Questions:

1.

Reading the textbook, pp. 66ff., which one of the followings is true?

Where it is true that:

"Distinguishing one subargument from another is often a complicated task. [...]. Again, distinguishing the strands
and assigning premises to the right conclusion is not only problematic but often involves an element of creativity
on the part of the analyst."

a) In the categorical syllogisms.

b) In inductive arguments.

c) In deductive arguments.

d) In extended arguments.

2.

Reading the textbook, pp. 48ff., which one is true?

a) As it is not always possible to determine the soundness of an inductive argument, it is also not possible to
determine the cogency of an deductive argument.

b) While it is not always possible to determine the soundness of an deductive argument, it is, however, always
possible to determine the cogency of an deductive argument.

c) While it is not always possible to determine the cogency of an inductive argument, it is, however, always
possible to determine the cogency of an deductive argument.

d) Just as it is not always possible to determine the cogency of an inductive argument, it is not always possible to
determine the soundness of an deductive argument, and vice versa

Reading the textbook, pp. 78ff., which one of the followings is true? Deductive arguments are:

a) Arguments based on mathematics; arguments from definition; and categorical, hypothetical, and disjunctive
syllogisms.

b) Arguments from analogy, generalizations, and from authority.

c) Arguments being recognized both as sound and cogent.

d) None of the above.

Reading the textbook, pp. 80ff., which one of the followings is true?

Patrick J. Hurley:
a) First distinguishes the cognitive meaning in language and then the vagueness occurring in the language.

b) First distinguishes the emotive meaning from the cognitive meaning in language and then explores the
defective meaning in language by its using vague and ambiguous expressions.

c) First distinguishes the defective meaning in language by its using vague and ambiguous expressions, and then,
thereafter, he distinguishes the emotive meaning from the cognitive meaning in language.

d) None of the above.

Reading the textbook, pp. 91ff. and pp. 109ff., and considering the intension and extension of terms, which one of
the followings is true?

a) A species has a greater connotation / intension and a lesser denotation / extension than a genus.

b) A genus has a greater connotation / intension and a lesser denotation / extension than a species.

c) Both genus and species have the same intension / connotation and extension / denotation.

d) None of the above.

Reading the textbook, pp. 96ff., which one of the followings is true?

Which definition for the first time assignes a meaning to a word?

a) Lexical definition.

b) theoretical definition.

c) Persuasive definition.

d) None of the above.

Reading the textbook, pp. 96ff., which one of the followings is true?

Which definition helps better a person to avoid ambiguity?

a) Stipulative definition.

b) Theoretical definition.

c) Persuasive definition.

d. Lexical definition
8

Reading the textbook, pp. 104ff., which one of the followings is true?

The principle being assumedly true that "the intension-determines-the-extension," then,

a) All extensional definitions are to be considered good techniques for producing theoretical and persuasive
definitions.

b) All extensional definitions are to be considered misleading in producing theoretical and persuasive definitions.

c) All extensional definitions are to be considered as suffering serious deficiencies in producing any definition.

d) None of the above.

Reading the textbook, pp. 107ff., which one of the followings is true?

Stating that the word "philosophy" has something in common with other words, such as "Philadelphia,"
"philanthropy," "Philharmony," "Philonous," or that the word "orthodox" has someting in common with words as
"orthopedy," "orthodenty," "orthography," and the like, is a matter of:

a) Extensional definition.

b) Theoretical definition.

c) Etymological definition.

d) Lexical definition.

10

Reading the textbook, pp. 107ff., which one of the followings is true?

Einstein developped his special theory of relatitity in partial response to the need of:

a) An etymological definition.

b) A theoretical definition.

c) A lexical definition.

d) None of the above

11

Reading the textbook, pp. 109ff., which one of the followings is true?

To produce the five kinds of definitions, namely the stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical and persuasive
definitions, (see 3.2), the most effective method is:

a) The application of the principle: "Intension-determines-extension," i-e. the definition by genus and difference,
as applied by Aristotle.
b) The application of the rules of the categorical syllogisms.

c) The application of the rules of avoiding fallacies.

d) None of the above.

12

Reading the textbook, pp. 114ff., which one of the followings is true?

For producing correct lexical definition of an entry term, there are rules to follow, and they are:

a) 10 rules.

b) 7 rules.

c) 6 rules.

d) None of the above.

13

Reading the textbook, pp. 122ff., which one of the followings is true?

Formal fallacies are found:

a) In both, inductive and deductive arguments.

b) Only in inductive arguements.

c) Only in deductive arguments.

d) None of the above

14

Reading the textbook, pp. 125ff., which one of the followings is true?

Fallacies of Relevance are:

a) 5 in number and they have in common the characteristic that the related arguments have premises
psychologically relevant to the conclusion.

b) 7 in number and they have in common the characteristic that the related arguments have premises logically
irrelevant to the conclusion which has emotional connection to the premises.

c) 8 in number and they have in common the characteristic that the related arguments have premises logically
irrelevant to the conclusion which has emotional connection to the premises.

d) 5 in number and they have in common the characteristic that the related arguments have premises logically
irrelevant to the conclusion which has emotional connection to the premises.
15

Reading the textbook, pp. 143ff., which one of the followings is true?

Fallacies of Weak Induction are:

a) 3 in number and they have in common the characteristic that the connection between premises and conclusion
is strong.

b) 4 3 in number and they have in common the characteristic that the connection between premises and
conclusion is emotional.

c) 5 in number and they have in common the characteristic that the connection between premises and conclusion
is not strong enough to support the conclusion.

d) 6 in number and they have in common the characteristic that the connection between premises and conclusion
is not strong enough to support the conclusion

16

Reading the textbook, pp. 160ff., which one of the followings is true?

The Fallacies of Presumption, Ambiguity, and Illicit Transference are:

a) 3 in number and they have in common the characteristic that the related arguments have

1) either premises presuming what they purport to prove.

2) or they have some form of ambiguity in either the premises on in conclusion,

3) or, furthermore, they involve the incorrect transference of an attribute from the part to the whole of
something, and vice versa.

b) 8 in number and they have in common the characteristic that the related arguments have

1) either premises presuming what they purport to prove.

2) or they have some form of ambiguity in either the premises on in conclusion,

3) or, furthermore, they involve the incorrect transference of an attribute from the part to the whole of
something, and vice versa.

c) 7 in number and they have in common the characteristic that the related arguments have

1) either premises presuming what they purport to prove.

2) or they have some form of ambiguity in either the premises on in conclusion,

3) or, furthermore, they involve the incorrect transference of an attribute from the part to the whole of
something, and vice versa.

d) None of the above.

17

Reading the textbook, pp. 182ff., which one of the followings is the truest one?

Detecting a fallacy in ordinary language is not easy because:

a) A premise or a conclusion is left unexpressed.

b) A premise is unexpressed but a conclusion is expressed which makes the matter obscure.

c) A premise or conclusion is left unexpressed, which may obscure the nature of the evidence that is presented or
the strength of the link between premises and conclusion.

d) None of the above.

18

Reading the textbook, pp. 183ff., which one of the followings is the truest one?

Avoiding fallacies is:

a) None of the informal fallacies.

b) One related to ordinary language.

c) Both a and b, as above.

d) Neither a nor b, as above.

19

Reading the textbook, pp. 203ff., which one of the followings is the truest one?

Stating that: "All S are P," it in class notation means that:

a) Every member of the S class is a member of an excluded part of P.

b) Every member of the S class is a member of the P class in which the S class is included.

c) Every member of the S class is a member of the P class in which the S class is excluded.

d) None of the above.

20

Reading the textbook, pp. 203ff., which one of the followings is the truest one?

Stating that "No S are P," it in class notation means that:

a) No member of the S class [which is not a member of P class] is a member of the P class [which is not including a
member of S class].

b) No member of the S class is a member of S class excluding a member of P class.

c) No member of the S class is a member of P class including a member of S class.

d) None of the above

21

Reading the textbook, pp. 203ff., which one of the followings is the truest one?

Stating that: "Some S are P," it in class notation means that:

a) At least some members of the S class is no member of at least one member of the P class.

b) At least one member of the S class is not included in the one member of the P class.

c) At least one member of the whole of S class is excluded from one member of the P class.

d) At least one member of the S class is a member of the P class.

22

Reading the textbook, pp. 203ff., which one of the followings is the truest one?

Stating that: "Some S are not P," it in class notation means that:

a) At least some members of the S class are excluded from one member of the P class.

b) At least one member of the S class is a member of the P class.

c) At least some members of the S class are included in the whole of P class.

d) None of the above.

23

Reading the textbook, pp. 203ff. and pp. 221ff., which one of the followings is the truest one?

The converse of "All A are B," is:

a) No A are non-B.

b) All B are non-A.

c) Some B are not A.

d) None of the above.

24

Reading the textbook, pp. 203ff. and pp. 221ff., which one of the followings is the truest one?

The converse of "All A are B" being stated as "All A are A," is said to be illicit because:

a) In the original statement, A is undistributed while B is distributed.

b) In the converse, B is undistributed while A is distributed.

c) In the original, A is distributed and B is undistributed while, in the converse, A is undistibuted and B is
distributed.

d) None of the above

25

Reading the textbook, pp. 203ff. and pp. 221ff., which one of the followings is the truest one?

The conversion of "Some A are B", as being "Some B are A," is said to be valid, because:

a) In the original, both A, as a subject term, and B, as a predicate term, are distributed and, in the converse, B and A
are distributed.

b) In the original, only B is distributed, and, in the converse, only A is distributed.

c) In the original, both A and B are undistributed and, in the converse, both B and A are also undistributed. The
affirmative quality of the I-proposition has been not changed in the converse too.

c) None of the above

26

Reading the textbook, pp. 203ff. and pp. 226ff., which one of the followings is the truest one?

Stating that "All non-B are non-A" is in truth value identical with "Some non-B are not non-A," because:

a) Conversion works with A- and O-propositions, while contraposition works with E- and O-propositions.

b) Contraposition works with A- and O-propositions.

c) Contraposition works with E- and I-propositions.

d) None of the above.

27

Reading the textbook, pp. 203ff. and pp. 226ff., which one of the followings is the truest one?

The contraposition of "No A are B" as being "No non-A are non-B," is said to be illicit, because:

a) Contraposition works only with A- and O-propositions.

b) Contraposition works only with E- and I-propositions.

c) Contraposition works only with E-propositions.

d) Contraposition works only with I-propositions

28

Reading the textbook, pp. 203ff. and pp. 226ff., which one of the followings is the truest one?

The conversion of O-proposition, "Some A are not B," as being the O-proposition, "Some B are not B," is said to be
illicit, because:

a) In the converse, the distribution status of the subject term has been not changed.

b) In the converse, the distribution status of the predicate term has been not changed.

c) While A in the original was undistributed, it has become distributed in the converse, and While the B in the
original was distributed, it has become undistributed in the converse.

d) Conversion works only with A-propositions.

29

Reading the textbook, pp. 231ff., which one of the followings is the truest one?

Considering the contrary relation between A- and E- propositions,

a) Both the truth or falsity of one proposition can lead to clearly determine the truth or falsity of the other one.

b) Only the falsity of one proposition can lead to clearly determine the truth or falsity of the other one.

c) Only the truth, but not the falsity, of one proposition can lead to clearly determine the truth or falsity of the
other one.

d) None of the above.

30

Reading the textbook, pp. 231ff., which one of the followings is the truest one?

Considering the contrary relation between A and E, which one of the followings is true?

a) It's false that "If A is true, then E is false."

b) It's false that "If E is true, then A is false."

c) It's true that

1) "If A is true, then E is false,"

2) "If A is false, then E is unknown,"

3) "If E is true, then A is false," and

4) "If E is false, then A is unknown."

d) Only the falsity can help us to predict the truth or falsity of the contrary alternative between A and E.

31

Reading the textbook, pp. 231ff., which one of the followings is the truest one?
Considering the subcontrary relations between A and E, which one of the followings is true?

While or as in the contrary relations, the falsity of a proposition could not help us to predict the truth value of the
alternative proposition, here in the subcontrary relations:

a) The falsity of an I- or O-proposition can't let us to predict the truth value of the alternative proposition.

b) The truth of an I- or O-proposition can't let us to predict the truth value of the alternative proposition.

c) In other words, 1) if "I is true, then O is false," 2) if "O is false, then I is unknown," 3) if "I is false, then O is
unknown," and 4) if "O is true, then I is false."

32

Reading the textbook, pp. 231ff., which one of the followings is the truest one?

Considering the subalternation relations between A and I, or E and O, which one of the followings is true?

a) "If A is true, then I is false."

b) "If I is true, then A is false."

c) "If I is false, then A is unknown."

d) None of the above.

33

Reading the textbook, pp. 231ff., which one of the followings is the truest one?

Considering the subalternation relations between A and I, or E and O, and knowing that the falsity cannot be
transmitted downwards but only upwards and that the truth can only be transmitted downwards, but not
upwards, which one of the followings is true.

a) It is true that: If I is false, then A should be false, and if O is false, then E should be also false.

b) It is true that: It is true that: If E is true, then O is false, and if A is true, I should be false.

c) It is true that: If E is false, then O should, by implication, be false, and if A is false, then I should also be false.

d) None of the above.