Borgnakke’s

Fundamentals of Thermodynamics
Global Edition
Solution Manual

Chapter 5

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

In-Text Concept Questions

5.a

5.b
5.c

5.d
5.e

5.f
5.g

5.h
5.i

5.j

5.k
Concept-Study Guide Problems

5.1

5.2
5.3 A combination of two heat engines is shown in Fig. P5.3. Find the overall thermal
efficiency as a function of the two individual efficiencies.

Figure P5.3
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5.4
5.5 A combination of two refrigerator cycles is shown in Fig. P5.5. Find the overall COP as a
function of COP 1 and COP 2 .

Figure P5.5
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5.6 After you have driven a car on a trip and it is back home, the car’s engine has cooled
down and thus is back to the state in which it started. What happened to all the energy
released in the burning of gasoline? What happened to all thework the engine gave out?

5.7

5.8
5.9

5.10
Heat Engines and Refrigerators

5.11
5.12

5.13
5.14
5.15

5.16
5.17

5.18 An air conditioner (Fig. P5.18) discards 5.1 kW to the ambient surroundings with a
power input of 1.5 kW. Find the rate of cooling and the COP.
5.19

5.20
5.21
5.22
5.23
5.24

5.25
5.26
5.27 For each of the cases in Problem 5.26, determine if a heat pump satisfies the first law
(energy equation) and if it violates the second law.
5.28
5.29

5.30
Carnot Cycles and Absolute Temperature

5.31 A bio-reactor must be kept at 42°C by a heat pump driven by a 3 kW motor. The reactor
has a heat loss of 12 kW to the ambient at 15° C. What is the minimum COP that will be
acceptable for the heat pump?

5.32

5.33 In a few places where the air is very cold in the winter, such as −25oC, it is possible to
find a temperature of 10oC below ground. What efficiency will a heat engine have when
operating between these two thermal reservoirs?
5.34 Find the power output and the low T heat rejection rate for a Carnot cycle heat engine
that receives 6 kW at 250◦C and rejects heat at 30◦C.
5.35
5.36 Consider the setup with two stacked (temperature wise) heat engines as in Fig. P5.3. Let
T H = 850 K, T M = 600 K, and T L = 375 K. Find the two heat engine efficiencies and the
combined overall efficiency assuming Carnot cycles.
5.37
5.38
5.39
5.40
5.41
5.42

5.43
5.44 Thermal storage is made with a rock (granite) bed of 2 m3 that is heated to 400 K using
solar energy (Fig. P5.44). A heat engine receives a Q H from the bed and rejects heat to the
ambient at 290 K. The rock bed therefore cools down, and as it reaches 290 K the process
stops. Find the energy the rock bed can give out.What is the heat engine efficiency at the
beginning of the process and what is it at the end of the process?
5.45
5.46
5.47
5.48
5.49
5.50 A heat pump is driven by the work output of a heat engine, as shown in Fig. P5.50. If we
assume ideal devices, find the ratio of the total power 𝑄̇𝐿1 + 𝑄̇𝐻2 that heats the house to
the power from the hot-energy source 𝑄̇𝐻1 in terms of the temperatures.
5.51 A heat pump is used to heat a house during the winter (Fig. P5.51). The house is to be
maintained at 20oC at all times.When the ambient temperature outside drops to −10oC, the
rate at which heat is lost from the house is estimated to be 25 kW.What is the minimum
electrical power required to drive the heat pump?
5.52
5.53 A flow of 50 kg/s of R-410A runs through a heat exchanger, entering as saturated liquid
at 60oC and leaving as saturated vapor. The heat is supplied by a heat pump operating
from a low-temperature reservoir at 16oC with a COP of half that of the similar Carnot
unit. Find the rate of work into the heat pump.
5.54 A nuclear reactor provides a flow of liquid sodium at 800oC, which is used as the energy
source in a steam power plant. The condenser cooling water comes from a nearby river at
15oC. Determine the maximum thermal efficiency of the power plant. Is it misleading to
use the temperatures given to calculate this value?
5.55
Ideal Gas Carnot Cycles

5.56
5.57
5.58
5.59
Inequality of Clausius

5.60
5.61

5.62
5.63
Actual Cycles

5.64

5.65 A cyclic machine, shown in Fig. P5.65, receives 325 kJ from a 1000 K energy reservoir.
It rejects 125 kJ to a 400 K energy reservoir and the cycle produces 200 kJ of work as
output. Is this cycle reversible, irreversible, or impossible?
5.66

5.67
5.68
5.69
5.70

5.71
Finite ΔT Heat Transfer

5.72
5.73
5.74

5.75 Consider the ocean thermal power plant in Problem 5.74. If the surface water is
discarded from the plant at 16oC how much water must be pumped through the systems
heat exchanger?
5.76 A house is cooled by a heat pump driven by an electric motor using the inside as the low-
temperature reservoir (Fig. P5.76). The house gains energy in direct proportion to the
temperature difference as Q̇ gain = K(T H − T L ). Determine the minimum electric power to
drive the heat pump as a function of the two temperatures.
5.77
5.78 A house is heated by an electric heat pump using the outside as the low-temperature
reservoir. For several different winter outdoor temperatures, estimate the percent savings
in electricity if the house is kept at 20oC instead of 24oC. Assume that the house is losing
energy to the outside.
5.79
5.80
5.81
5.82
5.83
5.84 A house is cooled by an electric heat pump using the outside as the high-temperature
reservoir (Fig. P5.84). For several different summer outdoor temperatures, estimate the
percentage savings in electricity if the house is kept at 25oC instead of 20oC. Assume that
C = 4 kW/K in Eq. 5.15.
5.85
5.86
5.87 The room in Problem 5.83 has a combined thermal mass of 2000 kg wood, 250 kg steel,
and 500 kg drywall (gypsum). Estimate how quickly the room heats up if the air
conditioner is turned off on a day when it is 35◦C outside.
Review Problems

5.88 Consider a combination of a gas turbine power plant and a steam power plant, as shown in
Fig. P5.3. The gas turbine operates at higher temperatures (thus called a topping cycle) than
the steam power plant (thus called a bottom cycle). Assume both cycles have a thermal
efficiency of 32%. What is the efficiency of the overall combination, assuming Q L in the
gas turbine equals Q H to the steam power plant?

5.89 Consider the combination of the two heat engines, as in Fig. P5.3. How should the
intermediate temperature be selected so that the two heat engines have the same efficiency,
assuming Carnot cycle heat engines.
5.90
5.91
5.92
5.93 A house should be heated by a heat pump, 𝛽′ = 2.2, and maintained at 20oC at all times. It
is estimated that it loses 0.8 kW for each degree that the ambient is lower than the inside.
Give an estimate for the COP and the power needed to drive the heat pump when the
outside temperature drops to −15oC.
5.94
5.95
5.96
5.97

5.98 A Carnot heat engine, shown in Fig. P5.98, receives energy from a reservoir at
5.99 A combination of a heat engine driving a heat pump (see Fig. P5.99) takes waste
5.100
5.101