Grounded Theory

Grounded theory is a research method that aims to develop new theories about a
specific topic or phenomenon of interest. It was developed in the 1960s and focuses on
observing and gathering data from real-life situations. The resulting theory should be
based on these observations and not just abstract ideas.
the theory should be rooted in the actual observations made during the research.

Aim
 Grounded theory is a qualitative research method that aims to develop theories
based on data that is collected in the field. This approach starts by gathering
data, often through interviews, observations, or document analysis, and then
follows a prescribed set of procedures for analyzing and interpreting the data.
The goal is to create a theory that is grounded in the data and reflects the
experiences and perspectives of the participants.
Prescribed- define, determine, dictate

 Concepts

 grounded theory combines different ways of thinking about data to create

theories that are firmly rooted in the data.
 inductive reasoning aims at developing a theory while deductive
reasoning aims at testing an existing theory
Abductive reasoning involves making educated guesses or hypotheses
based on incomplete or uncertain information.

Data sampling

 collect data that is rich in meaning and that can help in developing a theory that
explains the social phenomenon being studied.
Data analysis

 make sense of the data collected and to generate insights that can inform theory
development.

Theory development

 the process of generating theoretical concepts and explanations from the data collected.

Key Analytics Assumptions

Identifying similarities and differences between emerging categories: This
 means looking at the data and figuring out what topics or themes are coming up
frequently, and comparing them to see how they relate to each other.
 Constructing subcategories: Once you've identified some major categories, you
may want to break them down into smaller, more specific subcategories.
 Building up and deconstructing themes: This refers to the iterative process of
analyzing the data, where you develop a preliminary understanding of the
themes that are emerging, then break them down into smaller pieces to examine
them more closely, and build them back up again into a more comprehensive
understanding.
 Connecting categories: Finally, it's important to look at how different categories
and subcategories are related to each other, in order to develop a theory or
explanation that captures the complexity and variability of the data.


 Constant comparison:

 Sub category Explaining basic concepts of category theory in an intuitive way.

Categories a class or division of people or things regarded as having particular
shared characteristics.

Theoretical comparison:

1.sampling of new cases as the analysis proceeds" refers to the process of adding
new data to an ongoing analysis over time.
2. theoretical saturation provides a useful framework for guiding the process of data
collection and analysis in qualitative research, allowing researchers to collect and analyze
data until they have a comprehensive understanding of the research question or topic at
hand.
3. By categories and subcategories, researchers can easily analyze and interpret
the data collected during the study.

Elements
Theoretical Sensitive Coding- using the information gathered to come up
with solid ideas that help explain the thing being studied.

Theoretical Sampling- when analyzing data for research, it's important to start
taking notes and forming hypotheses early on. Based on these initial ideas, the
researcher can then decide who or what to focus on next to further develop and
refine their theories. Essentially, it's a process of constantly gathering and
analyzing data to build a stronger understanding of the phenomenon being
studied.

The need to compare- it's important to consider both the specific situations
(contexts) in which the phenomenon occurs and the phenomenon itself.

Key stages

Data collection

 process of gathering information that is relevant to the research question

being explored.

Note taking
 helps researchers organize and make sense of the data they collect.

Coding (open, axial, selective) into categories and

properties
 involves categorizing and analyzing the data to identify patterns and
themes.

Sorting/integration
 involves organizing the categories and properties identified through the
coding process into a coherent and comprehensive theory.

Writing (Glaser & Strauss, 1967)

 it involves translating the categories, properties, and theories
that emerge from the data into a written report or manuscript.

Stage One: Data Collection

 There are several data collection methods used in
grounded theory
  individual interviews;
They involve conducting one-on-one conversations with participants to gather
their perspectives and experiences related to the phenomenon under investigation.

Observation;
involves watching and recording the behavior, interactions, and other
aspects of a social setting related to the phenomenon being studied.

diaries;
asking participants to keep a record of their thoughts, feelings, and
experiences related to the phenomenon under investigation.

focus groups.
a method of data collection in grounded theory that involves bringing
together a group of individuals who share common characteristics or experiences related
to the phenomenon under investigation.

Stage Two: Making Notes

The next stage is making notes about the data
collection.
This involves recording detailed and systematic notes about the data collected through
methods such as interviews, observation, and document analysis.

Stage Three: Coding

coding is the process of analyzing and categorizing qualitative data. This is done by
developing initial categories through open coding and later systematically coding with
respect to a core concept through selective coding.

Stage Four: Memoing

Hypothesis. A theory explains a natural phenomenon that is validated through
observation and experimentation|

Stage Five: Sorting/Integration

Integration refers to the process of combining different parts or elements into a unified
whole. In research, integration involves bringing together diverse sources of information,
such as data, theories, or concepts, to create a coherent and comprehensive
understanding of the subject being studied.
Stage Six: Writing
a. The writing process involves reviewing and synthesizing the notes, codes, and
categories developed during the data analysis phase.

Kinds of Coding

Open Coding.
the researcher takes the data that has been collected and breaks it down into
smaller parts, known as segments. These segments are then carefully examined
for commonalities, or patterns that suggest possible categories or themes.

After categorizing data in grounded theory, researchers examine each category

to identify specific attributes or properties that characterize it. These properties
can be subcategories or distinct attributes that help explain the category in
question. Essentially, this involves analyzing data to identify key characteristics of
each category, which is crucial for developing a comprehensive grounded theory.

asking questions
How do participants describe their feelings about the phenomenon?
Making comparisons
"Intervention group reported greater well-being than control group."
looking for similarities and differences
between the comments
Comment 1: "I prefer dogs over cats. They're more active and playful."

Comment 2: "I prefer cats over dogs. They're more independent and easier to take
care of."

Similarities: Both comments express a preference for a specific type of pet.

i. Differences: The first comment prefers dogs because they're more

active and playful, while the second comment prefers cats because
they're more independent and easier to take care of.

A. Axial Coding
- where you begin to draw connections between ideas in your
research. you read over the codes and their underlying data to find
 how they can be grouped and abstracted into categories.
condition- A condition can be seen as a starting point for a
particular process. It is the initial stimulus that sets the research
process in motion. For example, in a study on the experience of
first-time mothers, the condition could be the birth of their first
child. The birth of the first child that sets the process of becoming
a first-time mother in motion.
context; is the social, cultural, and environmental factors that
influence the phenomenon being studied. It refers to the broader
setting in which the phenomenon occurs, including physical,
historical, political, social, and cultural aspects.
Action/interactional strategies refer to the ways in which
individuals or groups act or interact in order to achieve their goals
or objectives.
consequences provide insight into the impact that individuals'
actions have on themselves and others within their social and
cultural context.
example; Studying the experiences of healthcare workers during the
COVID-19 pandemic may analyze the consequences of healthcare
workers' decisions to continue working despite the risks to their
own health. These consequences could include physical and
emotional stress, increased risk of infection, and potential exposure
to family members or other individuals in their community.
b. Axial Coding
the conditions that give rise to a phenomenon are the
circumstances, situations, or contexts that create or contribute to
the emergence of the phenomenon being studied.

the context in which it is embedded;

i. These conditions can be social, cultural, economic, political,

environmental, or psychological in nature, etc.
he context in which a phenomenon is embedded refers to the
broader social, cultural, and environmental factors that influence
the phenomenon being studied. This includes the physical setting,
historical and political background, social norms and values, and
any other relevant factors that may impact the phenomenon.

the strategies that people use to manage it or to carry it out,

refer to the tactics, actions, or behaviors that individuals or groups use to cope with,
address, or respond to the phenomenon being studied. These strategies can be
conscious or unconscious, intentional or unintentional, and can vary depending on the
individual or group and the context in which the phenomenon occurs.

the consequences of the strategies that people use to manage or carry out a
phenomenon refer to the outcomes or results of those strategies.

C. Selective Coding
This process is called selective coding in grounded theory. It involves selecting the main
category that best represents the phenomenon being studied and systematically relating
it to other categories. This process also includes validating these relationships and
refining any categories that need further development.
Ang ibig sabihin ng ganitong proseso sa grounded theory ay ang pagkakapagsama-
sama ng mga kategorya at kanilang ugnayan upang bumuo ng isang "storyline" o
kuwento na naglalarawan kung ano ang nangyari sa pinag-aaralan na phenomenon. Ito
ay mahalaga upang magkaroon ng mas malalim na pag-unawa sa phenomenon at sa
relasyon ng mga kategorya sa isa't isa.

Research Questions
tumutukoy sa event na pinag aaralan
dito sa research questiosinasabi kong saan ka dapat nakafocus kung anong tanong
ang mga dapat sagutin or tutugunan sa panahon ng pag aaral
In grounded theory, questions are typically focused on understanding the action
and process involved in a particular phenomenon being studied. This involves
exploring how individuals or groups interact with each other and their
environment to create meaning and navigate complex social and cultural contexts.
matutuklasan mon a yung mga kaugnay or hindi na kaugnay sa study na yon.

Advantages
a systematic and rigorous procedure is used to analyze rich data from the
experiences of individuals. This means that the process of developing theories is
carefully structured and involves a set of well-defined steps to ensure that the
resulting theories are valid, reliable, and comprehensive.

Disadvantages
One is that the data can be subjective, meaning it may be difficult to establish
how reliable or valid the approaches and information are. Another issue is that it
can be challenging to detect or prevent bias that may be introduced by the
researcher.
 Furthermore, presenting the results of grounded theory research can be difficult
because the nature of the results is highly qualitative. This means that the
findings may not be easily presented in a format that is useful for practitioners or
other researchers to apply in practical settings.

Summary
. This means that grounded theory is concerned with generating knowledge
based on experience alone. In philosophy, this approach is known as empiricism,
which involves regarding data obtained through the senses as valid information.

1. In simple terms, grounded theory is a way of developing theories based on

observation and experience, rather than starting with preconceived ideas or
theories. It is focused on categorizing and analyzing data to generate theories
that are grounded in the experiences of individuals or groups being studied.

purpose
focusing on the specific experiences, circumstances, and contexts that shape a
person's reality.
to understand and analyze these individual realities to develop theories that are
specific to the individuals or groups being studied.

Method
it means that the different steps or stages of the method are not always
sequential or separate. Instead, they can occur simultaneously, meaning they can
overlap and inform one another throughout the research process.

Analysis
Concept identification and information gathering: This involves gathering information
from data sources such as interviews, observations, and documents. Researchers identify
relevant concepts and phenomena from the data and gather information about them.
2. Concept development: Researchers develop preliminary concepts from the data and begin
to organize them into categories or themes. These categories or themes are provisional
and are subject to revision as the analysis progresses.
3. Concept modification and integration: Researchers refine and modify concepts and
categories through ongoing data analysis. They integrate new data and insights into their
analysis and modify their concepts and categories as needed to reflect the emerging
patterns in the data.

Overall, the goal of analysis in grounded theory is to develop a comprehensive and

coherent understanding of the phenomena under study. By engaging in a continuous
process of concept identification, development, modification, and integration, grounded
theory researchers can develop rich and nuanced theories that reflect the complexity and
diversity of human experiences.
outcomes
refer to the theories or explanations that are developed based on the
analysis of data.

Narrative research
Is a type of research that uses stories to study people's experiences. It can be in
the form of written or spoken words, or visual representation. This research
focuses on people's own stories and aims to explore their personal experiences
and perceptions.

1. "My mother's discovery of the greatness of Filipino cinema": This

is a narrative study because it involves exploring the personal
experience of the narrator's mother and her journey in discovering
the value and beauty of Filipino cinema. Through the narration of
her experiences, the study seeks to understand how and why she
came to appreciate Filipino cinema, and what impact it had on her
as an individual.
2. "Story of Tin: Narrative Inquiry into Experiences of First Philippines
K-12 Graduate": This is a narrative study because it involves
conducting a narrative inquiry into the experiences of Tin, the first
K-12 graduate in the Philippines. The study seeks to understand
Tin's experiences, challenges, and triumphs as a K-12 student, and
how these experiences have shaped her as a person.
3. "The life experiences of a STEM student": This is a narrative study
because it involves exploring and analyzing the personal
experiences of a STEM student. Through the narration of the
student's experiences, the study seeks to understand the
challenges, opportunities, and successes that the student has
encountered in their academic and personal life, and how these
experiences have influenced their development and growth as an
individual.
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analysis refers to the process of examining and interpreting the stories or
personal narratives of individuals. The synthesis of life experiences involves
combining the individual stories or narratives into a cohesive whole or a general
understanding of the phenomenon being studied.

outcomes refer to the final results or products of the study. The narrative
description of an individual's life experiences is one of the main outcomes of
narrative research. This involves presenting a detailed of the individual's
experiences, as expressed in their own words or through other forms of
representation (such as visual or artistic expressions). These descriptions can be
used to develop a deeper understanding of the individual's unique perspective,
as well as to identify broader themes and patterns that emerge across multiple
narratives.