Dey

'sTut
ori
al

paperCode=HC1026

Whatar
eHor
ace'
svi
ewsonsat
ir
eandi
tsmor
alcont
entasst
ated

i
nhi
sSat
ir
esI
.I
V?Di
scuss.

Ans.ThoughSat
ir
es1.
4isHor
ace'
sfi
rstst
atementont
henat
ureofhi
s

ownwr
it
ing,
andwr
it
ingi
ngener
al,
itsdi
ff
icul
ti
escannotbeexpl
ainedaway

ont
hegr
oundst
hati
tisear
lyandt
her
efor
einept
.Apoetwi
thHor
ace'
s

dedi
cat
iont
osel
f-
cri
ti
cism1woul
dnothav
eal
l
owedt
hesur
viv
alofsomet
hing

whi
chhedi
dnott
hinkl
i
vedupt
ohi
sideal
scr
ibendi
rect
e.Si
mil
arl
y,i
t

woul
dbeami
staket
oconcl
udet
hat
,becausehi
sar
gument
ati
oni
spl
ayf
ul,

Hor
acei
snotsay
ingany
thi
ngser
iousaboutt
heet
hicsandpoet
icsofsat
ir
e

Theai
m ofmyr
eadi
ngoft
hepoem i
stoar
ri
veatHor
ace'
sconceptofhi
msel
f

assat
ir
ist
,fori
ntheendi
tishi
sownchar
act
erwhi
chhol
dst
oget
hert
he

t
woseemi
ngl
ydi
spar
atet
hreadsoft
hear
gumentt
hemor
alj
ust
if
icat
ion

ofsat
ir
eandi
tsdef
ini
ti
onasanar
ti
sti
cfor
m.

Thecent
ral
par
adoxi
nthet
heor
yofsat
ir
eist
hati
tispoet
ryandwant
s

t
ober
eadf
ort
hesakeoft
hewor
ds,
whi
l
eitcl
aimsaf
unct
iont
hati
mpl
i
esan

unusual
degr
eeofi
nvol
vementwi
thl
i
fe.
9Thi
sfunct
ion,
ofcour
se,
isnotsi
m-

pl
ythatofi
mit
ati
ngl
i
fe,
thoughsat
ir
edoescl
aimt
hiski
ndofr
eal
i
sm (
cf.
25,

quemui
smedi
ael
i
get
urba'
),
butofi
mpr
ovi
ngi
t.Hor
acehumor
ousl
yfocuses

t
hisdi
l
emmaont
heaudi
ence.Gi
vent
hest
ateofmanki
nd,
hisr
eader
sar
ehi
s

act
ual
orpot
ent
ial
vict
ims.Thei
rmor
ali
mpr
ovement
,wecomet
oreal
i
se,
con-

si
stsi
nit
ial
l
yint
hei
rbei
ngt
aughthowt
oreadsat
ir
e.

Thepoem openswi
thast
andar
dpi
eceofl
i
ter
aryhi
stor
y,ani
nnocent
-

l
ooki
ngdi
sgui
sef
oroneoft
hebasi
cmat
ter
sofcont
ent
ion-
-sat
ir
e'saggr
essi
ve
ness.Lucil
iusi
ssai
dt odependonOldComedy.Thi
simpli
esthatagenr
eexi
stsandt
hatcer
tai
n
expectat
ionshavebeenformedastoit
ssty
leandcontent
,expec

t
ati
onswhi
chanysubsequentwr
it
erhast
otakei
ntoaccount
.Hor
ace'
sit
npl
i
ed

def
ini
ti
onaccor
dswi
tht
hatf
oundi
nDi
omedesandgener
all
yagr
eedt
obe

Var
roni
an:
"car
menmal
edi
cum adcar
pendum ui
ti
ahomi
num ar
chaesecomoedi
ae

char
act
erecomposi
tum.Themor
especi
fi
cpoi
ntmadei
nli
nes1-
5,t
hatt
hel
i
ber
tas

ofav
erbal
att
ackcanbej
ust
if
iedont
hegr
oundst
hatt
het
argetdeser
vesi
tfi
s

di
gnus)i
sconf
ir
medascur
rentbyal
ett
erf
rom Tr
eboni
ust
oCi
cer
o,whi
chuses

pr
ecedent
.Hor
acet
her
efor
ebegi
ns

t
hesamear
gumentandal
soci
tesLuci
l
iusasa

byout
li
ningt
het
radi
ti
onal
concept
ionofsat
ir
east
hepubl
i
cexer
ciseofcenso

ouswi
t,di
rect
edati
ndi
vi
dual
s.I
twasHendr
ickson'
smai
nthesi
sthatHor
ace

wi
shedt
odi
ssoci
atehi
msel
ffr
om t
hiski
ndofsat
ir
e,andt
opr
oposeanewdef
ini

t
ionmor
einaccor
dwi
tht
hemi
l
derspi
ri
tofhi
sownwor
k

I
nli
nes34-
38t
hef
earoft
hev
ict
im ofsat
ir
eisexpr
essed.Thewayi
e

whi
cht
heanswert
othi
scompl
ainti
spost
ponedt
oli
nes65f
f.hasof
tenbeen.

not
iced.Whati
spr
esent
ed

opsi
ntoaseemi
ngl
yir
rel
evantdi
squi
sit
ion

mentt
akesof
ffr
om l
i
ne33.Hor
acer
epl
i
esi
nli
nes39.Iam notapoet
.Whati
e

heget
ti
ngather
e?Thei
nit
ial
discl
aimeroft
het
it
leof'
poetmaybemot
ivat
ed

byt
hei
njunct
ioni
ntheTwel
veTabl
esagai
nst'
mal
acar
mina,
butt
hepassage

l
eav
est
hej
okebehi
ndt
odi
scusst
heposi
ti
onofsat
ir
easagenr
e,agai
nint
he

l
i
ghtofuer
baandr
es.Hor
acewi
l
lonl
ygi
vet
hest
atusofpoett
osomeonewr
it
-

i
ngi
nthegr
andst
yle,
wit
hthei
nspi
rat
ional
for
ceandv
erbal
powert
omat
ch

anel
evat
edsubj
ectmat
ter
.Enni
usi
sci
tedast
heexampl
e.I
ncont
rast
,Hor
ace

andLucil
iuswr
it
esermo,anicel
yambiguouster
m.From thest
yli
sti
cpoi
ntofv
iew,
iti
s
di
scourseofev
erydayl
i
fe,t
hecolloqui
al.I
ncomedy
,forexample,
i
tist
hedi
alogueappr
opr
iat
etot
her
eal
i
sti
ccont
ent
,andt
huswear
e

backt
othequest
ionoft
hecont
entofsat
ir
e.

Thepassage48-
56makesmuchmor
ethant
hest
yli
sti
cpoi
ntwhi
ch,
ant
he

sur
face,
iti
sint
endedt
oil
l
ust
rat
e.Theobj
ect
or'
sar
gumenti
scont
ainedi
nhi
s

openi
ngwor
dst
hati
s,comedycanpor
traypassi
on.I
ngi
vi
ngt
her
easonf
ort
he

f
ather
'sr
aget
heobj
ect
orout
li
nesasi
tuat
iont
ypi
cal
ofNewComedyconf
li
ctbe-

t
weehast
ermf
atherandawast
rel
son.Hor
acei
mmedi
atel
yident
if
iest
hissi
tuat
ion

wi
tht
hatofPomponi
us,
a'concr
etei
l
lust
rat
ionoft
hedi
ff
erencebet
weenNew

Comedyandsat
ir
e.I
fNewComedypr
esent
smor
alconf
li
ctsi
nagener
ali
zedf
orm,

sat
ir
epoi
ntst
othesameuni
ver
sal
mor
alpr
obl
emsbyi
dent
if
yingi
ndi
vi
dual
ex-

ampl
esoft
hem.Nol
esst
hanl
i
nes25.t
hispassageant
ici
pat
esl
i
nes105,
thesect
ion

wher
eHor
ace'
sfat
hert
eacheshi
m howt
o'r
ead'
li
fe.Ther
efor
e,t
houghsat
ir
edoes

hav
ethef
unct
ionwhi
chwaspr
obabl
yat
tri
but
edt
oNewComedyev
enatt
het
ime

ofi
tsor
igi
nal
composi
ti
on,
thef
unct
ionofhol
dingami
rr
orupt
oli
fe,
itgoes

f
urt
her
,of
fer
ingnotj
ustar
epr
esent
ati
onofr
eal
i
ty,
butal
soacr
it
iqueofi
t

Hor
acecomment
sthati
tisnotenought
owr
it
eoutv
ersesaspur
espeech,

whi
ch,
ify
our
ear
range,
any
oneshoul
dragei
nsuchawayast
hef
ather
,

masked[
asi
nacomedy
].I
fyout
akei
fyout
akef
rom t
heset
hings,
whi
chI

nowwr i
teandLuci
l
iusoncewrot
e,cert
ainr
hythmsandmet
ers,
and,
becauset
hewor
disf
ir
sti
n
order
,youmakeitl
ater
,pl
aci
ngthelastbef
orethef
ir
st

i
ndeedy
ouwi
l
lnotcomeupont
hel
i
mbsofat
ornpoetasi
fyoushoul
drear

r
ange,
Aft
erhor
ri
bleDi
scor
dshat
ter
edt
hepost
sandi
rondoor
sofWar
.

Thi
sist
hesensei
nwhi
chsat
ir
eis'
per
sonal
'poet
ry,
notsomuch'
aut
o-

bi
ogr
aphi
cal
'asv
ent
uri
ngi
ntot
hatki
ndofmor
alphi
l
osophyspokenofby

Pl
atoas'
conv
ersat
ionoft
hesoul
wit
hit
sel
f'
,andt
hisi
sther
easonwhyt
he

char
act
eroft
hesat
ir
isthi
msel
fisofsuchi
mpor
tancei
nthev
indi
cat
ionof
sat
ir
easagenr
e.Thedi
alect
ical
for
m oft
hesat
ir
eref
lect
sthesat
ir
ist
'
sint
ernal

di
alogue,
thel
ogi
cal
equi
vocat
ionsanddi
scont
inui
ti
esal
l
owi
ngbot
hsi
desof

t
hecaset
ober
epr
esent
edi
nawaypr
ohi
bit
edbyasy
stemat
icexposi
ti
onoft
he

ar
gument
.Per
hapst
heuseofi
ronyandambi
gui
ty,
theconst
antr
emi
nder
s

t
hatev
eryi
deacomesi
ntot
hewor
ldwi
thi
tsequal
l
yval
i
d(ori
nval
i
d)count
er-

i
deaandt
hatl
i
feal
l
owsust
oputourf
eetuponv
eryf
ewcer
tai
nti
es(
ifany
)

per
hapsal
lthi
sdoesunder
minet
hest
atusoft
hispi
eceasacont
ri
but
iont
oa

poet
icsnar
rowl
yconcei
ved.Buti
tist
hemer
itoft
hispoem t
ohav
etr
ans-

f
ormedl
i
ter
arycr
it
ical
commonpl
acesi
ntoi
ssuesofv
ital
concer
nfort
hepoet

hi
msel
fandf
ort
her
eaderl
i
nkedt
ohi
mint
hei
rcommonent
erpr
ise.