Enter coefficient of y in3 equation
3
Enter coefficient of z in3 equation
10
Enter value of d in 3 equation
24
no of iterations4
value of x is 0.993301
value of y is 1.507016
value of z is 1.848565
4a Program for numerical integration of (4x+2) in the limits 1 to 4 using trapezoidal rule using
six strips.
function [x]=trapezoidal2(x0, xn, n, f)
h=(xn-x0)/n;
add=0;
z0=f(x0);
zn=f(xn);
for i=1:n-1
x0=x0+h;
add=add+(2*f(x0));
end
x=(h/2)*(z0 + zn + add)
endfunction

Scilab Console:
deff('[z]=f(x)','z=(4*x)+2')
trapezoidal2(1,4,6,f)
ans= 36

4b Program for numerical integration of (3x2 +2x) in the limits 1 to 3 using Simpson's 1/3rd
rule taking 4 strips.

function [i]=Simp13(a, b, n, f)
h=(b-a)/n;
x=(a:h:b);
y=f(x);
m=length(y);
i=y(1)+y(m);
for j=2:m-1
if((modulo(j,2)==0)) then
i=i+4*y(j);
else
i=i+2*y(j);
end
end
i=h*i/3;
return(i);
endfunction

Scilab Console:
deff('[z]=f(x)','z=(3*x^2)+2*x')
Simp13(1,3,4,f)
ans=34

4c Program for numerical integration of (4x-1) in the limits 1 to 4 using Simpson's 3/8th rule
using six strips.

function [i]=Simp38(a, b, n, f)
 h=(b-a)/n;
x=(a:h:b);
y=f(x);
m=length(y);
i=y(1)+y(m);
for j=2:m-1
if((modulo(j-1,3)==0)) then
i=i+2*y(j);
else
i=i+3*y(j);
end
end
i=3*h*i/8;
return(i);
endfunction

Scilab Console:
deff('[z]=f(x)','z=(4*x)-1')
Simp38(1, 4, 6, f)
ans = 27.

5a Program to solve differential equation 1+y 2 using Euler's method

y(0)=0; Find y(0.1) & y(0.3). Carry 3 iterations.

clc;
clear;
function [z]=Euler(x0, y0, n, yest, f)
h=(yest-x0)/n;
for i=1:n
z=y0+(f(x0,y0)*h)
x0=x0+h;
y0=z;
end
endfunction

Scilab Console:
deff('[z]=f(x,y)','z=(1+(y^2))')
Euler(0,0,3,0.1,f)
ans = 0.1001853
Euler(0,0,3,0.3,f)
ans = 0.3050401

5b Program to solve differential equation x2 +y using Modified Euler's method

y(0)=1; Find y(0.02). Carry 2 iterations.
clc;
function [z1]=Mod_Euler(x0, y0, n, yest, f)
h=(yest-x0)/n;
for i=1:n
z=y0+(f(x0,y0)*h)
 z1=y0+((h/2)*(f(x0,y0)+f(x0+h,z)));
x0=x0+h;
y0=z;
end
endfunction
Scilab Console:
deff('[z]=f(x,y)','z=((x^2)+y)')
Euler(0,1,2,0.02,f)
ans = 1.020101

5c Program to solve differential equation 1+y2 at x=0.2 using Runqe-kutta 2nd order method.
y(0)=0; Take step size=0.2.
clc;
clear;
function [z]=Rungekutta(a, b, x, h, f)
n=(x-a)/h;

for i=1:n
k1=h*f(a,b);
k2=h*f((a+(h/2)),(b+k1));
k=(k1+k2)/2;
z=b+k;
a=a+h;
b=z;
end
endfunction

Scilab Console:
deff('[z]=f(x,y)','z=(1+(y^2))')
Rungekutta(0,0,0.2,0.2,f)
ans = 0.204

5d Program to solve differential equation x+y at x=0.2 using Runqe-kutta 4th order method.
y(0)=1; Take step size=0.2.
clc;
clear;
function [z]=Rungekutta4(a, b, x, h, f)
n=(x-a)/h;
for i=1:n
k1=h*f(a,b);
k2=h*f((a+(h/2)),(b+k1/2));
k3=h*f((a+(h/2)),(b+k2/2));
k4=h*f((a+h),(b+k3));
k=(k1+2*k2+2*k3+k4)/6;
z=b+k;
a=a+h;
b=z;
end
endfunction
 Scilab Console:
deff('[z]=f(x,y)','z=(x+y)')
Rungekutta4(0,1,0.2,0.2,f)
ans =1.2428

6a Program to find covariance from the following data.

x 6 2 10 4 8
Y 9 11 5 8 7

function [c]=cov(x, y)
n=length(x);
sx=sum(x);
sy=sum(y);
sxy=sum(x*y');
xmean=sx/n;
ymean=sy/n;

c=((sxy/n)-xmean*ymean);
if(c>0) then
printf(' x and y are positively correlated \n');
else
printf(' x and y are negatively correlated \n');
end;
return(c);
endfunction;

Scilab Console:
x=[6,2,10,4,8];
y=[9,11,5,8,7];
cov(x,y)
x and y are negatively correlated
ans = - 5.2

6b Program to find Karl Pearson's coefficient of correlation from the following data.
x 6 2 10 4 8
Y 9 11 5 8 7

function [r]=correlation(x, y)
n=length(x);
sx=sum(x);
sy=sum(y);
sxy=sum(x*y');
sxx=sum(x*x');
syy=sum(y*y');
xmean=sx/n;
ymean=sy/n;

sd1=sqrt((sxx/n)-xmean^2);
sd2=sqrt((syy/n)-ymean^2);
 c=((sxy/n)-xmean*ymean);

r=c/(sd1*sd2);
if(r>0) then
printf(' x and y are positively related \n');
else
printf(' x and y are negatively related \n');
end;
return(r);
endfunction;

Scilab Console:
x=[6,2,10,4,8];
y=[9,11,5,8,7];
correlation(x,y)
x and y are negatively related
ans = - 0.9192388

7a In a sample of 45 persons from town A 20 are smokers and in another sample of 50 persons
from town B 24 are smokers. Use Z test and test the claim that proportion of smokers in
two towns do not differ significantly.
function [zcal, ztab]=doubleProp(n1, n2, x1, x2, altype, alpha)
p1=x1/n1;
p2=x2/n2;
pp=(x1+x1)/(n1+n2);
qq=1-pp;
zcal=(p1-p2)/sqrt(pp*qq*(1/n1+ 1/n2));

if (altype==2) then
ztab=cdfnor('X',0,1,1-alpha/2,alpha/2);
else
ztab=cdfnor('X',0,1,1-alpha,alpha);

end;
if (altype==2) then
if abs(zcal)>ztab then
printf('\n reject ho\n');
else
printf('\n do not reject ho\n');
end;
else
if(zcal>ztab) then
printf('\n reject ho\n');
else
if(zcal<-ztab) then
printf('\n reject ho\n');
else
printf('\n do not reject ho\n');
end;
end;
 end;
printf("\n zcal is=%f \n ztab is =%f \n",zcal,ztab);
endfunction

Scilab Console:
n1=45;n2=50;x1=20;x2=24;altype=1;alpha=0.05;
doubleProp(n1,n2,x1,x2,altype,alpha);
do not reject ho
zcal is=-0.350469
ztab is =1.644854

7b A sample of 1000 items from population A have mean 171 and standard deviation 6.5
where as another sample of 1200 items from other population B have mean 170 and
standard deviation 6.3. Can we say that two populations have same variances?

function []=doubled(n1, n2, x1, x2, s1, s2, altype, alpha)

if length(x1)>1&length(x2)>1 then
s1=st_deviation(x1);
s2=st_deviation(x2);
n1=length(x1);
n2=length(x2);
end
zcal=(s1-s2)/sqrt(s1^2/(2*n1)+s2^2/(2*n2));

if (altype==2) then
ztab=cdfnor('X',0,1,1-alpha/2,alpha/2);
else
ztab=cdfnor('X',0,1,1-alpha,alpha);

end;
if (altype==2) then
if abs(zcal)>ztab then
printf('\n reject ho\n');
else
printf('\n do not reject ho\n');
end;
else
if(zcal>ztab) then
printf('\n reject ho\n');
else
if(zcal<-ztab) then
printf('\n reject ho\n');
else
printf('\n do not reject ho\n');
end;
end;
end;
printf("\n zcal is=%f \n ztab is =%f \n",zcal,ztab);
endfunction
 Scilab Console:
doubled(1000,1200,171,170,6.5,6.3,2,0.05);
do not reject ho
zcal is =1.030565
ztab is =1.959964

8a Program to fit curve by principle of least squares for the following data
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 2 4 3 6 8 9

function []=curvefit1(x, y)
[rx,cy]=size(y);
n=cy;

sx=sum(x);
sy=sum(y);
sxy=sum(x*y');
sxx=sum(x*x');
b=(n*sxy-sx*sy)/(n*sxx-sx*sx);
a=(sy-b*sx)/n;
printf("value of a is=%f \n",a);
printf("value of b is=%f \n",b);
printf("equation is y=%f + %fx \n",a,b);
endfunction

Scilab Console:
x=[1,2,3,4,5,6];
y=[2,4,3,6,8,9];
curvefit1(x,y)
value of a is=0.333333
value of b is=1.428571
equation is y=0.333333 + 1.428571x