Numbers of Countries in Europe:

There are 44 countries in Europe today, according to the United Nations.

Country Capital city

Albania Tirana
Andorra Andorra la Vella
Armenia Yerevan
Austria V
Azerbaijan Baku
Belarus Minsk
Belgium Brussels
Bosnia H Sarajevo
Bulgaria Sofia
Croatia Zagreb
Cyprus Nicosia
Czechia Prague
Denmark Copenhagen
Estonia Tallinn
Finland Helsinki
France Paris
Georgia Tbilisi
Germany Berlin
Greece Athens
Hungary. Budapest
Iceland Reykjavik
Ireland Dublin
Italy Rome
Kazakhstan Nur-Sultan
Kosovo Pristina
Country Capital city
Latvia Riga
Liechtenstein Vaduz
Lithuania Vilnius
Luxembourg Luxembourg (city)
Malta Valletta
Moldova Chisinau
Monaco Monaco
Montenegro Podgorica
Netherlands Amsterdam
North Macedonia
Norway Oslo
Poland. Warsaw
Portugal Lisbon
Romania Bucharest
Russia Moscow
San Marino San Marino
Serbia Belgrade
Slovakia Bratislava
Slovenia Ljubljana
Spain Madrid
Sweden Stockholm
Switzerland Bern
Turkey Ankara
Ukraine Kyiv (also known as Kiev)
United K London
Vatican City Vatican City

European principalities:

Europe saw consolidation of small principalities into larger kingdoms and empires. This had
already happened in England in the first millennium, and this trend subsequently led to the
creation of such states as France, Portugal, and Spain. Another form of consolidation was
orchestrated in Italy during the Renaissance by the Medici family. A banking family from
Florence, the Medici took control of governments in various Italian regions and even
assumed the papacy. They then appointed family members as princes and assured their
protection. Prussia also later expanded by acquiring the territories of many other states.

However, in the 17th to 19th centuries, especially within the Holy Roman Empire, the reverse
was also occurring: many new small sovereign states arose as a result of transfers of land
for various reasons.

Notable principalities existed until the early 20th century in various regions of
Germany and Italy.

Ecclesiastical principalities

Several principalities where genealogical inheritance is replaced by succession in a religious

office have existed in the Roman Catholic Church, in each case consisting of a feudal polity
(often a former secular principality in the broad sense) held ex officio — the closest possible
equivalent to hereditary succession — by a Prince of the church, styled more precisely
according to his ecclesiastical rank, such as Prince-bishop, Prince-abbot or, especially as a
form of crusader state, Grand Master.

Some of these instances were merely religious offices without sovereign power over any
territory, while others, such as Salzburg and Durham, shared some of the characteristics of
secular princes.