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ED Lineales
ED Lineales
7 de febrero de 2022
dy
+ b(x)y = r (x)
a(x) (1)
dx
where a(x), b(x) and c(x) are functions defined on an interval (α, β) is
called a first-order liner DE.
dy
+ p(x)y = q(x) (2)
dx
where p(x) = b(x)/a(x) and q(x) = r (x)/a(x). The idea behind the
solution technique is to rewrite the DE in the form
d
[g (x, y )] = F (x) (3)
dx
For an appropriate function g (x, y ). The general solution to the DE can
then be obtained by integration.
dy 1
+ y = ex , x > 0 (4)
dx x
If we multiply by x we obtain
dy
+ y = xe x x (5)
dx
Thus we can written in the equivalent form
d
(xy ) = xe x (6)
dx
xy = xe x − e x + c (7)
so that the general solution is
y (x) = x −1 [e x (x − 1) + c] (8)
where c is an arbitrary constant.
dy
+ p(x)y = q(x) (9)
dx
by a non zero function I (x), chosen in such a way that the left-hand side
of the resulting DE is
d
[I (x)y ]. (10)
dx
Henceforth we will assume that the functions p and q are continuous on
(α, β).
dy
I
+ p(x)Iy = Iq(x). (11)
dx
Furthermore, from the product rule for derivatives, we know that
d dy dI
(Iy ) = I + y (12)
dx dx dx
This will hold whenever I (x) satisfies the separable DE
dI
= p(x)I . (13)
dx
so that
R
p(x)dx
I (x) = c1 e (15)
where c1 is an arbitrary constant. Since we only require one solution, in
wich case
R
p(x)dx
I (x) = e (16)
dy x2
+ xy = xe 2 , y (0) = 1. (17)
dx
An appropiate integrating factor in this case is
2 /2
R
xdx
I (x) = e = ex (18)
Multiplying the given DE by I ,
d x 2 /2 2
(e y ) = xe x (19)
dx
Hence
−x 2 /2 1 x2
y (x) = e e +c (21)
2
Imposing the initial condition y (0) = 1 yields
Circuito RL
Figura: Circuito RL en CD
Circuito RL
di(t)
−v (t) + Ri(t) + L
=0 (24)
dt
Como V(t) es una constante, establecemos que E = v(t)
di(t) R E
+ i(t) = (25)
dt L L
Basicamente es una ecuación diferencial lineal de primer orden
Circuito RL
R di(t) R R E R
e Lt + e L t i(t) = e L t (27)
dt L L
Por lo tanto, el lado izquierdo se puede factorizar de la siguiente forma:
d h Rt i E R
e L i(t) = e L t (28)
dt L
Circuito RL
Separando variables
h R i E R
d e L t i(t) = e L t dt (29)
L
Integramos en ambos lados
Z h i Z E R
R
t
d e i(t) =
L e L t dt (30)
L
Z
R
t E R
e i(t) =
L e L t dt + C (31)
L
Circuito RL
Equivale a:
R E L Rt R
i(t) = e − L t e L + Ce − L t (32)
LR
Simplificando
E R
i(t) = + Ce − L t (33)
R
Suponiendo condiciones iniciales cero i(0) = 0, C = − RE
Por lo tanto, la solución de la Ec. 25 es:
E E R
i(t) = − e− L t (34)
R R
Circuito RL
Reduciendo términos
R
vL = Ee − L t (37)
Inductor
Ejemplo 6
Circuito RC
Circuito RC
Circuito RC
Simplificando términos
dq(t) 1
R
+ q(t) = E (44)
dt C
Normalizando la Ec. diferencial
dq(t) 1 E
+ q(t) = (45)
dt RC R
Obtenemos una ecuación diferencial lineal de primer orden.
Circuito RC
1 dq(t) 1 1 E 1
e RC t + e RC t e(t) = e RC t (47)
dt RC R
Por lo tanto, el lado izquierdo se puede factorizar de la siguiente forma:
d h 1t i E 1
e RC q(t) = e RC t (48)
dt R
Circuito RC
Separando variables
h 1 i E 1
d e RC t q(t) = e RC t dt (49)
R
Integramos en ambos lados
Z h i Z E 1
1
t
d e RC q(t) = e RC t dt (50)
R
Z
1
t E 1
e RC q(t) = e RC t dt + c1 (51)
R
Circuito RC
Realizando la integral
1 E 1
e RC t q(t) = RCe RC t dt + c1 (52)
R
Despejando q(t)
1
q(t) = EC + c1 e − RC t (53)
Suponemos condiciones iniciales cero para determinar la constante de
integración c1 = −EC
1
q(t) = EC − ECe − RC t (54)
Circuito RC
d d 1
q(t) = EC − ECe − RC t dt (55)
dt dt
1 1 E 1
i(t) = −EC − e − RC t = e − RC t (56)
RC R
Circuito RC