Algèbre matricielle

2018-2019
Exercice 1
 
  1    
−3 2 1 3 0 0 0
A = √12 0 −1 2 , X = 
0
, Y = 1, Z = 1
2 0 1 −1 0 1
0
Dim. :  (3x4) (4x1) (3x1) (3x1)
−3
AX =  1/2
√
 AY 6 ∃ AZ 6 ∃
2
 √   √ 
− 3 1/2 2   1/2 + 2
0
 2 0 0   0 
At Z =    1 =  
 1 −1 1   0 
1
3 2 −1 1
t
X A6∃  
−3 2 1 3 √
Z t A = 0 1 1 √12 0 −1 2  = 1



2 + 2 0 0 1
2 0 1 −1
Exercice 2
   
2i 2−i ki 2−i
A=  B=  AB = I
2+i −2i 2+i −ri

 
2ki 2 + 4 − i 2 4i − 2i 2 − 2ri + ri 2
AB =  
2ik + ki 2 − 4i − 2i 2 4 − i 2 + 2ri 2
 
− 2k + 5 2 − r + (4 − 2r )i
=
2 − k + (2k − 4)i 5 − 2r

 −2k + 5 = 1



 
 2−r =0
  r =2
AB = I ⇔ ⇔



 2−k =0  k =2


 5 − 2r = 1
Exercice 3
  
−1 0 0 a b c
 1 −1 0  d e f  =
0 1 −1 g h i
 
−a −b −c
a − d b−e c −f
d −g e −h f −i

  
a b c −1 0 0
d e f   1 −1 0  =
g h i 0 1 −1
 
−a + b −b + c −c
 − d + e −e + f −f 
− g + h −h + i −i
Exercice 3

   
−a −b −c −a + b −b + c −c
a − d b − e c − f  = −d + e −e + f −f 
d −g e −h f −i −g + h −h + i −i

Colonne 3 : c = 0 ; f = 0
Colonne 2 : b = 0 ; i = e
Colonne 1 : a = e ; h = d
 
a 0 0
⇒ d a 0
g d a
Exercice 4
     
1 3 −1 1 x1 x2
A= B= X =
−2 0 0 2 x3 x4

B(X − A) + XB = 2A

       
−1 1 x1 − 1 x2 − 3 x1 x2 −1 1 2 6
+ =
0 2 x3 + 2 x4 x3 x4 0 2 −4 0


 −x1 + 1 + x3 + 2 − x1 = 2
2x3 + 4 − x3 = −4


 − x2 + 3 + x4 + x1 + 2x2 = 6
2x4 + x3 + 2x4 = 0

 

 −2x 1 + x 3 = −1 
 x1 = −7/2
x3 = −8 x3 = −8
 
⇔ ⇔
x + x + x = 3 x = 9/2
 1 2 4
 2

 

x3 + 4x4 = 0 x4 =2
Exercice 5

Soit A ∈ Rm×n ⇒ At ∈ Rn×m , AAt ∈ Rm×m

Xm
tr AAt = 0 ⇔ AAt ii = 0

i=1
m n
!
X X
⇔ Aik (At )ki = 0
i=1 k=1
m n
!
X X
⇔ Aik Aik = 0
i=1 k=1
m n
!
X X 2
⇔ (Aik ) =0
i=1 k=1
⇔ Aik = 0 ∀ i, ∀ k
⇔ A=0
Exercice 5

AAt = 0 ⇔ AAt ij = 0



∀ i, j = 1, ..., m
n
X
Aik At kj = 0


⇔
k=1
n
X
⇔ Aik Ajk = 0 ∀ i, j = 1, ..., m
k=1

En particulier pour i = j
Xn
⇒ (Aik )2 = 0
k=1

⇒ Aik = 0 ∀ i, k
⇒A=0
Exercice 6
 
a b ax+b
M= ∈ R2x2 et fM : x → cx+d : fM ◦ fM 0 = fMM 0
c d
0 0
fM 0 : x → ca0 x+d
x+b
0

 0
a b0
 0
aa + bc 0 ab 0 + bd 0
  
0 a b
MM = =
c d c0 d0 a0 c + dc 0 cb 0 + dd 0
(aa0 +bc 0 )x+(ab 0 +bd 0 )
fMM 0 : x → (a0 c+dc 0 )x+(cb 0 +dd 0 )

 
a0 x+b 0
(fM ◦ fM 0 ) (x) = fM c 0 x+d 0
a0 x+b 0
a c 0 x+d 0
+ b
= a0 x+b 0
c c 0 x+d 0
+ d

(aa0 +bc 0 )x+(ab 0 +bd 0 )

= (a0 c+dc 0 )x+(cb 0 +dd 0 )
Exercice 7
 
ak
Ck = bk  avec ak , bk , ck → % population achat A, B, C
ck
 
0, 8 0, 2 0, 3
Ck+1 = MCk : M = 0, 1
 0, 7 0, 1
0, 1 0, 1 0, 6
    
0, 8 0, 2 0, 3 0, 2 0, 35
Après 1 mois : 0, 1 0, 7 0, 1 0, 5 =  0, 4 
0, 1 0, 1 0, 6 0, 3 0, 25
    
0, 8 0, 2 0, 3 0, 35 0, 435
Après 2 mois : 0, 1 0, 7 0, 1  0, 4  =  0, 34 
0, 1 0, 1 0, 6 0, 25 0, 225
Exercice 8

 
2 −1 0 4 −1
A= 1 2 0 0 3
−1 1 0 1 2

2 −1 0 4 −1
1 2 0 0 3
−1 1 0 1 2
2 −1 0 4 −1
0 5 0 −4 7 L2 ← 2L2 − L1
0 1 0 6 3 L3 ← 2L3 + L1
2 −1 0 4 −1
0 5 0 −4 7
0 0 0 34 8 L3 ← 5L3 − L2
Rang = 3
Exercice 9
1 3 2 4
2 6 4 6
−1 0 a 1
1 2 −1 a
1 3 2 4
0 0 0 −2 L2 ← L2 − 2L1
0 3 a+2 5 L3 ← L3 + L1
0 −1 −3 a−4 L4 ← L4 − L1
1 3 2 4
0 3 a+2 5
0 −1 −3 a−4
0 0 0 −2
1 3 2 4
0 3 a+2 5
0 0 −7 + a 3a − 7 L3 ← 3L3 + L2
0 0 0 −2
Si a 6= 7 : rang = 4 Si a = 7 : rang = 3
Exercice 10

−1 2 1 1 0 0 3
1 −1 0 0 1 0 1
2 1 −1 0 0 1 3
−1 2 1 1 0 0 3
0 1 1 1 1 0 4 L2 + L1
0 5 1 2 0 1 9 L3 + 2L1
− 1 0 −1 −1 −2 0 −5 L1 − 2L2
0 1 1 1 1 0 4
0 0 −4 −3 −5 1 −11 L3 − 5L2
−4 0 0 −1 −3 −1 −9 4L1 − L3
0 4 0 1 −1 1 5 4L2 + L3
0 0 −4 −3 −5 1 −11
 
1 3 1
4 4 4
A−1

1
= 
4 − 41 1
4


3 5
4 4 − 14