SRIMATHI SUNDARAVALLI MEMORIAL SCHOOL

CHENNAI
2020-2021
MATHEMATICS

CLASS: IX
TOPIC: GEOMETRY

GIST OF THE CHAPTER

The word ‘geometry’ comes from the Greek words ‘geo’, meaning the ‘earth’,

and ‘metrein’, meaning ‘to measure’. Geometry appears to have originated from the

need for measuring land.

The excavations at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro etc, show that the Indus

Valley Civilization made extensive use of Geometry. For example, the roads were

parallel to each other, the houses had many rooms of different types. The people

were skilled in mensuration and practical arithmetic. Geometry has many

applications in architecture.

A Greek mathematician, Thales is credited with giving the first known proof of
the statement that “a circle is bisected” i.e. cut into two equal parts by its
diameter. One of Thales‟ most famous pupils, Pythagoras and his group
discovered many geometric properties and developed the theory of geometry to a
great extent.

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 Euclid, a teacher of mathematics in Egypt, collected all the known works
and arranged them in his famous treatise, called „Elements‟. His work influenced
the whole world‟s understanding of geometry for generations to come.

Euclid‟s assumptions are actually „Obvious Universal Truths‟. One of the famous
assumptions is “Things which coincide with one another are equal to one
another”. You must have observed that two copies of your photographs of the
same size are identical. Similarly two bangles of the same size, two ATM cards
issued by the same bank are identical. Such figures are called “Congruent
figures”.

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 „Congruent‟ means equal in all respects of figures whose shapes and sizes
are both the same. Two circles of same radii are called congruent circles.

Euclid‟s significant assumption about two lines is, “No intersection of

lines will take place when the sum of the measures of the interior angles on the
same side of the falling line is exactly 180 ”.

Properties Of Angles Associated with Parallel Lines:

If two parallel lines l and m are cut by a transversal d, then

• the pair of corresponding angles is equal (∠2 = ∠6); (∠3 = ∠7); (∠1 = ∠5);

(∠4 = ∠8).

• the pair of interior alternate angles is equal (∠4 = ∠6); (∠3 = ∠5).

• the pair of exterior alternate angles is equal (∠1 = ∠7); (∠2 = ∠8).

• interior angles on the same side of the transversal are supplementary, i.e.,

∠3 + ∠6 = 180° and ∠4 + ∠5 = 180°.

POLYGONS:
A Polygon is a simple closed curve made of line segments. E.g., cheese slices,
honey comb, floor designs, rectangular or square shaped buildings.
The polygon made of a minimum number of line segments is a triangle.

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Criteria needed to form a triangle:
 The sum of two sides of the triangle must be greater than the third side.
 The difference of two sides of a triangle must be smaller than the third side.
 The sum of all the three angles of a triangle add upto 180 .

The polygon made of four sides is called a quadrilateral.

SQUARE:
A square is a special kind of quadrilateral.
 Properties of a square:

 All the sides are equal, AB  BC  CD  AD

 Each angle of the square = 90 , A  B  C  D  90

 The diagonals of a square bisect each other at right angles and they are
equal to each other. [AC  BD]
The given assignment will lead you to explore more on Geometry and
its principles. Work on it!
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 SRIMATHI SUNDARAVALLI MEMORIAL SCHOOL
CHENNAI
2020-21
MATHEMATICS
ASSIGNMENT – 1
CLASS: IX
TOPIC: GEOMETRY

1. What comes across your mind when you think of geometry? Prepare a
collage of your ideas in an A4 sheet.

2. Give 5 examples of congruent figures.

3. Make a beautiful design using congruent circles. (Use a pair of

compasses and a pencil)

4. Draw two lines cut by a transversal. Draw parallel lines cut by a

transversal (as given in the figures below). Find the sum of a and b
in both cases. What do you infer from this?

5. Draw a triangle PQR and mark the midpoints of all three sides and
name them as L, M and N respectively (as given in the figure below).
Join these midpoints.
a) Compare the lengths of (LM, PR), (LN,QR), (MN,PQ).
b) Check if PNL is equal to PRQ . What do you say about line
segments LN and QR?

6. Check whether a triangle can be constructed with the following set of

measurements.
Set A: 2 cm, 2 cm, 4 cm
Set B: 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm
What do you infer from this?

7. Draw any quadrilateral and measure all the four angles. Find the sum
of all the four angles. What is the name of the angle so obtained?
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 8. Draw a triangle, produce its sides as shown in the figure. Measure the
three exterior angles and find their sum.

a) Repeat the same for a quadrilateral.

b) Also do it for a polygon of your
choice.
What do you conclude from this activity?

9. Take a graph paper and mark a square OABC of side 16 cm. Mark the
smaller squares of sides 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm, … until 16 cm, inside the
square OABC. Then join the vertices O and B, through all the small
squares.
a. Write down the areas of all these squares formed. What are
these square numbers called?
b. What is this line segment OB called? Join the other two vertices
of the bigger square. Compare the lengths of these two line
segments. Measure the angles formed at the point of
intersection of these two line segments.
c. On the basis of your answer for (b), mention the properties of a
square.

10. Fill in the blanks

A. A quadrilateral has three acute angles. If each measures 80°, then the
measure of the fourth angle is _________________.
B. In a quadrilateral HOPE, the pairs of opposite sides are _____,_____
and _____, _____ .
C. The number of diagonals in a hexagon is ____________.
D. A polygon having ten sides is known as ___________.
E. The measure of each exterior angle of an equilateral triangle is
_____________.

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