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Cybernetic Bordello Nicolas Schoffers A
Cybernetic Bordello Nicolas Schoffers A
Worldview
"I would not hide from you that I consider myself more a programmer than a
creator; confessed proudly Nicolas SchOffer (19121992) in 1971. 1 In the artist's
career, this shift from creator to programmer certainly dated back to 1954, the
year he unveiled what was considered "the first spatiodynamic, cybernetic, sound-
equipped art structure"2 in the Pare de SaintCloud outside Paris. The structure was
conceived >'lith a consulting engineer from Philips Corporation (Jacques Bureau)
and in collaboration with composer Pierre Henry to create a soundproducing tower
responding to environmental stimuli (light, sound, atmospheric conditions).3 From
then on, collaborating with engineers, physicians and composers SchOffer pursued his
longterm investigation in the field of technologically oriented and "cybernetically"
regulated audiovisual environments. With Chronos 3, in 1961, this took the form of
another soundequipped tower providing a full audiovisual spectacle installed in
Liege, Belgium. The following year, the Department of Ambient Programming at
Philips (Departement d'Ambiance Programmee) actively promoted Schoffer's LIght Wall
as "a tool for moodconditioning:' while his small monitor Lumino (1968) presented a
portable, domestic version of this form of sensory conditioning. Relentlessly, SchOffer
attempted, more or less successfully, to implement his art in society: from televised
, Philippe Sers, Entretiens avec Nicolas Schaffer (Paris: Editions Belfond, 1971), 12. All translations
are by the author. Hungarianborn French artist Nicolas Schiiffer (19121992) is associated with
the development of kinetic art in France in the 1950s and 1960s. First trained in Budapest and then
Paris, where he settles in 1936, Schiiffer started as an abstract painter and sculptor. His concept of
a spatiodynamic sculpture, formulated at the end of the 19405, leads himin the mid1950sto
elaborate a form cybernetic art capable ofresponding to environmental feedback. Schaffer's limitless
ambition to reform society through art will give way, in 19605, to monumental architectural projects
and extensive urban planning, supported by a generous and rather abstruse theoretical output.
, Jack Burnham, Beyond Modern Sculpture/The Effects ofScience and Technology on the Sculpture of
this Century (New York George Braziller, 1968),340.
, See Jean Cassou, Guy Habasque, and Jacques Menetrier, Nicolas SchOffer (Neuchiltel: Editions du
Griffon, coll. The Sculpture ofthe Twentieth Century, 1963),45.
108 France and the Visual Arts since 1945
programs designed to induce sleep to the decor of a Tropezian nightclub, down to the
aborted erection of a gigantic cybernetic tower crowning the district of La Defense.'
Considered individually, however, each project does not make much sense on its own.
The full measure of the artist programmer's ambition must take into account Schoffer's
worldview: for it is society as a whole that the artist intended to program.
Starting in the early 19505, SchOffer patiently unfolded his urban planning of a
cybernetic city connecting districts and fixed buildings to which he had ascribed
specific and exclusive functions: administrative center, learning center, unit for
scientific research, "spatiodynamic" theater, etc. s All buildings were to be distributed
along three zones respectively hOUSing seemingly immutable living functions:
working, resting, and leisure time. A fullscale presentation of the artist's design was
ultimately published in 1969 under the title La ville cybermftique (The Cybernetic
City). Compared to a contemporary project involving cybernetics such as Cedric Price
and Joan Littlewood's Fun Palace-conceived as a highly flexible structure integrating
its planned obsolescenceSchoffer's "visionary" design simply avoids questioning,
amonK other things, whether "the division between work and leisure has never been
more than a convenient generalization:'6 Unlike the Fun Palace, Schoffer's vision
evidently does not experiment with any alternative or innovative lifestyles; it presents,
at best, a technologically upgraded version of existing normative ones. Overall, the
reader of La ville cybernetique gets the uncanny sensation that the author's prospective
4 On Schoffer's Tour Lumiere Cybern.!tique and on his sedative TV programs see, respectively, the
very comprehensive studies published by Arnauld Pierre, "La machine Ii gouverner. Art et science
du cyberpouvoir scion Nicolas Schiiffer,» Les Cahiers du musee national dart moderne, no. 116
(Summer 2011): 4161 and "I am the Dream Machine. Les ecrans hypnogenes de Nicolas Schaffer:'
Les Cahiers du musee national d'art moderne no. 130 (Winter 20142015): 3761.
5 The date 1952 appears to be the earliest one in relation to Schiiffer's city planning in the collective
volume Maude Ligier, Eric Mangion, JeanDamien Collin, Eleonore De Lavandeyra Schoffer,
Nicolas Schaffer (Dijon: Les Presses du reel, ColI. Art contemporain, 2004). Some of these early
drawings appear (undated) in Nicolas Schaffer, La Ville cybernetique (Paris: Ed. Tchou, 1969). For
recent critical appraisal of Schaffer's urban planning see Carlotta Daro, "Nicolas Schoifer and the
Cyhernetic City:' AA Files (Architectural Association School ofArchitecture) no. 69 (2014): 311.
6 Cedric Price and Joan Littlewood, "The Fun Palace," The Drama Review: TDR, 12, no. 3 (Spring, 1968):
129. "Technology is the answer:' famously stated Cedric Price, "but what was the question?" Price
started the design of the Fun Palace in 1961 in collaboration with experimental theater director Joan
Littlewood. A mix of leisure center and experimental theater, this complexnever realizedwas
meant to foster self· p articipatory education. Relying on technology and cybernetics to receive and
generate users' feedback, the project placed improvisation at the center of the architectural program.
To maintain its capacity for everevolving purpose, the project was firstly defined as an expandable,
highly flexible and changeable unit ("Nothing is to last for more than ten years, some things not even
ten days:' wrote Littlewood). See Mary Louise Lobsinger, "Cybernetic Theory and the Architecture
of Performance: Cedric Price's Fun Palace:' in Anxious Modernisms: Experimentation in Postwar
Architectural Culture, Canadian Center of Architecture, ed. Sarah Williams Goldhagen and Rejean
Legault (Cambridge, MA, and London, England: MIT Press, 2001): 119139.
Cybernetic Bordello 109
thinking is locked in a rather pastoriented vision of the future. SchOffer may have
planned the city ofthe future, but he forgot to question the future of the city. In the end,
as a true prophet of his own coming, Schaffer concluded his volume on a cryptic note
invoking the trinity of art, science and religion:
Times are not far ahead when we will see the artist and the scholar [savant]
reconciled in a common exploration of temporal structures. Then, at that stage
of evolution, the endless inventory will be more and more widely opened to Man.
Art will appear as the kernel of the energeticotemporal mass of all known and
unknown universes, and as the very heartbeat of the universal pulse [Ie souffle
meme de l'universel respiration]. And the notion of a certain God will emerge
clearly as a permanent and timeless phenomenon?
To some observers, however, the artist's very ambition to "create creation'8 may seem to
have been unfairly restrained. Hence, a French critic reviewing an exhibition devoted to
SchOffer's career in the mid2000s could not fail to notice that many ofthe artist's projects
have been left unrealized, including an intriguing Center for sexual leisure. Could it be,
as this critic suggests, that the daring "novelty" of the artist's work was too "difficult
to accept" in its time?9 The worn out cliche of the misunderstood genius fits Schaffer's
selfpossessed vision. o f his art like a glove. But Schaffer's art was not that hard to accept
and his kinetic sculptures were actually dutifully admired in the 1960s for the optimistic
and therefore reassuring blend of art and technology they offered (contrasting notably
with the "nihilistic" version of Jean Tinguely's machine aesthetic). Unsurprisingly,
conservative and reactionary American critics such as John Canaday and Hilton Kramer
awarded Schaffer's art a very high mark. While the first critic was spellbound by the power
ofhis rotating sculptures to "turn metals into volatile fluids and light into escaping tinted
gasses;'lO the second argued that beyond the "astonishing and infinitely variable effect"
of his "cybernetically programmed" creations in metal, Plexiglas, and light, SchOffer's
sculptural pieces were only the "symbolic paradigms of a new civilization" designed by
the "visionary of a world that does not yet exist:'Il Concurrently, in France, influential
critic and historian Michel Ragon recognized in SchOffer's art the "most ambitious
contemporary body of work, the work seeking to be the grand ceuvre, seeking to be at
the same time sculpture and architecture, art and science, the work seeking to be the
cradle of a new world:'12 In many ways, the critics seem to have been fairly intoxicated
by the old wine that Schaffer had put in a notsonew bottle. Still, such praises articulate
well enough the artist's immoderate ambition. Insisting as they do on the prospective
dimension of Schaffer's art to the pOint of considering his artworks as an incidental
byproduct of his worldview, both Kramer and Ragon understood well that the artist's
purpose far exceeded the sculptural objects themselves.
Schaffer's eagerness to impose his art upon society finds its roots in the postwar ideal of
a "synthesis of the arts" (synthese des arts). In France, this lofty goal"without which
no civilization can assert its presence"13was notably promoted by the engineer and
architect Andre Bloc who, in 1951, formed the Groupe Espace. 14 Among other signing
members of its manifesto, Nicolas Schoffer promoted then the absolute necessity of
"an Art that inscribes itself in real space, responding to functional necessities and to
all of Man's needs, from the Simplest one to the highest one ... caring for collective
and private living conditions; an Art that would be essential even to those who are
less attracted by aesthetic values." Setting the tone for Schaffer's lifelong ambition, the
Groupe Espace urgently pressed toward "effective realizations" by active and direct
involvement in the "human community:'15 Understandably, the feasibility of this
ambitious program raised as many doubts as it generated hopes. One could wonder,
for instance, wheJ:her a "synthesis" could actually be achieved by the mere addition of
a sculpture or a mural (no matter how abstract) to a separately planned architectural
setting (no matter how modern).16 In parallel, British members of the Independent
" Such concerns are particularly well formulated in letter from January 21, 1955 addressed to
Andre Bloc by Hadi Bara and Tarik Carim, representing a Turkish branch of the Groupe Espace.
Bibliotheque Kandinsky, Paris, Fonds Delaunay, 105 75 11 I 19511954 [box 62J.
Cybernetic Bordello 111
Group regarded suspiciously the principle of an "orthodox integration" recommended
by the Groupe Espace as well as its "dogmatic ideas of a synthesis" in which "separate
contributions are sympathetically bound together:'17 Conversely, explained Lawrence
Alloway in an introduction to the now famous exhibition This is Tomorrow (1956),
"different channels [should be] allowed to compete as well as to complement each
other:'18 Such permissive philosophy, in which disjointed elements do not have to
resolve into a coherent and unified totality, ran contrary to Schaffer's confident
ideology. As he formulated it in the opening line of a 1954 manifesto announcing the
formation of his own artistic collective: "The goal of the Neovision movement is the
suppression of the current anarchy in the field of plastic arts and the realization of the
necessary conditions for a genuine and total synthesis:'19 No more, no less.
Schaffer's use of the term anarchy, inevitably evoking an absence of governmental
control, is not incidental. At the time, the artist had already encountered the new
science of governing (or "steering" whenever a softer etymology is needed) in Norbert
Wiener's opus Cybernetique et societe (The Human Use Of Human Beings: Cybernetics
And Society, published in French in 1952) and later enthusiastically recalled that
following its reading he "immediately made the decision to create, from then on,
cybernetic works [of artj:'20 Emblematic of what is called the "information age:'
cybernetics presents itself as a mode of synthesizing a variety of inputs in order to
direct actions toward the most appropriate output. As Peter Galison summarizes,
Wiener's theory originated during the Second World War when the mathematician
conceived a complex calculating device [the "antiaircraft (AA) predictor"] "designed
to characterize an enemy pilot's zigzagging flight, anticipate his future position, and
launch an antiaircraft shell to down his plane:'21 Subsequently, writes Galison, Wiener's
model expanded to become "a new science known after the war as 'cybernetics: a
science that would embrace intentionality, learning, and much else within the human
mind. Finally, the AA predictor, along with its associated engineering notions of
feedback systems and black boxes, became, for Wiener, the model for a cybernetic
understanding of the universe itself'22 And within a few years, indeed, cybernetics
swiftly permeated all fields of knowledge: physics, technology, biology, psychology,
medicine, SOciology, management, linguistic, pedagogy, economy.23 Schaffer carefully
situated his aesthetic programming skills at the crossroad of all those influences.
Aesthetic hygiene
The influence of cybernetics could be felt everywhere indeed, more or less
conspicuously. One of Schaffer's acolytes in Neovision, for instance, the psychiatrist
Paul Sivadon, promoted a cybernetically oriented theory of "mental hygiene;' when he
defined it as the "optimistic theory which invites anybody to correct at any instant the
line of his destiny by orienting him towards a future of social as much as individual
equilibrium:'24 In this regard, Schaffer's lifelong association with physicians, biologists,
and psychiatrists, supporting the therapeutic function of his art 25 is as significant as
his association with engineers to insure the technological viability of his art. Strongly
echoing the rhetoric of the psychiatrist, Schaffer would thus characterize his art as a
massive sanitary project:
Esthetic hygiene is necessary for collective societies, for any social group residing
together on a large scale. How? By programming environments that obey rigorous
esthetic criteria. Each time the inhabitant walks around in the city, he must bathe in
a climate that creates in him a specific feeling ofwellbeing, invoked by the massive
presence of esthetic products in the environment. 26
In effect, SchOffer's mysterious (yet "rigorous") criterion for aesthetically programming
our environment is none other than equilibrium, so as to guarantee that "the sound,
the smell, the heat, the moisture, the light dispensed in about [us] in balanced doses;
can generate a "vivifying ambiance:'z7 Caring for our wellbeing, the artist's hygienist
theory also recalls the views of Dr. Jacques Menetrier (19081986),28 another one of
Schaffer's longtime acquaintances. As a biologist, Menetrier had been in 1942 the
general secretary of the Fondation fran<;aise pour l'etude des problemes humains
(French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems) created under the Vichy
government. 29 Alexis Carrel (18731944) directed the institute. A 1912 Nobel laureate
As a member of the Comite d'HonneurFondateur de I' A.N.S. (Association lnternationale des
Amis de Nicolas Schiiffer pionnier de t'\rt Cybernetique) (HonoraryFounding Committee of
the A.N.S. (International Association of the Friends of Nicolas Schaffer, Pioneer of Cybernetic
Art)), Dr. Jacques Mem?trier (19081986) is presented as the "Pn?sidentFondateur du Centre de
Recherches Biologiques et de la Societe de Medecine Fonctionnelle, inventeur des Oligoelements,
ancien secn'taire general de la Fondation Alexis Carre!:' On the website devoted to the artist housed
by the Observatoire Leonardo des arts et des technosciences (www.olats.orglschoffer/archives/ans.
htm) [last consulted on January 2,2016].
29 See Alain Drouard, "Les trois ages de la Fondation ヲイ。ョセゥウ・@ pour l' etude des problemes humains;'
Population (French Edition), 38e Annee, no. 6. (NovemberDecember 1983): 10171047.
Cybernetic Bordello 113
in medicine, Carrel was also a member of the collaborationist Parti Populaire Fran<;:ais
md a promoter of eugenics. Menetrier's toxic views are fully developed in his 1947
treaty entitled La vie collective,3fJ in whichbesides praising National Socialism31 -
be expands his theory of a complete "social Hygiene" (including "biological control")
that is nothing more than a form of "pragmatic eugenics:'32 As part of Menetrier's
comprehensive social sanitation plan, the organization of leisure (including "all
physical, mental and aesthetic activities") includes the arts among those elements (like
sport) that may "improve the quality of workers:';3 Whether or not Schaffer had read
La vie collective (Collective Life), a rather pertinent topic conSidering his program, the
artist would later enthusiastically welcome the irreversible and accelerating process
of "modification of man by man" on the "physical, psychic and intellectual" planes. J4
Here again, technology and cybernetics were only, according to the artist, temporarily
A bit like Las Vegas, Saint Tropez had become a specialized town devoted to
recreational activity, therefore suitably fitting Schoffer's urban "utopia:' Every summer,
SaintTropez provided a backdrop of folkloric authenticity (local fishermen included)
to a community of international celebrities. The launch of the Voom Voom received
proper and intensive media coverage. Raising investigative journalism to a hitherto
unknown level, some journalists reported that it was the manager, JeanMarie Riviere,
who found this onomatopoeic name while diving in the Mediterranean wearing
a floral bathing suitY Or, was it Jane Fonda who christened the nightclub after the
sound of the countless sport cars zipping by the port during the summer?42 For
35 Ibid., 2l.
" See Interview with Parinaud, "La Revolution par Ie Lumino;' 18,
See Nicolas Schiiffer and Dr. Vinchon, "r:artiste et la societe; La Socialisation du role de I'artiste du
point de vue psychoJogique," A,ujourd'hui, November 1956, 13.
" The phrase by Marcuse comes from his 1967 Berlin talk "The End of Utopia;' and is quoted by
Nicolas Schiiffer, La Ville Cybernetique, Tchou, Paris, 1969, 13.
See Interview with Parinaud. "La Revolution par Ie Lumino;' 18.
In John Ardagh, "On the newstyle Riviera;' The Observer, January 9th 1966,32.
41 See Jacques Borge and Nicolas De Baraudy, "Les Tropeziens en padent;' Paris-l'vfatch no. 897, June
18 1966, 103.
42 M. B. "Dim, Dam, Dom; Venus, VoumVoum et Desperados;' Humanite, August 26,1966,
Cybernetic Bordello 115
certain, the interior design of the new joint commercial venture was granted to local
architect Paul Bertrand (19151994), a former movieset designer mostly known for
his NeoProven;;:al villas.4' Bertrand furnished the decor of the new discotheque with
several of Schaffer's kinetic pieces selected under the artist's supervision. FollOwing
the commercial success of the venue, a second Voom Voom, twice as big, opened the
following year in JuanIesPins, 60 miles away. According to art critic Pierre Restany,
SaintTropez's Voom Voom was emblematic of the European "yeye' culture. Suitably
defining the related musical genre ("yeye") as a "lukewarm and watered down" version
of r ock and roll, Restany nonetheless credits the yeye nightclubs, including the Voom
Voom, with a capacity to foster "collective trance:'44 EchOing photographs of a rather
deserted Voom Voom, a caption depicts the new disco "designed by the architect Paul
Bertrand" as follows:
The walls are finished throughout in highly polished stainless steel. Two large steel
sculptures by Nicolas Schoeffer rotate at a regulable speed, illuminated by coloured
reflectors. Coloured lights are thrown on two large luminous plastic screens by
fifty projectors, switched on and off to the music. The surfaces of the tables and
bar counter are finished in anodized aluminum. (The whisky bottles lining the
bar counter are labeled with their owners' name: fイ。ョセッゥウ・@ Sagan, Bernard Buffet,
Pierre Restany)."
As the popular TV program Dim Dam Dam reported in August 1966, the place
was perfectly suited to exhibit Emmanuelle Khanh's "mode spatiale" in the line of
the spaceage fashion of Paco Rabanne's plastic and metal dresses introduced few
months earlier. 46 Models would pose amidst Schoffer's pieces scattered around the
I
curved seating areas near the dance floor lined by light walls, "large screens on which
smudges of pastel colors [disperse] continuously before slowly regrouping:'47 Nearby,
a journalist noticed, a
.,I)
deep triangular niche is reserved for the elite squad of dancers, who can see ,1
their complex choreographic moves infinitely reflected on the oblique mirroring
walls [Prism, 1965]. Now imagine that on a central spot of this cave, a vertical 1
Zセゥ@
rotating mast .\lith branches made of little mirrors and other pieces of polished
I
セ@
セ@
1
4l JeanLue de Rudder, "Saint· T ropezI:enfer: Tout Ie Monde descend;' L'Intransigeant, July 14,1966,
44 Pierre Restanv "Breve storia dello stile yセAャZG@ Domus, 446, 1967, 34, and 40.
45 Ibid., 40. pゥ・セイ@ Restany (19302003) was one of the most influential French critics in the 19605,
known to have coined the term Nouveau Realisme and supported affiliated artists such as Martial
Raysse, Arman, Yves Klein, Jean Tinguely, or Jacques VilIeglc. While being mocked by many
intellectuals, the figurative brand of painting developed by Bernard Buffet (19281999)featuring
his famous pathetic weeping clownswas a commercial success in 19505 and 1960s France.
Pranc;oise Sagan (19352004), jetsetter and novelist gained fame with her first Bonjour tristesse
(Hello Sadness, 1954).
46 M. B. "Dim, Dam, Dom: Venus, VoumVoum et Desperados:'
47 Rudder, "SaintTropezLenfer: Tout Ie Monde descend:'
1
I
116 France and the Visual Arts since 1945
plastic is erected. Without interruptions, spotlights are projected on this mast, and
the intense beams of light are bouncing on the walls diffracting everywhere in
blinding and darting flashes.'s
In this light, it may seem that the Voom Voom fits in the development of nightclubs
as a site of radical experimentation. 49 The model of the Pipers, for instancea series
of nightclubs that popped up throughout Italy in the mid1960s"consisted in a
sort of immersion in a continuous flow of images, stroboscopic lights and very loud
stereophonic music;' the goal of which was, according to Andrea Branzi's, the "total
estrangement of the subject, who gradually lost control of his inhibition in dance,
moving toward a sort of psychomotor liberation:'so Losing one's sense of self may
have been, in this instance, a way to find oneself. According to the motto of the
American collective US CD: "You've got to go out of your mind to use your head:'5!
Such was the LSDfueled program of the "multichannel night club" The World,
conceived by USCD and inaugurated in April 1966. Installed in a disused aircraft
hangar, USCD's disco included a stereo sound system, slide projections, 16mm films
by Jud Yalkut notably and an early video transmission feeding back realtime images
to the dancers. 52 The reception of this kind of individual and collective shattering of
the self varied greatly. After experiencing Andy Warhol's Exploding Plastic Inevitable
in a Chicago nightclub in June 1966, for instance, a horrified journalist reported
that the artist had ゥセ、・@ put together a "total environment" yet, she concluded,
it "actually vibrates with menace, cynicism, and perversion. To experience it is to
be brutalized, helpless:'53 As the popular singer Cher is reported to have said of
Warhol's EPr: "It will replace nothing, except suicide:'54 Warhol himself took full
responsibility for this sensory overdose: "If they can take it for ten minutes;' he later
said of his multimedia extravaganza, "then we play it for fifteen. That's our policy.
Always leave them wanting less:,s5 Schoffer's concerns could not have been more
remote .
.. Ibid.
49 See notably Carlotta Daro, "Nightdubs et discotheques: visions d'architecture;' Intermedialites,
1966,34.
" Cher, quoted in the Vii/age Voice, September 22, 1966.
5$ Andy Warhol & Pat Hackett, POPism: The Warhol '60s (New York: Harper & Row, 1983), 154.
Cybernetic Bordello 117
Cybernetic bordello
All in all, the Voom Voom may not have achieved a more convincing synthesis of the
arts than the one promoted earlier by the Groupe Espace. Schaffer's sculptures are
visibly less integrated into the space than simply added to it. A variation on this setting
can be seen in a twominuteIong segment of the TV show Special Bardot, broadcast
January 1, 1968, during which the Tropezian icon sings a futurist pop song about a
heartbroken creature from outer space ("Contact:' written by Serge Gainsbourg in
1967).56 Slightly more out of his mind, Jud Yalkut achieved a more intense and striking
result with his 19651966 short abstract experimental short film Turn, Turn, Turn,
editing closeups of Schaffer's kinetic sculptures to a point where they appear rather
intangible. Yalkut'g film, which might have been screened at The World, thereby
clarifies one of the artist's unusually lucid remarks about his art: "What I have done:'
he admitted in 1967, "are primitive assemblages, using techniques that are bound to be
outdated. One will be able to go much further, getting rid of the object to reach the sole
effect:'57 The question remains of the nature of such programmed effect.
At age 54 in 1966, SchOffer had, by his own admission, no nightclubbing experience.
SaintTropez and the Voom Voom nevertheless reminded him that, after all, "centers
of sexual leisure" were included in his design for a cybernetic citt8 as a place for
people to "indulge in lovemaking within an aesthetic ambience, under the influence
of innumerable aestheticized programs:'S9 There, he inSisted, "the act of love will be
fully and totally transcended:'60 Located in a nondescript building by the port of Saint-
Tropez, the nightclub was a far cry from the rosy, smooth "giant vessel shaped like
a woman's breast"61 that the artist had in mind when he envisioned his cybernetic
bordello. Once inside this colossal boob, visitors would be welcomed with a "warm,
fragrant audiovisual wash in a monochrome atmosphere (light red), including sound,
colored lights and scents pulsating on a very slow rhythm."62 Rising to the top in a
smooth elevator, couples would then walk down a spiraling ramp, surrounded by
sleek, warm palpitating abstract silhouettes and all kinds of suggestive screenings
(avoiding pornography). They could also experience a zero-gravity space stimulating
sexual functions. 63 At last, properly aroused, couples would reach a dance hall and, if
56 fイ。ョセッゥウ@ Reichenbach and Eddy Matalon (directors), Bob Zagury (producer), Special Bardot, 52
minutes. Archives INA [Institut national de l'audiovisuell. Brigitte Bardot, French actress, singer,
and sex symbol, had taken residence in Saint-Tropez in the late 1950s, thereby contributing to the
touristic appeal of the town.
57 Pierre Descargues, "Juan-Ies-Pins: 800 personnes al'interieur d'un microtemps de Nicolas Schoffer;'
6' Ibid.
62 Schiiffer, La Ville Cybernetique, 123.
6l Ibid.
118 France and the Visual Arts since 1945
Dream machine
In this regard, said the artist, the experience of the Voom Voom, was "crucial" and
undeniably encouraging: "I found there the proof that what I recommended was
absolutely acceptable by the general public. I moved fast from the laboratory to life
itself. And it's only a beginning:'68 Schaffer, indeed, never ceased experimenting with
the potential effect of his art, occasionally conducting tests in psychiatric wards to
refine his aesthetic instruments. There, subjecting individuals to the varying speed,
colors, and rhythm of his Lumina, for instance, the artist only obtained what he was
seeking, Le., the confirmation that his "revolutionary" device could effectively induce
" Ibid,
Cybernetic Bordello 119
a relaxation such that, according to statistics one succeeds, in an average oftwo and
a half minutes, to lower the state of consciousness below the threshold ofvigilance
... as well as triggering a strong exaltation (for those who are inclined). In other
words, one can reach both the limits of excitation and the limits of relaxation. 69
In these terms, SchOffer is in tune with the kind of empirical testing conducted twenty
years earlier in psychiatric wards with the programming of music Similarly conceived
"as a means of calming the manic, stimulating the depressive, arousing the lethargic and
reaching the withdrawn."7o It is follOwing such encouraging studies that a company like
Muzak would promote its "scientific" musical programs in postwar society as a massive
tool of mood conditioning.7! Taking the pervasive presence of functional music (aka
muzak, or elevator music) in our environment as granted, Schoffer naturally stressed
the aptitude of his creation to be "in harmony with the background music broadcasted
simultaneously. Stimulating, neutral or relaxing audiovisual mood can be produced at
will:'n Urging artists to come "out oftheir laboratory" in order to "impose their presence
and t heir products ... in the network ofconsumption and in the information network;'73
Schoffer notably commercialized his Lumino, distributed by Clairol in the United States
under the name of the Dream Machine. In late 1969, the infotainment "beauty" section
of Vogue dutifully relayed a revealing sales pitch: "plugged in anywhere:' one reads, this
"kinetic lightbox .. , provides a nonstop light show in rich, extraordinary colours,
shifting kaleidoscope patterns. Its visual delights energize the weary, tranquillize the
tense, $75:'74 In treating customers like mentally ill individuals, Clairolliterally brought
Schoffer's aesthetic hygiene straight from its laboratory into life itself.
Exclusion
Behind the fumes of Schoffer opaque and speculative prose lies, consistently, the ever-
expectant desire to reach "the necessary balance required to establish a harmonious
regulation of life:'75 Schaffer's was certainly not isolated in his quest for universal
wellbeing. Developing his own plan for a New Babylon, Constant Nieuwenhuys (aka
Constant) equally anticipated that, "with a single leap;' a form of artistic synthesis
could eventually "bridge the gap with society."76 Constant, a former member of
., Interview avec Parinaud, "La Revolution par Ie Lumino;' 18.
" Harold BurrisMeyer and R. C. Lewis, "Music as an Aid to Healing;' The Journal ofAcoustical Society
ofAmerica 19, no. 4 (July 1947): 545.
7) See Herve Vanel, Triple Entendre: Furniture Music, Muzak, Muzak-Plus (Urbana: University of
Illinois Press, 2013).
In Cassou, Habasque, and Menetrier, Nicolas SchOffer, 131.
Schiiffer, La ville cybermitique, 23.
'. [anonymous] "Beauty Check Out;' Vogue, December lst, 1969, 108.
Schiiffer, La ville cybernetique, 133.
7. Constant, «From Collaboration to Absolute Unity among the Plastic Arts" (1955) translated in Mark
Wigley: cッョウエ。セ@ New Babylon The Hyper-Architecture ofDesire (Rotterdam: Witte de With, centre
for contemporary art 1010 Publishers, 1998),75. Emphasis mine.
120 France and the Visual Arts since 1945
Neovision, might have kept his distance with his partner's "mystical" approachT Still,
his design for a New Babylon parallels Schaffer's effort to conceive a new habitaf8
understood as a "fundamental form that encompasses all facets of life:'79 Living, at last,
a life of unrestrained creativity, our existence would become a permanent happening
made of "spontaneous interaction among different individuals, in which the actions of
one person trigger the reaction of the other:'8G In these terms, relationships between
individuals resemble closely a series of moves and countermoves coming straight out
of t he theory of cybernetics' selfregulating feedback mechanisms. Still, while Schaffer
or Constant appeared to be at ease when it came to the planning of a harmonious and
fully immersive collective participation, they only left out the (unthinkable) prospect
of one's voluntary exclusion from the system; there would simply be "no outsiders:'81
More than any other, however, the driving ideology of Schaffer's aesthetic hygiene fits
perfectly the general economy of our advanced capitalist sOciety requiring, for the
benefit of all and the profit of a few, that our state of servitude be not only complete but
also, most importantly, absolutely blissfuL
According to Wigley; "The HyperArchitecture of Desire;' 25.
78 On the importance of the notion of "Habitat" in the early 19508 among the Team X in relation to
Constant, see Martin van Schaik, "Psychogeogram: An Artist's Utopia;' in Exit Utopia: Architectural
Provocations 19561976, Martin van Schaikand Otakar Macel eds. (Munich, Berlin, London, l'<ew
York: Institute of History of Art, Architecture and Urbanism, Prestel, 2005), 3940.
79 Constant, "From Collaboration to Absolute Unity Among the Plastic Arts" (1955), 75.
80 "lhe City of the Future: HPtalk with Constant about New Babylon" (1966) translated in Exit